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((multiple issues|
((more footnotes|date=November 2016))
((original research|date=November 2016))
((more citations needed|date=November 2016))
))
((Infobox ethnic group
| group            = 
| flag             = 
| flag_caption     = 
| image            = 
| ref2             = 
| languages        = [[American English|English]], [[Hawaiian Pidgin]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Korean languages|Korean]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], other [[Languages of Asia]]
| religions        = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]], [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]], [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]],  [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]], [[Islam in the United States|Islam]], [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikhism]],  [[Irreligion in the United States|Irreligion]], [[Religion in the United States|Others]]
| related          = [[Asian Americans]]
| footnotes        = 
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
))

Most early [[Asian American|Asian settler]]s to the [[United States]] went to [[Hawaii]]. Most of these early immigrants moved to the islands as laborers to work on the pineapple, coconut, and sugarcane [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]]s. These early migrants have tended to stay, although a handful returned to their home countries. There has also been recent immigration to Hawaii from more ethnic Asian groups, including the [[Thai American|Thai]], [[Indian American|Indian]], [[Indonesian American|Indonesian]], and the [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]].

==Filipinos==
((Main|Filipinos in Hawaii))

Filipinos, like most other [[Southeast Asia]]n immigrants to Hawaii, worked on the sugar plantations. In [[2010 United States census|2010]], Filipinos surpassed Japanese as the largest ethnic group. At the time of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], they were the third largest ethnic group in the islands.

85% of Filipinos in Hawaii trace their ancestry to the [[Ilocos Region]] of northern [[Luzon]].((Citation needed|date=August 2020))

==Japanese==
((Main|Japanese in Hawaii))

Until 2010, people of Japanese ancestry made up the plurality of Hawaii's population. After the breakout of World War II, 
more than 110,000 Japanese Americans in the mainland U.S., who mostly lived on the West Coast, were forced into internment camps. However, in Hawai'i, where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned.<ref>Ogawa, Dennis M. and Fox, Jr., Evarts C. Japanese Americans, from Relocation to Redress. 1991, page 135.</ref>

==Korean==
((Main|Korean immigration to Hawaii))

Koreans mainly came to [[Hawaii|the islands]] to work on the [[pineapple]] and [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|sugar plantations]], but a few, including the family of [[Mary Paik Lee]], came to the mainland (usually [[California]]) after experiencing extreme discrimination.

==Chinese==
((Main|Chinese immigration to Hawaii))

The Chinese came to the Hawaiian islands in 1778; the same year as English explorer [[James Cook]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Hawaii's first Chinese - Hawaii History - Chinatown|url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=544|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.hawaiihistory.org))</ref> Few also came to the islands among the crew of James Cook. Today, some Chinese born on the islands can claim to be seventh generation.

75% of Hawaii’s Chinese community are [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] with ancestry from [[Zhongshan]], [[Guangdong]].((Citation needed|date=August 2020))

==Indians==

People of Indian origin did not come to Hawaii in sizable numbers, and those who did did not stay for long. Many early [[Indian American|Indian immigrants]] stopped in Hawaii only to make enough money to sail on to the mainland anywhere from the mid to late 1800s to the 1900s.

A notable Indian in Hawaii was Dalip Singh Saund, who on September 13, 1910, arrived in [[Honolulu]] from his home village in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[India]] at the age of 14. He labored in the sugarcane fields for about two months to earn enough money to continue on to California. On November 18, 1910, he arrived on [[United States Immigration Station, Angel Island|Angel Island]]. At one point, Saund was the nation's largest [[celery]] grower.

== Okinawans ==
((Main|Okinawans in Hawaii))
When [[Japan]] annexed [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] (formerly known as the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]]), the Okinawan economy started to decline.<ref>((Cite book|last=Clayton|first=Bruce D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGxQeTMnPzQC&q=okinawa+was+poor+in+the+late+1800s&pg=PA25|title=Shotokan's Secret: The Hidden Truth Behind Karate's Fighting Origins|date=2004|publisher=Black Belt Communications|isbn=978-0-89750-144-6|language=en))</ref> As a result, there was a growing demand for the Japanese government to allow [[Ryukyuan people|Okinawans]] to migrate elsewhere. The first of these Okinawans came to Hawaii in 1899 under the supervision of [[Kyuzo Toyama]], who is known as the "father of Okinawan emigration".<ref>((Cite web|title=The Century of Emigration|url=http://rca.open.ed.jp/web_e/city-2001/emigration-e/person/e_1h.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=rca.open.ed.jp))</ref>

Okinawans in Hawaii tend to view themselves as a distinct group from the Japanese in Hawaii.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Matsumoto|first=Scott Y.|title=Okinawa Migrants to Hawaii|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e958/0fdc8f6991f24768bf7daa578bca725ce794.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721085856/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e958/0fdc8f6991f24768bf7daa578bca725ce794.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-07-21|website=Semantic Scholar|page=125|s2cid=131210898))</ref> The Center for Okinawan Studies at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|University of Hawaiʻi (Mānoa)]] estimates that the Okinawan community numbers anywhere between 45,000-50,000 people, or 3% of Hawaii’s population.<ref>((Cite web|title=Center for Okinawan Studies|url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/okinawa/wordpress/?page_id=78|access-date=2020-08-02))</ref>

== Living Conditions of Asian Immigrants ==
The massive influx of Asian American immigrants shifted the demographic dynamic of Hawaii to a majority Asian community. Asian immigrants of all kinds, including Native Hawaiians, often came over as laborers and were subject to harsh working conditions in sugar plantations - 10 hour workdays, relentless lunas, and squalid working conditions. <ref name=":0">((Cite book |last=Takaki |first=Ronald |title=Strangers from a Different Shore |publisher=Little, Brow, and Company |year=1998 |isbn=978-0316831307 |pages=132–176))</ref>

Importantly, the proliferation of sugar plantations in Hawaii were owned and operated by white Americans, bringing over ideologies of white supremacy and colonialism with them. This laid the groundwork for the racial hierarchy where both Native Hawaiians and Asian immigrants were treated as disposable cheap labor. Racially discriminatory wage control and fines were instituted by the white plantation owners in order to maintain control over the ever-diversifying ethnic demographic of Hawaii.<ref name=":0" />

Despite these challenges the Asian laborers faced, many of the farm laborers banded together through strikes and multi-ethnic unions. Japanese, Filipino, Spanish, Portuguese, and Chinese workers had made the Hawaii Laborers' Association - a multi-ethnic union that fought for workers' rights while also fostering a multi-ethnic camaraderie.<ref name=":0" />

== Settler Colonialism ==
Settler colonialism refers to the idea that, instead of typical colonialism where an external nation is extracting wealth from an area, settler colonialism is where the colonizers actually migrate to the land of the colonized. These settlers then ultimately become the majority population and slowly push out the indigenous populations from control of their own land.<ref name=":1">((Cite book |last=Landgraf |first=Kapulani |title=Asian Setter Colonialism: From Local Governance to the Habits of Everyday Life in Hawai'i |publisher=U of Hawaii Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780824833008 |pages=1–31))</ref>

An often overlooked aspect of this increased Asian immigration to Hawaii as cheap plantation laborers is the social, economic, and political effect of the shifting demographic on Native Hawaiians. Settler colonialism in Hawaii is a unique case compared to others historically because of the Asian ancestry (Polynesian) of the indigenous Hawaiians. As such, there was a two-fold effect of settler colonialism on the indigenous population: on top of the white plantation owners acting as colonists, the Asian settlers also acted as colonists via their surging immigration counts pushing the indigenous Hawaiians to the fringe socially, economically, and politically.<ref name=":1" />

White plantation owners would lump the Asian immigrants and indigenous Hawaiians together in terms of their racially discriminatory policies, while Asian immigrants implicitly participated in the marginalization of Native Hawaiians. Ultimately, these native Hawaiian populations became a minority in their own land, as they lost the rights to their land and lost political influence to the large plantation companies and large immigrant population.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
((Portal|Hawaii|Asia|United States))
*[[Indian American]] - the same [[Indian people|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Filipino American]] - the same [[Filipino people|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Japanese American]] - the same [[Japanese people|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Korean American]] - the same [[Koreans|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Chinese American]] - the same [[Chinese people|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Ryukyuan Americans|Ryukyuan American]] (Okinawan American) - the same [[Ryukyuan people|ethnic group]], but this also includes other areas of the [[United States]].
*[[Asian American]] - the immigration of [[Asian people|all the people of the continent of Asia]] to the [[United States]].
*[[Asian Canadian]] - the immigration of [[Asian people|all the people of the continent of Asia]] to [[Canada]].
*[[Asian Pacific American]] - a category that applies both to [[Pacific Islands American|Pacific Islander American]], and [[Asian American]]s.
*[[Asian Latin American]] - the immigration of [[Asian people|all the people of the continent of Asia]] to [[Central America]], [[South America]], and [[Mexico]].
*[[Indians in Fiji]] - the importation of [[Indian people|Indians]] to the [[Fiji|Fiji Islands]] to labor on its sugar plantations.
*[[Filipino immigration to Mexico]] - the immigration of [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] to the country of [[Mexico]].
*[[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico]] - the immigration of [[Chinese people|the Chinese]] to the present day U.S. territory of [[Puerto Rico]].

==Bibliography==
*((cite web
 |last = Fry
 |first = Kathie
 |title = Chinese Immigration to Hawaii
 |publisher = Hawaii for Visitors
 |url = http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/about/chinese-immigration.htm
 |format = reprint
 |access-date = 2013-02-20))
*((cite book
 |last = Chang
 |first = Roberta
 |author2 = Wayne Patterson
 |author2-link = Wayne Patterson
 |title = The Koreans in Hawaiʻi: A Pictorial History 1903-2003
 |publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]
 |year = 2003
 |isbn = 0-8248-2664-7))
*((cite book
 |last = McKeown
 |first = Adam
 |title = Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936
 |publisher = University of Chicago Press
 |year = 2001
 |isbn = 978-0-226-56024-3
 ))
*((cite web
 |last = Gutierrez
 |first = Ben
 |title = Filipinos Now Second-Largest Racial Group in Hawaii
 |publisher = Hawaii News Now
 |year = 2011
 |url = http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/14926806/filipinos-now-second-largest-population-group-in-hawaii
 |format = reprint
 |access-date = 2013-02-22))
*((cite web
 |last = Samra Family
 |title = From Punjab, India to Angel Island
 |publisher = Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation
 |url = http://www.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/823-from-punjab-india-to-angel-island
 |format = reprint
 |access-date = 2013-03-16
 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130414000416/http://www.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/823-from-punjab-india-to-angel-island
 |archive-date = 2013-04-14
 |url-status = dead
 ))
* Takaki, Ronald T and Rebecca Stefoff. ''Raising Cane: The World of Plantation Hawaii'' (Asian American Experience) (1993)
* Tamura, Eileen H. "Using the Past to Inform the Future: An Historiography of Hawaii's Asian and Pacific Islander Americans", ''Amerasia Journal'', (2000), 26#1, pp 55–85

==References==
((Reflist))

((Asian Americans))
((Ethnic groups in Hawaii))

[[Category:Asian-American culture in Hawaii| ]]
[[Category:Immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Hawaii]]

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