Atrophic vaginitis
Other namesVulvovaginal atrophy,[1] vaginal atrophy,[1] genitourinary syndrome of menopause,[1] estrogen deficient vaginitis[2]
Normal vaginal mucosa (left) versus vaginal atrophy (right)
SpecialtyGynecology
SymptomsPain with sex, vaginal itchiness or dryness, an urge to urinate[1]
ComplicationsUrinary tract infections[1]
DurationLong term[1]
CausesLack of estrogen[1]
Risk factorsMenopause, breastfeeding, certain medications[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[1]
Differential diagnosisInfectious vaginitis, vulvar cancer, contact dermatitis[2]
TreatmentVaginal estrogen[1]
FrequencyHalf of women (after menopause)[1]

Atrophic vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina as a result of tissue thinning due to not enough estrogen.[2] Symptoms may include pain with sex, vaginal itchiness or dryness, and an urge to urinate or burning with urination.[1][3] It generally does not resolve without ongoing treatment.[1] Complications may include urinary tract infections.[1]

The lack of estrogen typically occurs following menopause.[1] Other causes may include when breastfeeding or as a result of specific medications.[1] Risk factors include smoking.[2] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms.[1]

Treatment is generally with estrogen cream applied to the vagina.[1] Other measures that may help include vaginal lubricants.[1] It is recommended that soaps and other irritants are avoided.[2] About half of postmenopausal women are affected.[1] Many however are not being treated.[2] Women often report reduced enjoyment in sex as well as life generally.[1]

Signs and symptoms

After menopause the vaginal epithelium changes and becomes a few layers thick.[4] Many of the signs and symptoms that accompany menopause occur in atrophic vaginitis.[5] Genitourinary symptoms include

Diagnosis

Since women can have signs and symptoms that could be attributed to other causes, diagnosis is based upon the symptoms that cannot be better accounted for by another diagnosis.[6] Lab tests usually do not provide information that will aid in diagnosing. A visual exam is useful. The observations of the following may indicate lower estrogen levels: little pubic hair, loss of the labial fat pad, thinning and resorption of the labia minora, and the narrowing of the vaginal opening. An internal exam will reveal the presence of low vaginal muscle tone, the lining of the vagina appears smooth, shiny, pale with loss of folds. The cervical fornices may have disappeared and the cervix can appear flush with the top of the vagina. Inflammation is apparent when the vaginal lining bleeds easily and appears swollen.[1] The vaginal pH will be measured at 4.5 and higher.[8]

Treatment

Symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) will unlikely be resolved without treatment.[1] Women may have many or a few symptoms so treatment is provided that best suits each woman. If other health problems are also present, these can be taken into account when determining the best course of treatment. For those who have symptoms related to sexual activities, a lubricant may be sufficient.[1][9] If both urinary and genital symptoms exist, local, low-dose estrogen therapy can be effective. Those women who are survivors of hormone-sensitive cancer may need to be treated more cautiously.[1] Some women can have symptoms that are widespread and may be at risk for osteoporosis. Estrogen and adjuvants may be best.[9]

Topical treatment with estrogen is effective when the symptoms are severe and relieves the disruption in pH to restore the microbiome of the vagina. When symptoms include those related to the urinary system, systematic treatment can be used. Recommendations for the use of the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration help to prevent adverse endometrial effects.[9]

Some treatments have been developed more recently. These include selective estrogen receptor modulators, vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone, and laser therapy. Other treatments are available without a prescription such as vaginal lubricants and moisturizers. Vaginal dilators may be helpful. Since GSM may also cause urinary problems related to pelvic floor dysfunction, a woman may benefit from pelvic floor strengthening exercises. Women and their partners have reported that estrogen therapy resulted in less painful sex, more satisfaction with sex, and an improvement in their sex life.[1]

Epidemiology

Up to 50% of postmenopausal women have at least some degree of vaginal atrophy. It is likely to be underdiagnosed and undertreated.[1]

Terminology

Vulvovaginal atrophy, and atrophic vaginitis have been the preferred terms for this condition and cluster of symptoms until recently. These terms are now regarded as inaccurate in describing changes to the entire genitourinary system occurring after menopause. The term atrophic vaginitis suggests that the vagina is inflamed or infected. Though this may be true, inflammation and infection are not the major components of postmenopausal changes to the vagina. The former terms do not describe the negative effects on the lower urinary tract which can be the most troubling symptoms of menopause for women.[3] Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) was determined to be more accurate than vulvovaginal atrophy by two professional societies.[1][6][10] The term atrophic vaginitis does not reflect the related changes of the labia, clitoris, vestibule, urethra and bladder.[6]

Research

In 2018, the FDA issued a warning that lasers and other high energy devices were not approved for "rejuvenating" the vagina, and it has received many reports of injuries.[11] Such devices are scams and have been shown to only cause necrosis and extreme pain to lead to suicidal ideation.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Faubion, SS; Sood, R; Kapoor, E (December 2017). "Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Management Strategies for the Clinician". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 92 (12): 1842–1849. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.08.019. PMID 29202940.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Ferri, Fred F. (2016). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1331. ISBN 9780323448383.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kim, HK; Kang, SY; Chung, YJ; Kim, JH; Kim, MR (August 2015). "The Recent Review of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause". Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 21 (2): 65–71. doi:10.6118/jmm.2015.21.2.65. PMC 4561742. PMID 26357643.
  4. ^ Karl Knörr, Henriette Knörr-Gärtner, Fritz K. Beller, Christian Lauritzen (2013), Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie: Physiologie und Pathologie der Reproduktion (in German) (3. ed.), Berlin: Springer, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-3-642-95584-6((citation)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Kim, Hyun-Kyung; Kang, So-Yeon; Chung, Youn-Jee; Kim, Jang-Heub; Kim, Mee-Ran (2015). "The Recent Review of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause". Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 21 (2): 65–71. doi:10.6118/jmm.2015.21.2.65. ISSN 2288-6478. PMC 4561742. PMID 26357643.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Portman, D.J.; Gass, M.L.S. (November 2014). "Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: New terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society". Maturitas. 79 (3): 349–354. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.013. PMID 25179577.
  7. ^ Choices, N. H. S. (2018). "What causes a woman to bleed after sex? - Health questions - NHS Choices". Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  8. ^ "Vaginal Wet Mount". WebMD. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
  9. ^ a b c "The Best Treatments for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  10. ^ International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society
  11. ^ "FDA warning shines light on vaginal rejuvenation". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  12. ^ Rojas, Kristin E. (February 22, 2022). "The FDA needs to take another look at laser-based 'vaginal rejuvenation'".

External links

Classification
Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals
Categories