Athalie
Actress playing the role of Athalie, 1850s.
Written by	Jean Racine
Chorus	Daughters of the tribe of Levi
Characters	Athalie Joad Josabet Salomith Abner Azartah, Ishmael, priests and Levites Mathan Nabal Agar Nurse of Joad
Date premiered	1691
Original language	French
Genre	tragedy
Setting	Jerusalem Temple, a vestibule of the High Priest's apartment, c. 835 BC

Athalie ([a.ta.li], sometimes translated Athalia) is a 1691 play, the final tragedy of Jean Racine, and has been described as the masterpiece^[1][2] of "one of the greatest literary artists known"^[3] and the "ripest work" of Racine's genius.^[4] Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve deemed it comparable to Oedipus Rex in beauty, with "the true God added."^[5] August Wilhelm Schlegel thought Athalie to be "animated by divine breath";^[4] other critics have regarded the poetics of drama in the play to be superior to those of Aristotle.^[5]

History

After the success of Esther, Racine published Athalie in 1691, another play drawn from the Bible, which he expected would have the same success.

Plot

Athalie, widow of the king of Judah, rules the country and believes she has eliminated all the rest of the royal family. She has abandoned the Jewish religion for the worship of Baal. However, the late king's grandson Joash was rescued by the wife of the high priest.

• Act 1 - Joad, the Jewish high priest, assures Abner, a military officer, that he would support a possible descendant of the king of Judah if he appeared. Then he agrees with his wife Jehoshebath to reveal the existence of Joash and dethrone Athalie, thus bringing the country back to the true religion.
• Act 2 - Athalie goes into the Jewish temple and finds a baby she has seen in a dream. (She does not know that this child is Joash and that he has been brought up by Joad in the Jewish religion.) She asked Joad to bring the child and she invites him to come to live with her at the palace.
• Act 3 - Fearing a plot by Joad, Athalie wants Joash sent as a hostage. The high priest is preparing to proclaim Joash as king to hasten things.
• Act 4 - Joash reveals he is the descendant and successor of the kings of Judah. The priests barricade the Temple.
• Act 5 - Athalie prepares to dislodge the rebels from the Temple. She comes to claim the child. Joad tells her that the child is Joash. Outside, the attackers panic and flee. Joad executes Athalie.

Reception

Athalie was the victim of opposition from moralists at its creation.^{[citation needed]} Represented on the public scene after the death of Madame de Maintenon, it was never part of the most popular plays of Racine, though Voltaire saw it as "perhaps the masterpiece of mankind" and Flaubert's character Monsieur Homais, the pharmacist, in Madame Bovary calls it the most "immortal masterpiece of the French stage," and names one of his daughters Athalie. However Homais is a boor and ignoramus so it is not clear what Flaubert's own judgement of the play was.^[5]

Adaptation

The oratorio Athalia by George Frideric Handel, with libretto by Samuel Humphreys, was based on Athalie.