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((Short description|Propagating atomic wave))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2020))
An '''atom laser''' is a [[coherent state]] of propagating atoms. They are created out of a [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] of atoms that are output coupled using various techniques. Much like an optical [[laser]], an atom laser is a [[coherence (physics)|coherent]] beam that behaves like a wave. There has been some argument that the term "atom laser" is misleading. Indeed, "laser" stands for ''light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation'' which is not particularly related to the physical object called an atom laser, and perhaps describes more accurately the Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC).
The terminology most widely used in the community today is to distinguish between the BEC, typically obtained by evaporation in a conservative trap, from the atom laser itself, which is a propagating atomic wave obtained by extraction from a previously realized BEC. Some ongoing experimental research tries to obtain directly an atom laser from a "hot" beam of atoms without making a trapped BEC first.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.73.035402 |title=Evaporation of an atomic beam on a material surface |year=2006 |last1=Reinaudi |first1=Gael |last2=Lahaye |first2=Thierry |last3=Couvert |first3=Antoine |last4=Wang |first4=Zhaoying |last5=Guéry-Odelin |first5=David |journal=Physical Review A |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=035402  |arxiv=cond-mat/0602069|bibcode = 2006PhRvA..73c5402R |s2cid=44192709 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/211584 |title = Shock wave loading of a magnetic guide| date=21 October 2011 | hdl=1874/211584 ))</ref>

==Introduction==
The first pulsed atom laser was demonstrated at MIT by Professor [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] et al. in November 1996.<ref>MIT (1997) "MIT physicists create first atom laser", http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1997/atom-0129.html accessed 31 Jul. 2006.</ref> Ketterle used an isotope of sodium and used an oscillating magnetic field as their output coupling technique, letting gravity pull off partial pieces looking much like a dripping tap (See movie in External Links).

From the creation of the first atom laser there has been a surge in the recreation of atom lasers along with different techniques for output coupling and in general research. The current developmental stage of the atom laser is analogous to that of the optical laser during its discovery in the 1960s. To that effect the equipment and techniques are in their earliest developmental phases and still strictly in the domain of research laboratories.

The brightest atom laser so far has been demonstrated at IESL-FORTH, Crete, [[Greece]].<ref>((Cite journal |doi = 10.1088/1367-2630/16/3/033036|title = An ultra-bright atom laser|journal = New Journal of Physics|volume = 16|issue = 3|pages = 033036|year = 2014|last1 = Bolpasi|first1 = V.|last2 = Efremidis|first2 = N. K.|last3 = Morrissey|first3 = M. J.|last4 = Condylis|first4 = P. C.|last5 = Sahagun|first5 = D.|last6 = Baker|first6 = M.|last7 = von Klitzing|first7 = W.|arxiv = 1307.8282| bibcode=2014NJPh...16c3036B |s2cid = 55042731))</ref>

[[File:Ultra-bright-atom-laser.gif|thumb|Three ultra-bright atom lasers]]

==Physics==
The physics of an atom laser is similar to that of an optical laser. The main differences between an optical and an atom laser are that atoms interact with themselves, cannot be created as photons can, and possess mass whereas photons do not (atoms therefore propagate at a speed below that of light).<ref>MIT's Center for Ultracold Atoms "The Atom Laser", http://cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/Projects_1997/atomlaser_97/atomlaser_comm.html ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901193827/http://cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/Projects_1997/atomlaser_97/atomlaser_comm.html |date=1 September 2006 )) accessed 31 Jul. 2006.</ref> The [[van der Waals force|van der Waals]] interaction of atoms with surfaces makes it difficult to make the [[Atomic mirror (physics)|atomic mirror]]s, typical for conventional lasers.

A pseudo-continuously operating atom laser was demonstrated for the first time by [[Theodor Hänsch]], [[Immanuel Bloch]] and [[Tilman Esslinger]] at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Munich.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3008 |title=Atom Laser with a cw Output Coupler |year=1999 |last1=Bloch |first1=Immanuel |last2=Hänsch |first2=Theodor |last3=Esslinger |first3=Tilman |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=82 |issue=15 |pages=3008 |arxiv=cond-mat/9812258 |bibcode=1999PhRvL..82.3008B |s2cid=119408594 ))</ref> They produce a well controlled continuous beam spanning up to 100 ms, whereas their predecessor produced only short pulses of atoms. However, this does not constitute a continuous atom laser since the replenishing of the depleted BEC lasts approximately 100 times longer than the duration of the emission itself (i.e. the duty cycle is 1/100). Recent developments in the field have shown progress towards a continuous atom laser, namely the creation of a continuous Bose-Einstein-Condensate.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chun-Chia |last2=González Escudero |first2=Rodrigo |last3=Minář |first3=Jiří |last4=Pasquiou |first4=Benjamin |last5=Bennetts |first5=Shayne |last6=Schreck |first6=Florian |title=Continuous Bose–Einstein condensation |journal=Nature |pages=683–687 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04731-z |date=June 2022|volume=606 |issue=7915 |pmid=35676487 |pmc=9217748 |bibcode=2022Natur.606..683C ))</ref>

==Applications==
((Expand section|date=June 2008))
((More citations needed|date=November 2012))
Atom lasers are critical for [[Holography#Non-optical holography|atom holography]]. Similar to conventional [[holography]], atom holography uses the diffraction of atoms. The [[De Broglie wavelength]] of the atoms is much smaller than the wavelength of light, so atom lasers can create much higher resolution holographic images. Atom holography might be used to project complex integrated-circuit patterns, just a few nanometres in scale, onto semiconductors.
Another application, which might also benefit from atom lasers, is [[atom interferometry]]. In an atom interferometer an atomic wave packet is coherently split into two wave packets that follow different paths before recombining. Atom interferometers, which can be more sensitive than optical interferometers, could be used to test quantum theory, and have such high precision that they may even be able to detect changes in space-time.<ref>Stanford (2003) The Second Orion Workshop "Hyper precision cold atom interferometry in space", ((cite web|url=http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/orion/PAPERS/D02.PDF |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-09-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612151952/http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/orion/PAPERS/D02.PDF |archivedate=12 June 2007))</ref> This is because the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms is much smaller than the wavelength of light, the atoms have mass, and because the internal structure of the atom can also be exploited.

==See also==
*[[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
*[[List of laser articles]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100406220251/http://cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/Animation_folder/Atom_laser.htm Atom Laser Movie]
*[http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/12/8/8 Atom lasers at physicsweb.org]
*[http://www.uibk.ac.at/exphys/ultracold/atomtraps.html Research groups working with atom traps]

((DEFAULTSORT:Atom Laser))
[[Category:Quantum optics]]
[[Category:Laser types]]

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