August 1, 1965: Scottish driver Jim Clark wins the Formula One championshipAugust 9, 1965: Republic of Singapore created after separation from Malaysia...... with Malaysian Parliament voting 126 to 0 in favor of expelling SingaporeAugust 6, 1965: Voting Rights Act signed into law by U.S. President Johnson
General Lo Jui-ching, the Chief of Joint Staff of the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, declared on Radio Peking that the Chinese were ready to fight the United States again, as they had in the Korean War. Comparing U.S. President Lyndon Johnson to Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Hideki Tojo, General Lo said of the Americans that "If they lose all sense of reality in their lust for gain and persist in underestimating the strength and determination of the Chinese people, impose a war on us, and compel us to accept the challenge, the Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army, long well prepared and standing in battle array, not only will stay with you without fail to the end, but invite you to come in large numbers, the more the better.[2]
Cigarette advertising became illegal on British television. Still, the number of British cigarette smokers continued to increase until the mid-1970s.[3]
The Japanese tanker Meiko Maru collided with the American freighter ship Arizona in the Pacific Ocean, 100 nautical miles (190 km) south of Tokyo and sank along with 18 of her crew of 22.[4] The Meiku Maru weighed 995 tons, and the Arizona, whose crew of 57 was unhurt, weighed more than 12 times as much at 12,711 tons.[5]
After coming under attack by Viet Cong sniper fire, U.S. Marines burned down the South Vietnamese village of Cam Ne, "using flame throwers, cigarette lighters and bulldozers" to set fire to 150 houses made up of straw, thatch, and bamboo, and bulldozing homes made of sturdier materials.[7][8] Major General Lewis W. Walt, the commander of the 3rd Marine Division, said in a statement that "the civilians had been urged in advance by helicopter loudspeakers to go to open fields where they would be safe" before their homes were burned down.[9] The Marines were accompanied by CBS reporter Morley Safer and a cameraman, and while the newspaper reports of the deliberate destruction of homes had little impact, American TV viewers were shocked when they saw film of the attack on the CBS Evening News, and U.S. President Lyndon Johnson was infuriated by the CBS decision to show the Vietnam War in an unfavorable light.[10]
Rex Heflin, a highway inspector working in the area of Santa Ana, California, photographed a UFO. His four Polaroid photos, distinguishable from previous purported pictures of such objects, would come to be considered among the most reliable evidence of the existence of UFOs because the photographs in a Polaroid 101 camera developed inside the camera within one minute after being taken.[11][12] Earlier in the week, police in central Oklahoma and southwestern New Mexico received multiple calls from witnesses who had seen "objects flying very high and changing from red to white to blue-green, in diamond-shaped formations" in Chickasha, Shawnee, Cushing, and Chandler, Oklahoma; and Hobbs, New Mexico, Carlsbad, New Mexico, and Artesia, New Mexico.[13]
The U.S. Senate voted, 79 to 18, to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The day before, the measure had passed the U.S. House of Representatives, 328 to 74, and, hours later, passed the U.S. Senate.[16][17]
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also referred to as the "Second Kashmir War", began as Pakistan commenced Operation Gibraltar[18] when as many as 10,000 armed infiltrators crossed into India and the state of Jammu and Kashmir, disguised as civilians. India and Pakistan had fought over the area after both became independent in 1947, and had divided the area along a ceasefire line on January 1, 1949, with Pakistan organizing the area west of the line as Azad Kashmir.[19] Sixty companies of the Pakistani armed services came across the line with instructions for targets to attack, and several were captured that day.[20] Within the first three weeks of fighting, 412 Pakistani servicemen and 150 Indian soldiers would be killed in combat.[21] The war would last five months, until January 4, 1966, when the two nations agreed to withdraw their troops back to their respective sides of the 1949 line.[22]
Only 21 days after becoming Prime Minister of Greece, the unpopular Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas was voted out of office by a vote of 167 to 131 in the Hellenic Parliament. King Constantine II had appointed Athanasiadis-Novas on July 15 after dismissing his predecessor, Georgios Papandreou.[23] Papandreou demanded and received a face-to-face meeting with the King and told reporters later that he had asked the king to reappoint him as the Premier, or to call new elections.[24]
After reviewing the photographs of Mars transmitted by the Mariner 4 space probe, NASA's chief reviewer, Dr. Robert B. Leighton, announced that there was no life on Mars, and it was unlikely that there ever had been. "There never has been an ocean on Mars," Dr. Leighton said in a press conference, "which makes it less hopeful that life could have started there spontaneously."[25]
Future U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, a Congressman from Michigan and the leader of the Republican minority in the House of Representatives, urged President Johnson to ask Congress to declare war on North Vietnam, so that the increasing commitment of American servicemen could be debated. "It would be the honest thing to do under the circumstances, considering our present commitment."[26]
Fifteen members of a film crew were injured in an accident during the filming of the movie Easy Come, Easy Go, including the lead actor, Jan Berry of the rock duo Jan and Dean, and the director, Barry Shear. Background scenes were being filmed aboard a flatcar at a railroad yard in the Chatsworth section of northwestern Los Angeles, when a train crashed into the car from behind. Berry (who would be injured in a car wreck in April 1966) sustained a compound fracture of his left leg, while Shear suffered internal injuries.[27]Paramount Pictures would abandon the project and recycle the title two years later for an unrelated story starring rock singer Elvis Presley.
The Soviet Union's Zond 2 space probe passed within 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) of the planet Mars, closer than the American Mariner 4 approach on July 15.[28] Unfortunately, the Zond probe had stopped transmitting on May 2, so none of the images it had taken were received on Earth.[29]
On the 20th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, a crowd of 30,000 people gathered at the Peace Memorial Park, where Mayor Shinzo Hamai added 469 additional names to the list of identified victims of the blast, including 69 who had died in the past year from radiation-related cancers. The other 400 people had been killed when the bomb detonated on August 6, 1945, and remained unidentified for more than 19 years.[30]
Retaliating for an attack on one of its patrol craft in April by gunboats from the People's Republic of China, the Navy of Taiwan sent two of its ships, the Jianmen and the smaller Zhangjiang, across the Taiwan Strait to stage a landing on the coastline of Guangdong province near Shantou. The People's Liberation Army Navy dispatched four of its own gunboats and after a three-hour battle, both of the Taiwanese ships were sunk.[31]
After its pilots bailed out safely following gunfire, a B-57 bomber and its payload of 16 armed 250-pound (110 kg) bombs crashed in a residential area of the South Vietnamese city of Nha Trang, killing at least 12 people and injuring 75 others.[32]
Help!, the fifth studio album by The Beatles and the soundtrack to their film of the same name was released in the UK by Parlophone Records.[33] Seven of the fourteen songs, including the singles "Help!" and "Ticket to Ride", appeared in the film and take up the first side of the vinyl album. The second side includes "Yesterday", the most-covered song ever written.[34]
President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law after speaking in the rotunda of the United States Capitol. Johnson then went over to the Senate Chamber for the first time since becoming president, reportedly "used about 100 pens" to sign the document, and announced that the first lawsuits under the new Act would be filed the next afternoon at 1:00.[17][35] The law, initially set to expire after five years, eliminated literacy tests and other provisions that had been used to disqualify African-Americans from voting, and would dramatically increase the number of registered black American voters. By 1969, 60 percent of eligible blacks in southern states would be registered to vote; in Mississippi, the number of black voters would increase eight-fold between 1964 (7%) and 1968 (59%).[36]
Between August 6 and 10, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight George E. Mueller advised the Center Directors at Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) of the establishment within the Office of Manned Space Flight of the Saturn/Apollo Applications (SAA) Office, which would have responsibility for both the Saturn IBCentaur program and the Apollo Extension System (AES) effort. David M. Jones, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Manned Space Flight (Programs), assumed the additional duties of SAA Acting Director. John H. Disher, formerly Test Director in the Apollo Program Office, was named Deputy Director. Mueller sent Center Directors planning guidelines for proceeding with the definition phase of the AES program, including schedules, missions, organizational responsibilities, payload integration, and experiment definition and development. (These guidelines envisioned a buildup to four AES missions per year during 1970 and 1971.) Mueller also requested that each human spaceflight center prepare a plan for implementing the AES program definition phase based on these guidelines and including planned procurements, facility modifications, staffing requirements, and an assessment of the definition program's impact on the Apollo program.[37]
Nancy Carroll, 61, American stage and film actress. Ms. Carroll was found dead in her apartment after failing to show up for the final performance of the play Never Too Late at the Tappan Zee playhouse in Nyack, New York, where she co-starred with Bert Lahr.[40]
Everett Sloane, 55, American character actor on radio, stage, film, and television, was found dead in his home after taking an overdose of barbiturates, apparently in despair over his failing eyesight.[41]
The Singapore Agreement was signed by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, and Lee Kuan Yew, who had continued to lead Singapore since its merger with Malaya and other nations to create the Federation of Malaysia.[42] The parties agreed that "Singapore shall cease to be a State of Malaysia on the 9th day of August 1965... and shall become an independent and sovereign State separate from and independent of Malaysia."[43]
A planned concert by The Beatles in Vienna, Austria, was canceled by the organizers, the Jeunesses Musicale, which had sponsored the concerts in hopes of earning enough money to sponsor classical music programs. The event had been set for October 24, 25 and 26, but few tickets had been sold less than four months before showtime and the media showed no interest.[44]
Two Russian citizens of the Soviet Union, Pyotr Kalitenko and Grigoriy Sarapushkin, came ashore at Wales, Alaska, after their walrus-skin boat drifted 70 miles (110 km) across the Bering Strait. The two men had set out two days earlier from Lavrentiya in Siberia, where both worked at a smelter, on a mushroom hunting trip. After getting lost in a fog, they found that they had reached the United States, and asked for political asylum.[45] Both would eventually change their minds and ask to return to the U.S.S.R., with Sarapushkin leaving on November 30, and Kalitenko departing on September 19, 1966, after briefly working in Detroit.[46]
Refusing to restore Giorgios Papandreou as the Premier of Greece, King Constantine instead appointed Papandreou's deputy premier, Stefanos Stefanopoulos and asked him to form a new government.[47]
Three days after Pakistan began Operation Gibraltar, four men who had been the first four Pakistani volunteers to be captured on India's side of Kashmir ceasefire line were interviewed on All India Radio and publicly described Pakistan's secret plan for infiltration.[20]
NBC Sports made its first telecast under its five-year national television contract that had ensured the survival of the American Football League in its competition with the National Football League. The opening event was a preseason game between the Buffalo Bills and the Boston Patriots, which Buffalo won, 23–0. Since the NFL had not started its preseason, CBS Sports countered the NBC broadcast by showing the Baltimore Colts' "Blue-White Game", the annual scrimmage between two squads of the Colts team.[48]
Died:Shirley Jackson, 48, American author best known for her controversial 1948 story "The Lottery"; of heart failure in her home in Vermont
By a vote of 126 to 0, the Parliament of the Federation of Malaysia passed the Singapore Amendment Act to the Malaysian Constitution, expelling Singapore from the union that had existed since 1963.[42] Soon afterward, Lee Kuan Yew, who had been governing Singapore since 1959 under British, and then Malaysian authority, announced that Singapore was declaring its sovereignty as a separate nation.[49][50] As the new Prime Minister of an independent Singapore, he held a press conference and "was overcome by his emotions when narrating the sequence of events leading to Singapore's proclamation of independence earlier that morning",[51] crying in front of a national television audience. "Depending on which history book you read," an author would note later, "Singapore separated of its own accord from Malaysia... or it was evicted."[52]
An explosion and flash fire inside a missile silo killed 53 construction workers who were inside the 170-foot (52 m) deep shaft near Searcy, Arkansas. A U.S. Air Force crew closed the hatches to prevent the Titan II missile inside from exploding, smothering the fire but sealing the workers inside.[53] The men were all civilians working for Peter Kiewit and Sons Construction Company, and were working to remodel the silo's physical plant; the missile's warhead had been removed before work had started.[54]
The agreement between the United States and the Philippines on U.S. military bases was formally amended, returning exclusive jurisdiction over the Port of Manila and the city of Olongapo to the Philippines, and ceding more than 450 square miles (1,200 km2) of territory back to the Philippine government.[57]
Jordan gets green area, Saudi Arabia gets red
Representatives of the Kingdom of Jordan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed a border agreement in Amman, with the Saudis receiving 4,347 square miles (11,260 km2) of Jordanian territory, and Jordan getting 3,726 square miles (9,650 km2) of Saudi land along the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea. Jordan's seacoast was thus extended from 3 miles (4.8 km) to 15.5 miles (24.9 km) in length.[58]
Israeli inventor Simcha Blass and his son established the Netafim Irrigation Company to revolutionize the irrigation process in the deserts of Palestine.[59]
President Johnson signed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 into law.[60] In signing the bill, Johnson commented, "Education matters a great deal. Health matters. Jobs matter. Equality of opportunity and individual dignity matter very much. But legislation and labors in all of these fields can never succeed unless and until every family has the shelter and the security, the integrity and the independence, and the dignity and the decency of a proper home."[61]
A fire erupted in Vault 7, a storage facility at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio backlot in Culver City, California. It was caused by an electrical short that ignited flammable stored nitrate film. The initial explosion reportedly killed at least one person, and the resulting fire destroyed the entire contents of the vault, which included archived prints of silent and early sound films produced by MGM and its predecessors. The only known copies of hundreds of films were destroyed.[62]
Mike E. Smith, American jockey, Racing Hall of Fame inductee, winner of multiple Breeders' Cup races, as well as the 2005 Kentucky Derby, the 1993 Preakness and the 2010 and 2013 Belmont Stakes; in Roswell, New Mexico
Twenty-nine people were killed, and 11 others seriously injured, after a bus traveling between Istanbul and Ankara collided with a stalled tanker truck that was carrying nitric acid. Both vehicles had rolled off the road and into a ditch, where a pool of the truck's deadly liquid cargo had accumulated. Most of the casualties were bus passengers who had survived the crash, but then escaped from the bus and plunged into the ditch. Twenty-three died at the scene, and six others (including the truck driver) died of their burn injuries after reaching the hospital.[63]
Abe Fortas was confirmed as the newest justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by a voice vote in the Senate, despite protests by Republican senators that he was "a security risk", "totally lacking in judicial temperament", and unqualified beyond being a personal friend of the President.[64]
Aerial photo of the Watts Riot in which 34 people died and over 1,000 were injured
At 7:00 in the evening in the mostly African-American section of Watts in Los Angeles, a white California Highway Patrol officer, Lee W. Minikus, was riding his motorcycle along 122nd Street, and was flagged down by a passing black motorist, who told of seeing a car being driven recklessly. Minikus located the 1955 Buick, and it pulled over at the corner of 116th Street and Avalon Boulevard, where the black driver, Marquette Frye, was asked to step out and take a sobriety test on suspicion of drunken driving. The other man in the car, Frye's brother Ronald, ran home and brought the men's mother, Rena Price, to the scene. When Frye failed the test, Minikus notified him that he was under arrest and by 7:15, Minikus's CHP partner, a patrol car, and a tow truck arrived. By that time, the crowd of curious spectators had grown from about 25 people to several hundred. According to an investigative report, Marquette's mother began scolding him for drinking and "Marquette, who until then had been peaceful and cooperative, pushed her away and moved into the crowd, cursing and shouting at the officers that they would have to kill him to take him to jail."[65] As the tension increased, the three family members and the three officers were scuffling, more highway patrolmen arrived and Los Angeles Police Department officers were called in, and the Watts Riots began. By the time that the rioting ended six days later, 34 people had been killed, 1,032 had been injured, and 3,952 arrested, and there was more than $40,000,000 of damage.[66][67]
Nineteen days after the United States learned that North Vietnam had bases around its capital from which to fire surface-to-air missiles, the North Vietnamese revealed that they had mobile missile units that could be taken to any location, shooting down a U.S. Navy A-4 Skyhawk attack jet that was flying 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Hanoi. Lieutenant (j.g.) Donald H. Brown Jr. of the USS Coral Sea was killed in the crash, becoming the first U.S. Navy flier to be downed by a SAM missile.[69][70]
A Paraense Curtiss C-46A-50-CU Commando, registration PP-BTH, en route to Cuiabá, caught fire and crashed in Buracão, close to Barra do Bugre, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. All 13 passengers and crew were killed.[71][72]
Gemini Program Office informed the NASA-McDonnell Management Panel of the decision to fly the new, lightweight G5C space suit on Gemini 7. Tested by Crew Systems Division, the suit displayed a major improvement in comfort and normal mobility without sacrificing basic pressure integrity or crew safety. The suit weighed about 9 pounds (4.1 kg) and was similar to the G4C suit except for the elimination of the restraint layer and the substitution of a soft helmet design with an integral visor and no neckring. Under study was the possibility of allowing one or both astronauts to remove their suits during the mission. NASA Headquarters, on July 2, had directed that the flight crew not use full pressure suits during the Gemini 7 mission.[73]
The Indian Army clashed with the Army of Pakistan in response to the invasion of the Indian side of the disputed Kashmir territory, after crossing into the Pakistani side near Tithwal.[78] Using a barrage of artillery against Pakistani positions in the northern mountains, they seized strategic positions in the mountains to the north.[79]
After a boycott of the South Korean National Assembly by the opposing parties, 110 of the 111 members from the Democratic Republican Party, voted in favor of ratification of the controversial peace treaty between South Korea and Japan. The other member of the DRP, which held the overwhelming majority of the 175 seats in the Assembly, abstained.[80][81]
The Beatles performed the first stadium concert in the history of rock, playing before 55,600 people at Shea Stadium in New York City.[83] An author would note later, "It was to be the first of a large number" of concerts played at sports stadiums, "as both promoters and musicians discovered that huge sums of money could be made literally overnight."[84] The total ticket sales added up to $304,000 of which the Beatles received $160,000. After paying $30,000 to rent the stadium, $14,000 to the city of 130 police to be present, $11,000 for insurance, and other expenses, promoter Sid Bernstein made a profit of $7,000.[85] Their 1965 North American tour would take them to outdoor stadiums in Atlanta, Chicago, Minneapolis, and San Diego, as well as to arenas at Toronto, Houston, Portland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.
Two American high school students broke existing world records in swimming competition at the National AAU Swimming and Diving U.S. national championships at Maumee, Ohio. Kendis Moore, a 16-year-old from Phoenix, set a new mark for the women's 200 meter butterfly, at 2 minutes, 26.3 seconds. Steve Krause, a 16 year old from Seattle, swam the 1,500 meter freestyle in 16 minutes, 58.6 seconds, becoming the second person to swim the "metric mile" in less than 17 minutes.[86]
The Soviet Union released the first photographs ever taken of the northern hemisphere of the far side of the Moon, sent back to Earth by the Zond 3 space probe after it had flown within 6,200 miles (10,000 km) of Earth's satellite. In 1959, Lunik 3 had taken humankind's first photos of the Moon's "dark side", viewing the southern half from 37,000 miles (60,000 km). The closer view from the Zond probe showed 584 distinct craters, ranging in size from 6 miles (9.7 km) to 120 miles (190 km) across.[92]
In his first speech as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Arthur J. Goldberg announced that the United States would no longer seek enforcement against the U.S.S.R. and France of Article 19 of the UN Charter, which provides that member nations would lose their votes if they were more than two years delinquent in their payments to the international organization.[93] "Until that statement," International Court of Justice President Stephen M. Schwebel would write later, "the United States, together with the United Kingdom, had led a majority of the membership of the Organization in a determined effort to uphold the financial authority of the United Nations."[94]
Heavyweight boxer Joe Frazier, a gold medalist in the 1964 Summer Olympics, had his first professional bout, defeating Woody Goss in the first round of a fight in Philadelphia. He would win his first 25 fights, capturing the vacant world heavyweight championship in 1970, and defending it against Muhammad Ali in 1971, before losing to George Foreman in 1973.[95]
United Airlines Flight 389, a Boeing 727 jet, crashed into Lake Michigan, 19 miles (31 km) offshore from Fort Sheridan, Illinois. The plane was approaching Chicago after departure from New York and was ordered to descend to and maintain an altitude of 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Instead of leveling off, however, the jet continued its descent at an estimated rate of 9,430 feet per minute[96] (more than 150 feet per second or 100 miles per hour (160 km/h)), and impacted at 9:20 p.m. local time, with such force that the flight data recorder was never located.[97] Although the 727s had seats for 130 passengers, only 24 were on board Flight 389; they and the crew of six were all killed, including Clarence "Clancy" Sayen, a former president of the Air Line Pilots Association.[98]
At the United Nations, the United States presented a proposed treaty to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons, with all signing parties agreeing not to provide weapons to other nations. The Soviet Union would present its own version on September 28.[99]
William C. White, an African-American veteran of the Korean War and one of 21 who had defected to the People's Republic of China after being captured by North Korea, returned to the non-Communist world after more than 11 years. White, from Plumerville, Arkansas, walked across the border into Hong Kong, along with his Chinese wife and two children.[100]
Operation Starlite began as 5,500 United States Marines destroyed a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quảng Ngãi Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war.[103][104] Three days earlier, the Marines had been alerted by a captured Viet Cong prisoner that 1,500 VC soldiers were camped nine miles away from the U.S. base at Chu Lai and preparing a massive attack.[105] When the battle ended six days later, the Viet Cong had lost 573 confirmed dead, and 115 estimated additional killed, while 51 U.S. Marines were killed and 203 wounded.[106]
King Constantine II named Ilias Tsirimokos to become the new Prime Minister of Greece to succeed the government of Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas that had collapsed after only three weeks. The Tsirimokos administration would last only ten days before his government, like that of Athanasiadis, failed a vote of no confidence.[107][108]
The Second Auschwitz trial came to an end in Frankfurt after 20 months, as sentences were handed down to 17 people who had aided the mass murders of inmates at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. The proceedings were the longest and largest in German legal history. Six people, five of them former members of Nazi Germany's SS, were sentenced to life imprisonment. Sergeant Wilhelm Boger, the master torturer of the camp, had been convicted of "personally committing 114 murders and aiding many more". Sergeant Oswald Kaduk had been identified by trial witnesses as "The Butcher of Auschwitz" and had been in a Soviet prison until 1956 before being indicted for murder charges in West Germany. Medical Sergeant Josef Kiehr had admitted killing as many as 300 people by injecting carbolic acid into their hearts. Captain Franz Hofman, the Auschwitz security chief and the Commandant of its camp for Roma (gypsy) prisoners, was already serving a life sentence for murders carried out at the Dachau concentration camp. The other two were a guard, Corporal Stefan Baretski; and an inmate, Emil Bednarek, who had betrayed his fellow prisoners in order to receive privileges. West Germany had abolished the death penalty when it promulgated its first constitution in 1949.[109][110] Eleven others were given prison terms ranging from three to 14 years, and three defendants were acquitted. The trial had started on December 20, 1963, and saw testimony from 358 witnesses, most of whom were survivors of the Holocaust. Fifty years later, during the trial of 93-year old Oskar Groning in 2015, it would be estimated that, "of an estimated 6,500 SS men who served in Auschwitz and survived the war, only 49 were punished" by tribunals in West Germany and East Germany.[111]
On the same day, West German diplomat Rolf Pauls presented his credentials to Israeli President Zalman Shazar to become the first German ambassador to the State of Israel.[111]
Two students from Penn State (Pennsylvania State University) sneaked into NASA's launch area and came within 200 yards (180 m) of Launch Pad 19, where Gemini 5 was scheduled for a liftoff. The two young men, Gary Ralph Young, 22, and Theodore Lee Ballenger, 17, were spotted by a closed circuit television camera which "picked up a view of a barefooted, barechested young man relaxing in the sand".[112] Young told arresting officers that "I didn't realize it was dangerous" and that he had come within 200 feet (61 m) of the Titan rocket, and that Ballenger had stopped further away, both intending to get a very close view of the liftoff. "When we went in there and walked past the first guard," Young said, "he was too busy smoking a cigarette to see us. Is this the type of security we have for the U.S. Government?" Both were fined $100 and sentenced to six months in jail, probated for two years.[113] The countdown for the launch was uninterrupted by their morning intrusion, but was halted at 1:08 p.m., only ten minutes before liftoff, because of problems with telemetry. As with all previous American crewed launches, the three American television networks had pre-empted their regular programming and commercials for the entire day.[114]
Diplomat Asher Ben-Natan presented his credentials to the Bundesrat President in Bonn and became the first ambassador from Israel to Germany.[111]
More than 200 young men training at Camp Breckinridge, a federal Job Corps center in Morganfield, Kentucky, rioted for three hours. Ten people were injured and windows at the administration building were smashed after a brawl broke out in the cafeteria. Most of the 670 students were African-American males, ranging in age from 16 to 21, who had dropped out of school and had come to the camp from large cities under a program administered by Southern Illinois University. The group was already dissatisfied with the poor quality of the food and the long waits in line.[115][116]
As part of MSFC's activities related to the AES program, designers at the center began serious investigation of the concept of an S-IVBOrbital Workshop (OWS). This concept, which involved "in-orbit" conversion of a spent S-IVB stage to a shelter suitable for extended crewed stay and utilization, showed great potential for experiment work during the Earth-orbiting phase of the AES program. Accordingly, MSFC officials planned a four-month conceptual design effort, to begin immediately, with help and participation from both MSC and the S-IVB stage builder, Douglas Aircraft Company.[37]
Died:Jonathan Daniels, 26, American Episcopal seminarian from Keene, New Hampshire, was shot dead in Hayneville, Alabama, while participating in the civil rights movement. Tom L. Coleman had been aiming a gun at a black teenager, Ruby Sales, and Daniels had pushed her out of the way and taken the bullet.[117][118] Six weeks later, an all-white jury in Lowndes County acquitted Coleman of homicide charges after accepting his claim of self-defense. Coleman had testified that Daniels had threatened him with a knife, even though no weapon was ever found.[119]
The Great National Assembly adopted the 1965 Constitution of Romania, which was published in Monitorul Oficial the same day. The country would thereafter be called the Socialist Republic of Romania, and the "brotherly" alliance with the Soviet Union would be replaced with the principle of "respect for national sovereignty and independence, equality of rights and reciprocal advantage, non-interference in internal matters".
Cape Kennedy, Florida, photographed from Gemini 5
Gemini 5 lifted off at precisely 10:00 a.m. from complex 19 at Cape Kennedy in Florida and began its first orbit six minutes later. The crew comprised command pilot Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and pilot Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr.[73][120] The mission would break the record for longest crewed spaceflight and would be the first to test fuel cells as a supply for electrical power. Gemini 5 was the 11th crewed American space mission, and the 19th for the world's nations.[121]
The CBS Television Network announced that, effective immediately, it would reduce the amount of uninterrupted live coverage that it would give to space missions. The network's decision came after it (and its competitors, ABC and NBC) had pre-empted regular programming for seven hours on Thursday until the countdown had been halted on the Gemini 5 launch.[122]
In U.S. baseball, San Francisco Giants batter Juan Marichal struck Los Angeles Dodgers catcher John Roseboro in the head after Roseboro removed his own helmet and mask during an argument. Earlier, Marichal had thrown two "brushback" pitches near the head of Dodger leadoff batter Maury Wills. When Marichal came up to bat against Sandy Koufax in the last of the third inning, Roseboro's throw back to Koufax grazed Marichal's ear, and the sparking a 14-minute brawl.[124] After order was restored, Roseboro required 14 stitches to his head while Marichal was ejected and subsequently suspended and fined Warren Giles, President of the National League.[125] At the time, the Dodgers and Giants were in first and second place in the National League pennant race, and the Giants' 4–3 win, powered by a home run from Willie Mays off of Sandy Koufax put them at 69 wins, 51 losses (.575), only 0.001 behind the 72-53 (.576) Dodgers.[126]
Born:David Reimer, Canadian man raised as a girl after a botched circumcision and involuntary sex reassignment; in Winnipeg, Manitoba (committed suicide by gunshot, 2004)[127]
The International Conference on Family Planning Programs, the first worldwide meeting on the issue of controlling the "population explosion", opened in Geneva with representatives from 36 nations.[128][129]
Dr. Who and the Daleks, the first theatrical film ever based on a television series, was released in the United Kingdom during the closing weeks of the school summer holiday. In order to qualify for the U-certificate for viewing by universal audiences (equivalent to the later "G" rating in the United States), the filmmakers "rather than trying to establish continuity or canonicity, transformed the principal characters and their relationships", casting Peter Cushing rather than TV's William Hartnell as a more cheerful version of The Doctor and making the story more suitable for children.[130]
A new word, "hypertext", entered the English language at the annual conference of the Association for Computing Machinery in Pittsburgh, as Ted Nelson presented his paper, A File Structure for the Complex, The Changing and the Indeterminate, and described his vision of "a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper", making it possible for a global publishing system that could "grow indefinitely, gradually including more and more of the world's written knowledge", with "every feature a novelist or absent-minded professor could want, holding everything he wanted in just the complicated way he wanted it to be held, and handling notes and manuscripts in as subtle and complex ways as he wanted them to be handled." [132][133]
Fifty-eight of the 71 U.S. military personnel were killed in the crash of a C-130 Hercules cargo plane which plunged into Yau Tong Bay shortly after takeoff from Hong Kong. Most of the passengers were U.S. Marines who had been on leave and were returning to South Vietnam.[134][135][136]
President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia announced that they had reached a nine-point agreement at the Saudi Arabian port of Jeddah for the gradual withdrawal of 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen, and free elections in that Arab nation in 1966 for voters to choose between restoring the monarchy or continuing with the republic.[137][138]
In the Soviet Union, arrests began of 26 "nationally minded Ukrainian intellectuals" throughout the Ukrainian SSR in "the first major KGB operation of this sort since Stalin's death". Following searches of homes and interrogation of suspects, authors Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel would be put on trial in 1966 on charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda". It was speculated that the intent was to intimidate Ukrainian dissenters and to thwart defiance against the government, but the result was public protests and a resurgence of Ukrainian nationalism.[139]
Died:Orvil A. Anderson, 70, American pioneer balloonist, later a U.S. Air Force major general, who set an altitude record in 1935 of 72,395 feet (22,066 m)[141]
Artist's rendering of Manned Orbiting Laboratory and Gemini reentry vehicle
In a press conference at the White House, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he had given the go-ahead for the United States Air Force to develop an American space station, the $1.5-million Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), to be launched by 1968. Such a program, the President said, would bring "new knowledge about what man is able to do in space." Further, MOL "will enable us to relate that ability to the defense of America."[37][142][143] The MOL was to be used primarily for military reconnaissance, and when it became clear that uncrewed satellites were more efficient at spying on the enemy, the MOL project would be canceled on June 10, 1969, after $1.4 billion had been spent.[144] NASA would take contracts that the Air Force had had for development of the station, and would launch Skylab into orbit in 1973.[145]
President Johnson directed federal agencies to adopt "Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems" (PPBS) based on the model introduced by U.S. Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamara.[146][147] Johnson described PPBS as a "new and revolutionary system" that would bring "the full promise of a finer life... to every American at the lowest possible cost" in advancing his Great Society initiative. The U.S. government would not abandon the approach until 1971; an observer would write in 1989 that PPBS had been "almost a total failure" and asked the question, "By the way, who is responsible for the billions of dollars and millions of man-hours wasted on this gimmick?"[148]
Twelve people were killed and 22 injured in a series of explosions at a Dupont chemical plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that had been manufacturing the rubber substitute Neoprene. The initial explosion happened at 10:25 in the morning; another blast happened at 6:30 in the evening while rescuers were looking for bodies.[150][151] A compressor that circulated vinylacetylene in gaseous form overheated, causing the first blast.[152][153]
Died:Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, 85, American physician and baseball player whose major league career was limited to one inning of a major league game, without getting a turn at bat. His unusual story would later make him an important character in the popular 1989 film Field of Dreams.[154]
The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued an order directing the chiefs of the Soviet space program and the Soviet Army's missile program to collaborate on a new project, Soyuz 7K-L1, to land the first man on the Moon before the U.S. Apollo program could accomplish the task. Sergei Korolev led the OKB (Opytnoye Konstruktorskoye Buro or Experimental Construction Bureau) for the space program, OKB-1, while Vladimir Chelomei guided OKB-52 for guided missiles. Together, the two would work on a multi-stage rocket, the N1-L3, to rival the American Saturn V, combining an extra stage with the powerful Proton rocket and a "stripped down" version of the Soyuz 7K-OK.[155]
At 8:06 a.m. Florida time, Gemini 5 astronauts Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad broke the previous record for longest crewed spaceflight, the 119 hours and 6 minutes set by the Soviet Union's Valery Bykovsky on Vostok 5 in June 1963. Bykovsky's feat had broken Cooper's record of 34 hours set in May 1963.[156]
President Johnson signed an Executive Order removing a marriage exemption from the draft, although married fathers between the ages of 19 and 26 were still exempt. Americans who got married before midnight on the 26th would remain exempt from conscription into military service.[157] Hundreds of men drove to Nevada in order to get married without a waiting period,[158] and would find out four days later that they had only deferred eligibility for four months; General Lewis B. Hershey announced on August 30 that all married, childless men (aged 19 to 26) would be eligible for the draft beginning in January 1966.[159]
John Coltrane recorded his album Sun Ship, which would eventually be released in 1971 after his death.[160]
The city of Gold River, British Columbia, was incorporated as the first creation from the Canadian province's "instant towns" program.[161]
George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, requested MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth to identify the requirements for a spacecraft atmosphere selection and validation program to support the longer duration phase II missions of the AES program. Although nominal mission duration for the phase II flights was pegged at 45 days, Mueller affirmed the likelihood that, with the conduct of rendezvous missions, flight times for some crewmembers could be as long as 135 days. Accordingly, he asked that MSC evaluate the question of spacecraft atmospheres based upon mission durations of 45, 60, 90, and 135 days. Mueller requested MSC to complete the atmosphere cabin validation program expeditiously so that results could be readily incorporated into the design of the vehicle and integrated into mission planning. In his reply, Gilruth stated that studies of single, as well as two-gas, atmospheres were required. Continued research on a 34-kilonewton-per-sq-m (5-psia), 100-percent oxygen atmosphere was desirable both scientifically and operationally. Such a cabin atmosphere was very attractive because of attendant simplicity of the environmental control system. However, Gilruth said, recent data indicated possible impairment of vital body processes that necessitated additional study to validate the pure oxygen environment for flights of longer than 30 days. MSC researchers had begun investigating various combinations of two-gas atmospheres, chiefly mixtures of 50-percent oxygen and 50-percent nitrogen; 70-percent oxygen and 30-percent nitrogen; and 70-percent oxygen and 30-percent helium. MSC had underway, both in house and under contract, engineering studies of two-gas environmental control systems, and AiResearch Corporation was already developing such a system using as many existing command and service module components as possible. Houston was also working closely with the Air Force's School of Aviation Medicine during that agency's investigations of various cabin atmospheres. Finally, Gilruth stated, Houston planned to hold a Workshop conference with engineering and pulmonary physiology specialists to establish the basis for atmosphere selection and to discuss implementation of experimental programs.[37]
The Beatles visited Elvis Presley at his home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It would be the only time the band and the singer met. At the request of the band, no recordings or photographs of the occasion were taken for publication.[163][164][165]
Died:Charles Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris), 77, legendary Swiss-born French architect who had designed the Headquarters of the United Nations building in New York City, and the planned city of Chandigarh in India, drowned while swimming in the Mediterranean Sea at the resort of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Although early reports listed his death as an accidental drowning,[166] he had been quickly rescued by other swimmers who saw him struggling; an autopsy showed that Le Corbusier had died of a heart attack.[167][168]
Subway, which would become the world's largest restaurant chain, with more than 26,000 franchises in the United States and more than 44,000 in 112 nations, held the grand opening of its first submarine sandwich restaurant. Fred DeLuca, a 17-year-old college freshman, borrowed $1,000 from a family friend, nuclear physicist Peter Buck, and opened "Pete's Super Submarines" at a storefront at 3851 Main Street in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on the corner of Main Street and Jewett Avenue.[169] DeLuca would later relate that after opening several restaurants, he realized that "When people heard the name Pete's Submarines over the radio, they often thought they heard the words 'pizza marine'" and would ask for pizza. Looking for "a name that was short, clear, and difficult to mispronounce", DeLuca settled on the shorter form for the submarine sandwich, "sub", and "changed the name to Pete's Subway, and eventually to Subway."[170]
SEALAB II on the surface
The first ten divers moved into the U.S. Navy's second undersea habitat, Sealab II, to begin a 45-day stay in "a pressurized 57-foot-by-12-foot undersea laboratory perched on a ledge 210 feet below" the surface of the Pacific Ocean 0.5 miles (0.80 km) off the coast of La Jolla, California.[171]
The government of Indonesia arrested the five Koeswoyo brothers, who performed their own and other bands' rock music under the band name "Koes Bros". John, Yok, Yon, Nomo, and Tonny Koeswoyo had originally emulated the Everly Brothers, and later copied the style of The Beatles, which got them in trouble on the charge of playing what President Sukarno called "ngak-ngik-ngok music" (ngakngik-ngek being Indonesian slang for "crazy mixed-up noises").[174] They would not be released until October.
Only ten days after he was named as Prime Minister of Greece, Ilias Tsirimokos was forced to resign after failing a vote of no confidence, 159 to 135.[175] Tsirimokos was the third Prime Minister in six weeks of political upheaval.
August 29, 1965: Conrad tweaks Cooper's beard after Gemini 5 splashdown
Gemini 5 splashed down at 8:55 a.m. in the Atlantic Ocean after the longest crewed spaceflight up to that time, just 65 minutes short of eight days (7 days, 22 hours, 55 minutes) in outer space. Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. and Charles Conrad, Jr. made 120 orbits around the Earth and reportedly traveled 3,338,200 miles (5,372,300 km) in their circuits of the globe. The landing point was 89 miles (143 km) short, the result of incorrect navigation coordinates transmitted to the spacecraft computer from the ground network. The capsule was picked up by the prime recovery ship, the aircraft carrierUSS Lake Champlain(CV-39), in a little more than an hour.[73][176]
Eighty-eight workers were killed in an avalanche at the Allalin Glacier that buried the Mattmark Dam construction site at Saas-Fee in Switzerland.[179] Another 18 employees had been able to escape the path of the avalanche, which left a mountain of ice 100 feet (30 m) deep. The disaster happened at about 6:00 p.m. when a huge section of the glacier broke loose from Strahlhorn mountain and traveled 1,650 feet (500 m) in about 90 seconds to a construction camp where the men, mostly Italian, had been staying. Most of the dead were late shift workers who were asleep when 250 tonnes (250 long tons; 280 short tons) of debris had overrun their camp, while some were eating their evening meal. Reportedly, the air pressure from the approaching mass shattered the buildings before they were buried.[180]
General Antonio Imbert Barrera announced that he and the other members of the military junta governing the Dominican Republic would resign to make way for a civilian government.[181]
Formerly all-white schools across the southern United States opened the 1965–1966 school year with African-American students, without incident, as desegregation of public schools became nearly universal. Former sites of segregated schools, including Atlanta and Valdosta, Georgia; Mansfield, Texas, Philadelphia, Mississippi, Selma, Alabama, and Lexington, Kentucky, integrated peacefully.[182] The impetus for integration was Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which denied federal funding to any public school district that discriminated based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and required schools to submit a plan for desegregation by August 31.[183] A week earlier, The New York Times had reported that about 400 of the 5,000 school districts (such as Glascock County, Georgia or Amite County, Mississippi)[184] in 17 southern and border states had elected to forego federal funding rather than desegregate, but by week's end, the number had dropped to 172.[185]
All nine men on a U.S. military transport were missing and presumed dead after the plane disappeared while flying from Nha Trang in South Vietnam to Manila in the Philippines.[187]
A truce was declared in the Dominican Republic between the "Constitutionalists" (supporters of the deposed Juan Bosch administration) and conservative military forces, led by army general Elías Wessin y Wessin. American peacekeeping forces began to be withdrawn shortly afterward. In the course of the war, a total of 44 American soldiers died, 27 in action, whilst an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 Dominicans, mostly civilians, were killed.[188][189][190]
Amendments to the United Nations Charter went into effect, increasing the number of UN Security Council members from 11 to 15 (Article 23); the number of votes needed to affirm a Security Council decision changing, from 7 of 11, to 9 of 15 (Article 27); and the number of members of the UN Economic and Social Council from 18 to 27 (Article 61).[191]
President Johnson of the United States signed a law penalizing the burning of draft cards with up to 5 years in federal prison and a $1,000 fine.
^"Clark Wins World Auto Racing Title", Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1965, p3-4
^"Reports China Ready for War Against U.S.", Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1965, p6
^Winston Fletcher, Advertising: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, Jun 24, 2010) p117
^"18 Missing After Tanker Sinks". The Times. No. 56390. London. 3 August 1965. col F, p. 8.
^"U.S., Japanese Ships Collide; 22 Are Missing", Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1965, p1
^"Commons Uproar! Labor Wins",
Chicago Tribune, August 3, 1965, p1
^"Marines Raze Two Vietnam Hamlets After Sniper Fire", by Martin Stuart-Fox, UPI report in Connellsville (PA) Daily Courier, August 4, 1965, p15
^"U.S. Marines Burn Village, End Sniping", Cumberland (MD) News, AP report on August 4, 1965, p1
^"Marines Raze 2 Villages in Viet Reprisal", Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1965, p4
^Marilyn B. Young and Robert Buzzanco, A Companion to the Vietnam War (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) pp451-452
^Dennis William Hauck, Haunted Places: The National Directory: Ghostly Abodes, Sacred Sites, UFO Landings, and Other Supernatural Locations (Penguin, 2002)
^Sound on Sound magazine, January 1999 (link). Retrieved March 2006.
^Wesley-Smith, Terence (1994). "Australia and New Zealand". Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. University of Hawaii Press. p. 203.
^"Negro Voting Bill Passes Senate, 79-18". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1965. p. 16.
^ abDarling, Marsha (2013). The Voting Rights Act of 1965: Race, Voting, and Redistricting. Routledge. p. xxi.
^ abHiranandani, G. M. (2000). Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975. Lancer Publishers. p. 25.
^"562 Pakistani, Indian Troops Die in Fighting". Chicago Tribune. August 28, 1965. p. 1.
^Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2003). "Jammu and Kashmir". Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Taylor & Francis. p. 1191.
^"21-Day Novas Rule Toppled in Greece". Chicago Tribune. August 5, 1965. p. 1.
^"Papandreou Demands Job Back or Vote". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 1965. p. 1.
^"Mars Is Geologically Dead, Scientist Says". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 1965. p. 1.
^"Ford Urges: Let Congress Declare War". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 1965. p. 15.
^"15 Are Injured in Movie Crash— Train Rams Flatcar in Filming of Scene". Chicago Tribune. August 6, 1965. p. 1.
^Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (2013). The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph. Springer. p. 152.
^"Hiroshima, 20 Years After". Chicago Tribune. August 7, 1965. p. 3.
^Huang, Alexander C. (2016). "The PLA Navy at War, 1949-1999: From Coastal Defense to Distant Operations". Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience since 1949. Routledge.
^"Plane Falls in Viet City; 12 Die, 75 Hurt". Chicago Tribune. August 7, 1965. p. 1.
^"Nancy Carroll Found Dead in Her N.Y. Home". Chicago Tribune. August 8, 1965. p. 1A-14.
^"Blindness Fear Cited In Suicide". Pittsburgh Press. August 7, 1965. p. 11.
^ abRamcharan, Robin (2002). Forging a Singaporean Statehood, 1965-1995: The Contribution of Japan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 112.
^Bartholomew, G. W. (1989). "The Singapore Legal System". In Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (eds.). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 634.
^"Cancel Beatles' Vienna Show: Lack of Interest". Chicago Tribune. August 8, 1965. p. 1.
^"U.S. Allows Red Defector to Go Home". Chicago Tribune. September 21, 1966. p. 16.
^"Constantine Acts to Form New Regime", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1965, p
^Mark L. Ford, A History of NFL Preseason and Exhibition Games: 1960 to 1985 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p53, p57
^"Singapore out of Federation". Chicago Tribune. August 9, 1965. p. 1.
^"SINGAPORE IS OUT OF MALAYSIA— Swift bid for 'relations' by Indonesia". The Age. Melbourne. August 10, 1965. p. 1.
^Da Cunha, Derek (2002). Singapore in the New Millennium: Challenges Facing the City-state. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 110.
^Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days/National Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations Around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.
^"FEAR 57 DIE IN TITAN BLAST". Chicago Tribune. August 10, 1965. p. 1.
^"Seek Cause of Blast in Missile Silo— 53 Killed, 4 from Chicagoland". Chicago Tribune. August 11, 1965. p. 1.
^"U.S. Aides Ordered South; Register All Negroes, Katzenbach Says". Chicago Tribune. August 10, 1965. p. 1.
^"Negroes Begin to Register". Chicago Tribune. August 11, 1965. p. 1.
^"Vote Housing Cabinet Post". Chicago Tribune. August 11, 1965. p. 7.
^Johnson, Lyndon B. "Remarks at the Signing of the Housing and Urban Development Act, August 10, 1965". Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965. pp. 861–862.
^"Bus Hits Truck Loaded With Nitric Acide, 29 Die". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 13, 1965. p. 4.
^"Fortas Wins Court Job by a Voice Vote". Chicago Tribune. August 11, 1965. p. 3.
^Gallagher, Charles A.; Lippard, Cameron D., eds. (2014). "Excerpt from the Governor's Commission Report on the Watts Riots". Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. p. 1496.
^"Los Angeles Police Fight Negro Mob— Arrest of Driver Sparks Clash". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1965. p. 1.
^Frascina, Francis (1999). Art, Politics and Dissent: Aspects of the Art Left in Sixties America. Manchester University Press. p. 44.
^Houle, Paul D. (2015). The Crash of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22. McFarland. pp. 34–35.
^"UNITED JET DIVES INTO LAKE— Fear 30 Killed Off Highland Park". Chicago Tribune. August 17, 1965. p. 1.
^"The Geneva Conference— Five Years Later", in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January 1967) p42
^"GI Turncoat Changes Mind, Leaves China", Chicago Tribune, August 17, 1965, p1
^ ab"The Month in Review", Current History, October 1965.
^International Monetary Fund: Annual Report of the Executive Directors for the Fiscal Year Ended April 30, 1967 (International Monetary Fund, 1967)
^"Marines Destroy Guerrilla Force Near Chu Lai", Chicago Tribune, August 19, 1965, p1
^"U.S. Marines Mop Up after Viet Victory", Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1965, p1
^Ray Hildreth and Charles W. Sasser, Hill 488 (Simon and Schuster, 2010)
^"Starlite, Operation", in The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p1061
^"Athens Cops Battle Thousands in Street". Chicago Tribune. August 20, 1965. p. 1.
^Lentz, Harris M. (2014). "Greece". Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 334.
^"Six Auschwitz Nazis Get Life Sentence". Ottawa Journal. AP. August 19, 1965. p. 1.
^Richardson, Christopher M.; Luker, Ralph E. (2014). "Daniels, Jonathan". Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 137.
^"Gemini-5 In 'Perfect' Orbit As Twins Go For 8-Day Mark". Pittsburgh Press. August 21, 1965. p. 1.
^"Orbiting Military Lab Approved by Johnson". Chicago Tribune. August 26, 1965. p. 1.
^Hays, Peter (2006). "NASA and the Department of Defense: Enduring Themes in Three Key Areas". Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight. Government Printing Office. pp. 219–220.
^Compton, William David; Benson, Charles D. (2013). Living and Working in Space: The NASA History of Skylab. Courier Corporation. p. ix.
^David R. Jardini, "Out of the Blue Yonder: The Rand Corporation's Diversification Into Social Welfare Research, 1946–1968", PhD dissertation accepted at Carnegie Mellon University, May 1996; p. 341.
^V.A. Thompson, quoted in Golembiewski, Robert T.; Scott, Patrick (1997). "Budgeting: A Conjectural Footnote on the Dissemination of PPBS". Public Budgeting and Finance. CRC Press. pp. 163–164.
^Jenkins, Dennis R. (2004). X-Planes Photo Scrapbook. Specialty Press. p. 42.
^Lees, Frank (2005). Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1–33.
^King, Ralph (2013). Safety in the Process Industries. Elsevier. p. 210.
^McGuire, Mark; Gormley, Michael Sean (1999). Moments in the Sun: Baseball's Briefly Famous. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 99. ISBN9780786405497.
^Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (2013). The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph. Springer. p. 160.
^"Gemini 5 Captures 10 Records in Space". Chicago Tribune. August 30, 1965. p. 4.
^"New Husbands Eligible for Draft". Chicago Tribune. August 27, 1965. p. 1.
^"Hundreds Wed to Beat Draft— Las Vegas Strip Gets Rush Until Midnight". Chicago Tribune. August 28, 1965. p. 3.
^"Married Men to Be Drafted in '66— Those Who Sped to Altar Did So in Vain". Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1965. p. 8.
^Halseth, Greg (2005). "Resource town transition: debates after closure". Rural Change and Sustainability: Agriculture, the Environment and Communities. CABI Publishing. p. 331.
^"Advertisement". Bridgeport Post. Bridgeport, Connecticut. August 27, 1965. p. 17. You'll Flip Over Pete's Submarine Sandwiches, 3851 Main Street, Ann's Bakery Building; Buy 2— Get 1 Free; Grand Opening Today; Open Daily 9 A.M — 1 A.M.
^DeLuca, Fred; Hayes, John P. (2012). Start Small, Finish Big: Fifteen Key Lessons to Start and Run Your Own Business. Mandevilla Press. p. 38.
^"96 Are Killed by Huge Ice Slide in Alps". Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1965. p. 1.
^Rivard, Lambert Alfred (2009). Geohazard-associated Geounits: Atlas and Glossary. Springer. p. 995.
^"Domingo Junta Agrees to Quit". Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1965. p. 1.
^"School Integration Spreads". Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1965. p. 1.
^Halpern, Stephen C. (1995). On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 51–52.
^"Many Schools Set to Forgo U.S. Aid; Refusal in South to Produce Rights Plan May Be Costly". The New York Times. August 23, 1965. p. 19.
^"Pace of Desegregation in Southern Schools Expected to Increase Sharply". The New York Times. August 29, 1965. p. 52.
^"End of an Era— Stengel Retires". Chicago Tribune. August 31, 1965. p. 3-1.
^"Comb China Sea for U.S. Plane with 9 Aboard". Chicago Tribune. September 2, 1965. p. 5.
^"REBELS O.K. DOMINGO PACT— Accept O.A.S. Formula for Interim Rule". Chicago Tribune. September 1, 1965. p. 1.
^Arnold, Guy (1997). World Government by Stealth: The Future of the United Nations. Springer. p. 188.
^Johnson, Lyndon, "Remarks at the Swearing In of Leonard Marks as Director, United States Information Agency", Document 468 at American Presidency Project.
