City in Gilan province, Iran
City in Gilan, Iran
Astara (Persian: آستارا pronounced [ɒstaɾɒ] ⓘ), also Romanized as Āstārā,[3] is a city in the Central District of Astara County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.[4] It lies on the border with Azerbaijan Republic and on the Caspian Sea. It is an important border trade center between Iran and the Caucasus.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 40,664 in 11,436 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 48,470 people in 14,639 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 51,579 people in 16,696 households.[2]
History
The earliest mention, under the name Astārāb, comes in the Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, written toward the end of the 10th century. In the 14th century, Astara became the seat of the small principality of the Esfahbad or Espahbad (-bod) of Gīlān. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Ṭālešī Khans of Āstārā were either autonomous or nominally subordinate to the governors of Gīlān or Ardabīl; on several occasions they played an important role in the history of the Caspian provinces.[7] According to Minorsky, we do not know whether the later governors of Astara still continued the line of the Ispahbads. Even after the conquest of Northern Tālish by the Russians (1813) the family of the Tālish-khans retained certain rights.[8]
Astara was part of the short lived Talysh Khanate in the 18th and 19th centuries, and for a short while it was the capital of the Khanate before it was moved to Lankaran.[9] In 1828, with the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Astara was split into two. The city of Astara in Azerbaijan is located just across the Astarachay River.
Tourism
Astara has various attractions and is considered a major tourist destination for Iranians and foreigners, especially those from the Caucasus. The city has a selection of beaches and is near to a Temperate rainforest. Annually over six million Iranians, and six hundred thousand foreigners visit the city.[10] The most popular beaches in this city are Shariati park and Sadaf beach. Shariati beach park is located in the city, and Sadaf beach is 7 kilometers from Astara city[11]
Culture
Astara is home to one of the first libraries established in the country.[12]
Agriculture
Rice has been cultivated in this region for many years, where some indigenous cultivars (landrace) were conventionally bred by farmers.[13]
Climate
Astara has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), with relatively cold, wet winters and warm, humid summers. It has the most precipitation days than any other cities in Iran.[original research?]
| Climate data for Astara (1986 - 2010)
|
| Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
| Record high °C (°F)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
31.6
(88.9)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
31.6
(88.9)
|
34.8
(94.6)
|
36.2
(97.2)
|
36.6
(97.9)
|
34.6
(94.3)
|
32.6
(90.7)
|
29.6
(85.3)
|
29.0
(84.2)
|
36.6
(97.9)
|
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
8.9
(48.0)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
11.6
(52.9)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
27.0
(80.6)
|
29.8
(85.6)
|
29.7
(85.5)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
11.1
(52.0)
|
18.8
(65.9)
|
| Daily mean °C (°F)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
8.6
(47.5)
|
13.0
(55.4)
|
17.9
(64.2)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
25.5
(77.9)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
7.9
(46.2)
|
15.3
(59.6)
|
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
2.5
(36.5)
|
2.9
(37.2)
|
5.6
(42.1)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
14.4
(57.9)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
8.9
(48.0)
|
4.7
(40.5)
|
11.9
(53.3)
|
| Record low °C (°F)
|
−7.8
(18.0)
|
−5.0
(23.0)
|
−1.6
(29.1)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
5.4
(41.7)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
14.8
(58.6)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
−5.0
(23.0)
|
−7.8
(18.0)
|
| Average precipitation mm (inches)
|
87.5
(3.44)
|
92.3
(3.63)
|
111.2
(4.38)
|
80.5
(3.17)
|
63.7
(2.51)
|
45.9
(1.81)
|
46.7
(1.84)
|
77.8
(3.06)
|
230.6
(9.08)
|
243.4
(9.58)
|
157.4
(6.20)
|
108.0
(4.25)
|
1,345
(52.95)
|
| Average precipitation days
|
12.5
|
13.1
|
15.5
|
15.0
|
13.6
|
8.6
|
6.0
|
8.3
|
13.2
|
16.0
|
14.1
|
12.2
|
148.1
|
| Average snowy days
|
2.4
|
3.8
|
0.8
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
1.4
|
8.5
|
| Average relative humidity (%)
|
83
|
84
|
84
|
83
|
81
|
75
|
73
|
75
|
83
|
87
|
86
|
84
|
82
|
| Mean monthly sunshine hours
|
99.6
|
97.6
|
108.4
|
131.0
|
193.7
|
251.5
|
263.7
|
228.1
|
149.6
|
114.9
|
95.0
|
89.6
|
1,822.7
|
| Source 1: Iranian Meteorological Organization[14]
|
| Source 2: Shahrekord Meteorology Database[15]
|
Language
Linguistic composition of the city.[16]
