Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians

Komuniteti Ashkali dhe Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit
Regions with significant populations
Kosovo	26,960[1][a]
North Macedonia	3,713[2][b]
Albania	3,368[3][b]
Serbia	2,831[4][5][c]
Montenegro	2,054[6][b]
Croatia	172[7]
Languages
Albanian
Religion
Sunni Islam[8]

The Ashkali (Serbian: Ашкалије, romanized: Aškalije), also Hashkali (Serbian: Хашкалије, romanized: Haškalije), and Balkan Egyptians (Serbian: Балкански Египћани, romanized: Balkanski Egipćani; Albanian: Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit; Macedonian: Ѓупци, romanized: Gjupci) are Albanian-speaking Muslim ethnic cultural minorities (recognized communities),^[9] which mainly inhabit Kosovo and southern Serbia as well as Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.^[10] Prior to the Kosovo War of 1999, the Balkan Egyptians or Ashkali people registered themselves as Albanians.^[11] While some Ashkali speak Montenegrin language, Egyptians do usually not.^[12] The two groups are not clearly delineated. On the other hand, they differ linguistically and culturally from the Roma, even though they have often been grouped together under the acronym RAE.^[13]

History

The origins of the Balkan Egyptians are obscure. But some Balkan historians trace the origin of Balkan Egyptians to the Iron Age, citing vague references in Herodotus of the presence of Khener, an Ancient Egyptians dance group in the region. They also attribute archaeological structures in the area, notably in modern Ohrid and Bitola, as temples of the Goddess Isis, but the Mysteries of Isis was widespread in the Greco-Roman world.^[14] It is also possible, that the Balkan Egyptians are traces back to the Doms in Egypt,^[15] other versions are, that after the Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani, Egyptian soldiers went to Albania and become the ancestors.^[16] However, historians maintain that during the Ottoman era the 'Balkan Egyptians' and other Balkan Roma were part of a single community, who called by the Ottomans Kıbti (literally 'Copts', reflecting the same group encompassed by the English ethnonym for the Roma, ('Gypsies'). They see the alternative origins as part of a larger phenomenon whereby groups such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, as part of an effort to achieve greater civil emancipation and to escape anti-Roma prejudice, made an effort to separate themselves from other Roma and constructed a novel history for their peoples.^[17]

A 14th-century reference to a placename (Агѹповы клѣти, Agupovy klěti) in the Rila Charter of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was thought by some authors, such as Konstantin Josef Jireček, to be related to the Balkan Egyptians, possible descendants from the Doms in Egypt.^[18][19]

In 1990, an "Egyptian association" was formed in Ohrid, and they also formed the Egyptian Liberal Party North Macedonia, which was attended by representatives from different Balkan countries.

History of Ashkali

The origin of the Ashkali remains scientifically unexplained. The Ashkali community leaders have constructed a few narratives. According to the Persian narrative, the Ashkali people have originated in Persia in the 4th century. According to the Italian narrative, which is based on folk etymology, they are colonists from the ancient Rome. According to the Semitic narrative, they originated in Ashkelon (now Israel).^[20]

The Ashkali were aligned with Albanians before, during and after the Kosovo war.^[11] During the war, many were sent to refugee camps with the Romani people in Kosovo.^[11] After the war ended in 1999, some of them reaffirmed their identity as Ashkali to show their pro-Albanian stance and distinguish themselves from the Arlije and Gurbeti Roma, who had been mistakenly viewed as pro-Serbian. However, viewed by the majority population as pro-Serbian Gypsies, they were persecuted by Albanian nationalists in plain sight of the NATO forces. As the majority of Kosovo Roma, many of them settled in Serbia and Montenegro. Others moved to Albania, Serbia and Macedonia and the whole of Western Europe, such as Germany and France.^[13]

The first Ashkali party (Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo) was formed in 2000 under Sabit Rrahmani, who supported Kosovo independence in the name of all Ashkali.^[11]

Demographics

Most Ashkali live in Kosovo and North Macedonia, but they also reside in Serbia and Montenegro, while most Balkan Egyptians are thought to live in Albania, other than Kosovo. In the Macedonian census of 2002, 3,713 people identified as Egyptian, while in the Serbian census of 2002 (excluding Kosovo), 814 people identified as Egyptian. In the Montenegrin census, on the other hand, 225 people identified as Egyptian.

Ashkali are predominant in the central and eastern regions of Kosovo: Ferizaj, Fushë Kosova, and Lipjan. Kosovo's Egyptian community is mostly to be found in its western part: in Gjakova, Istog, Peja, and Deçan. The Ashkali as well as the Egyptian community of Kosovo had 98% unemployment in 2009.^[21]

In Albania, however, the Balkan Egyptian community is fully integrated into Albanian society and culture, having a high educational and employment rate as well, although a good percentage of the community do not identify as Balkan Egyptian due to cultural integration. Despite the fact that most Balkan Egyptians tend to have typical Mediterranean features, fair skin and light features are not uncommon.

Culture

Flag of Ashkali^[22]

An Ashkali flag (Amëza e Ashkalive) was designed in 1999 by Abedin Toplica.^[23]

Marriages between Balkan Egyptians and Albanians are more frequent than marriages between Roma and Albanians, while marriages between Balkan Egyptians and Romani people are rare. In Albania, Balkan Egyptians are fully integrated into Albanian culture and have followed their regional traditions and customs.

In Kosovo, on the other hand, Roma and Ashkalia do not classify one another as gadje.^[21] Ashakali and Balkan Egyptians reject having any relation with the Roma.^[24] The Ashkali and Roma claim the Egyptians as their own; whereas the Ashkali and Egyptians dispute over each other's background.^[11] No television or radio channels are dedicated to Kosovo's Ashkali or Egyptian minority audiences.^[21] Circumcision celebrations of their sons are pompously organized by the Ashkaelia and Balkan Egyptians.^[25]