The 1996 Summer Paralympics were held in the United States city of Atlanta.[1] Australia competed in 13 of the 17 sports, winning medals in 10 of those sports.[2][3]
At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, Australia had the second highest medal tally of any country competing. It won 42 gold, 37 silver and 27 bronze medals. It surpassed the 24 gold medals that Australia won at the 1992 Paralympics. The sports of athletics, swimming and cycling provided Australia with the majority of its medals.
Background
In September 1993 the IOC announced that Sydney was the winning bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, and the International Paralympic Committee announced Sydney would also be the host of the 2000 Summer Paralympics. This led to the Australian Government establishing the Olympic Athlete Program (OAP), funded and supported through the Australian Sports Commission, to prepare Australia's competitors for these games.[4][5]
The Australian Paralympic Federation (APF) started receiving money from the OAP in October 1994, leading to the establishment of the Paralympic Preparation Program (PPP), with a full-time staff member – Jenni Banks – to develop and implement the program. The increased funding was used to contract more experienced coaches, arrange international tours for teams, run training camps and acclimatisation programs and purchase performance improving suits and equipment.[2][6]
The Opening ceremony saw a large explosion of colour, introducing 104 nations across 20 sports, totalling 3529 athletes. Australia was represented by 166 competitors. The opening ceremony saw the mascot (Blaze) flown proudly, signifying strength and survival.[7]
There was a very strict and large security presence with the Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the Olympic Games just a month earlier.[8]
Libby Kosmala was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony, wheeled by the basketball wheelchair mechanic Graham Gould. Libby has represented Australia at 12 Paralympic games in shooting, amassing 13 medals, 9 of which are gold.[9]
Team
Australian athletes during the parade of athletes at opening ceremony of the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games
The Australian team consisted of 166 athletes. This was much smaller than other countries such as the US, Germany, Britain and Spain.[4] The Australian Sports Commission provided financial support to the Australian Paralympic Federation to make it possible for all athletes to travel to the games.[10] The team mascot, Banjo, was unveiled in May.[11] The Chef de Mission was George Dunstan and the flag bearer at the opening ceremony was Libby Kosmala.
The Team Headquarters staff were: George Dunstan (Chef de Mission), Paul Bird, Michael Godfrey-Roberts, Tony de Leede, Susan Mathew, Cornelis van Eldik, Jenny Banks, Dawn Fraser, Peter Kelly, John Sherwell
Sports Medicine and Sports Science staff: Dr Susan White (Director), Norma Beer, Joanne Sayers, Jane Buckley, Donald Perriman, Barbara Denson, Greg Ungerer, Alan Thomas, Jo-anne Hare
Personal Care Attendants: Craig Jarvis, Trevor Goddard, Andre Juricich, Rod Stubbs, Joan Stevens, Joanne Titterton, Don Blackman, Jodie Worrall, Patricia Bignall .[12]
Some States and Territories held official farewell ceremonies for their local athletes competing at the Paralympics. In Canberra, the athletes were officially sent off at a meeting of the Legislative Assembly during the last week of July.[13]
Louise Sauvage, from Perth, won gold in the Women's 1,500 m T52-53 (time of 3:30.45, a world record), gold in the Women's 400 m T53, with a result of 54.96, a Paralympic record, gold in the Women's 5,000 m T52-53 time of 12:40.71, a world record, and a final gold in the Women's 800 m T53 (time of 1:52.80, a Paralympic record).[14] Louise's world record in the 1500 m took 6 seconds off the previous record, and her record in the 5000 m took place only an hour after winning the 400 m.[2]
David Evans earned gold in the Men's 1,500 m T44-46, with a result of 3:59.68, another gold (along with Tim Matthews, Bradley Thomas, and Neil Fuller) in the Men's 4 × 100 m Relay T42-46, with a team result of 45.40, a world record, and silver in the Men's 800 m T44-46, with a result of 1:55.81.[14]
Fabian Blattman from New South Wales, won gold in the Men's 1500 m T50, with a result of 5:09.41, a Paralympic record, and silver in the Men's 800 m T50, with a result of 2:46.67.[14]
Katrina Webb from South Australia, was 19 years old when the 1996 Games took place. In 1995 she had accepted a year-long netball scholarship at the Australian Institute of Sport, where she was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. People at the Australian Institute of Sport encouraged her to compete in the Paralympics in Atlanta, but Webb initially resisted because she did not view herself as disabled. She changed her mind and went on to win a gold medal in the 100 m sprint. Her gold medal was controversial in some Paralympic circles because many did not believe she was disabled enough.[15] Webb won a silver medal in the long jump, with a distance of 4.46 metres (14.6 ft). This distance was 24 centimetres (9.4 in) better than her previous personal best.[16]
Lisa Llorens from the Australian Capital Territory, won a gold and a bronze in track and field events.[17][18][19]
Lachlan Jones from Melbourne Victoria, competed in the 100 m wheelchair race and won the gold medal. This came after two false starts and a protest in the medal race. Jones claims the two false starts were intentional on the part of his competitors in an attempt to distract him. The protests were dropped before they were formally considered by the judges. Jones had to compete against more able athletes in the 400 m race because there were not enough participants with cerebral palsy to have a separate competition class at the Games.[16]
Brian Harvey won a gold medal in the cerebral palsy class of javelin with a distance of 34.7 metres (114 ft).[16]
Darren Thrupp won a gold medal in the Men's Long Jump F34-37 with a distance of 5.74 metres (18.8 ft). Darren also won bronze in the Men's 200 m T37, with a result of 25.52 seconds.[14]
The 1996 result was the best ever for an Australian team in Boccia. The Australian team had six athletes who competed individually, as pairs and in a team event in the C1, C2 and C/WAD categories. Prior to the start of the Games, the team was ranked eleventh in the world. The team's fifth-place finish in the team event was the best the country had ever done in the event. The team was captained by Fiona Given.[20]
The pairs C/WAD team of Kris Bignall and Tu Huyhn were ranked as the seventh best pair in the world prior to the start of the games. They surprised the world when they won a bronze medal after beating Spain and New Zealand in the preliminaries, and after beating an American pair in the bronze medal match. Their medal was the first medal Australia had won in this sport in international competition.[20]
Kris Bignall also competed as an individual in the C1 WAD category. He made it to the medals play off stage, where he lost. Tu Huyhn also competed in the individual events in the C1 WAD category. He finished fifth in pool play and did not qualify for the medal play off stage. Lyn Coleman competed as an individual in the C1 category. She finished sixth overall. John Richardson also competed in the C1 individual event. He finished fifth in his pool and did not qualify for the medals playoffs.
Scott Elsworth competed as an individual in the C2 category. He finished sixth in his pool and did not qualify for the medal round. Fiona Given also competed in the C2 individual competition, finishing in fourth place in pool place and not qualifying for the medals.[20]
Australian cyclists prepared for the Games and Atlanta's humid weather by undergoing acclimatisation training in Perth and Melbourne. Australian cyclists were also provided with racing suits by the International Wool Secretariat and CSIRO. These uniforms helped to minimise the impact of sweat on a cyclist's performance.[2]
Kieran Modra is a South Australian blind cyclist. He competed in the 1996 Paralympics in the tandem event with pilot Kerry Golding. He won a gold medal in the 200m mixed tandem sprint race.[15][21]
Tandem bike pairing Teresa Poole and Sandra Smith were ranked number one in the world prior to the start of the Games, and held the world record in the 1000 m event. Poole's disability is tunnel vision. They won gold in the 1000m women's tandem race, their first gold medal awarded at the Games[22]
Australia represented by: Women – Susan Haydon, Sharon Konemann, Sue Lee, Margaret Reynolds, Mandy Waalwyk Coach – Mary Longden Officials – Sally Francis .[12]
The Equestrian was divided into 9 events. Australia did not medal in any of the events and was one of Australia's poorer performances throughout the games.
Goalball
Goalballer Raelene Bocks (NSW) competes for Australia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Men
Australia represented by: Team – Robert Crestani, Kevin Frew, Colin George, Gerrard Gosens, Warren Lawton, Brett Scarr Coach – Sam Theodore (Head), Heather Gossens (Assistant) .[12]
The Australian men finished fourth. This was the country's best finish in an international competition. The team had played a number of international matches and also had an extended raining camp in Australia prior to the start of the Games. The training camp included psychological preparations.[23]
The star of the men's team was Robert Crestani. His ability to throw the ball and his offensive tactics helped the team remain competitive. Other key players for the team included Warren Lawton and Gerrard Gosens. These three players were on the court for almost the whole competition.[23]
In pool play, they beat Italy 5–2, the Czech Republic 7–0, and the Netherlands 3–2. They drew with Germany 3–3 and Slovenia 4–4. In the Qualification round, they lost to Finland 1–4, drew with Spain 3–3 and lost to Canada 1–3. In the medal elimination round, they lost to Canada 2–3. In the bronze medal match, they lost to Spain 2–6.[23]
Australia's win over Italy is important in the team's history because the Italian team was ranked number one in the world coming into the Paralympic Games.[23]
Women
Australia represented by: Team – Raelene Bocks, Sarah Kennedy, Rachel Lahl, Marilyn Mills, Jennette Saxberg, Robyn Stephens Coaches – Terry Kenaghan (Head), Robert Apps (Assistant)[12]
Unlike the men's team, the women's Australian team did not have as much experience as other teams in the Paralympic goalball competition. European teams had competed against each other in the lead up to the Games. This gave them an advantage as they knew their opponents' strengths and weaknesses.[24]
The Australian women had several injuries during the Paralympics. Sarah Kennedy injured herself in training, which limited her mobility.[24]
Australia lost all but one match. They lost to Spain 0–1, to Sweden 0–4, to Denmark 1–5, to Germany 0–2 and to the USA 0–3. Australia's sole victory came against Korea, where they won 2–0. Australia finished as the last team in the competition based on goals for and against as they had a record of 3–16. The 0–1 loss to Finland was considered impressive by goalball followers because Finland won a silver medal.[24]
Australia represented by: Men – Anthony ClarkeCoach – Trevor Kschammer .[12]
Australia sent one athlete to compete in judo: Anthony Clarke. He was coached by Trevor Kschammer. This was the only sport where Australia had a ratio of one athlete to one coach. Anthony Clarke won a gold medal, going undefeated. He beat Arlindo Tinoco of Brazil in 51 seconds, Fermin Campos Ariza of Spain in five minutes in the semifinal and beat Run Ming Men of China in the gold medal match in 35 seconds.
Anthony Clarke is Australia's first ever competitor to medal in Judo and continued on to compete for another 12 years before retiring in 2008.
In preparation for the Games, the five bowlers competed in a tournament in South Africa.[2] Pauline Cahill and June Clark both medalled with a bronze and silver respectively.
The shooting events were some of the most competitive at the Atlanta Paralympics, with six world records and nine Paralympic records set. Australia did not set any of these records. The team still did well with Australian athletes setting 11 individual personal best records in the 22 events in which they competed. All but one of the seven Australian competitors set a personal best record.[26]
Ashley Adams was a member of this 1996 Paralympics team. He set four personal best records. He also set three Australian records. Adams also appeared in one event final.[26]
James Nomorhas was an ACT based shooter. He won a silver medal in the mixed SH1 Sport Pistol event.[26]
Libby Kosmala is a shooter from South Australia. The 1996 Paralympics were the seventh Paralympics in which she competed.[10]
A training camp was held for Australian swimmers in Townsville prior to the start of the Games.[2] Head coach Ian Findlay was hired with the intention of improving the overall level of coaching for the Paralympic Games and to help improve Australia's medal chances.[2]
Priya Cooper from Western Australia won one gold medal in a swimming relay event and four individual gold medals for the 200 m individual medley, the 100 m backstroke, the 100 m freestyle, and the 400 m freestyle.[1][15][28]
Kingsley Bugarin, a Perth-based vision impaired swimmer, competed in his fourth Paralympics in Atlanta at the age of 28. Prior to these Games, he had never won a Paralympic medal. In Atlanta, he won a gold medal in the 200 m individual medley, where he set a world record. In the finals, he was seven seconds behind before the breaststroke, made up six of those seconds, and was only one second behind entering into the freestyle before he made it up to win the gold. He swam the 200 m in 2 minutes and 22 seconds.[29] His world records at the Games included 1:10.81 in the 100 m breaststroke, 2:35.21 in the 200 m breaststroke and 2:22.45 in the 200 m individual medley.[15]
Gemma Dashwood was another Australian competing. She set a world record in the 100 m butterfly, where she captured a gold. Dashwood also won a silver medal in another swimming event.[29]
Troy Andrews and Tim Maloney - Wheelchair Basketball Team
Men's tournament
I've been dreaming about this for about 12 minutes and that's not a lie. The theme song for this was Holy Grail by Hunters and Collectors and that's what we got. You can use every superlative in the English language to describe what Troy did out there tonight. He was just awesome.
Quarter-final
Australia 46 defeated Netherlands 44
Semi-final
Australia 63 defeated the United States 57
Gold Medal Match
Australia 78 defeated Great Britain 63
Australia was seeded sixth coming into the Atlanta Paralympic tournament.[30] The men's team toured England and the Netherlands in the lead up to the Paralympics.[2]
Australia beat Great Britain 78–63 in the gold medal game. This was Australia's first gold medal result in a major international competition for men or women. The match also had the largest recorded American crowd for a wheelchair basketball game with 10,061 people in attendance. Many Australians watched the game live. Australia had come back from a 15-point deficit of 20–5 during the first six minutes of the gold medal game. By halftime, Australia was down by one point after having briefly taken the lead a minute earlier.[30]
Troy Sachs is one of Australia's most popular and famous Paralympians. Sachs was born with one leg missing below the knee. He first competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona when he was 15 years old. He was 19 years old during these Games. In the gold medal game against Great Britain, he scored 42 points for his team. 15 of those points came from five three-point shots. He had a shooting percentage of forty-seven during the gold medal match, making eleven of his twenty-three attempted shots. He went fifteen of twenty-four from the free throw line. Hopping from his chair, Sachs cut down the net after the game ended in victory for Australia.
Bronze Medal Match
United States 41 defeated Australia 30
Prior to the start of the Paralympics, Australia was ranked third in the world.[31] In lead up preparations for the games, the team toured Canada.[2]
Australia's women's team beat the American team for the first time in pool play, to stay in contention for a medal. This was viewed as extremely significant by Australian women's wheelchair basketball fans and the Australian Paralympic Federation because of the dominance of the American team in women's wheelchair basketball. Australia was down 21–16 at halftime. Australia went up with seven minutes left in the second half. The match finished with a score of 31–27 in Australia's favour. American Sharon Herbst was their team's start performer and she caused a number of problems for Australia's defence. During the game, several players were knocked out of their wheelchairs, including Australia's Melissa Ferrett.[31] The Americans challenged the win, protesting because they believed the Australians were not wearing matching uniforms.[15]
Australia's team was coached by Peter Corr and captained by Donna Ritchie. The team's top scorer in the competition was Liesl Tesch.[31]
Australia beat Brazil 67–8, beat the USA 31–27 and lost to Germany 34–26 in pool play.[32] They lost to Canada in the semifinals, going down 31–36. They played the Americans in the bronze medal match, losing 30–41.[31]
This was the first Paralympic basketball tournament to feature the three-wheeled wheelchair. Most of the women on the Australian team opted to use the traditional four-wheeled wheelchair.[32]
Wheelchair rugby was a demonstration sport at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. The sport has the same level of aggression as non-wheelchair rugby and is the only wheelchair contact sport that is played in the Paralympics. The contact is a reason Australian players compete. The contact and aggression is often damaging to the wheelchairs. For this reason, a welder was at the games to repair wheelchairs of rugby players. National rugby rivalries were carried over into the wheelchair version, with the Australian team viewing the match against New Zealand as one of their most important.[33]
George Hucks was a member of the Australian team. During a practice in Atlanta prior to the start of the games, Hucks broke his kneecap. Hucks, from South Australia, was the team's best player. This was a major loss for the team. Hucks was flown home and another player was flown into Australia to replace him.[33]
Australia did not win a single match in wheelchair rugby. They lost to New Zealand 23–39, to Great Britain 33–34, to Canada 24–39, to the USA 18–31 and to Sweden 25–29.[33]
This however was the start of a what has now become one of the most popular sports at the Paralympic games, with Australia moving forward to medal in the next 4 games, 2 being gold.
David Hall competed for Australia in wheelchair tennis at the 1996 Paralympic Games, where he won a silver and bronze medal. He lost his legs in an accident when he was sixteen years old in a car accident.[34]
Louise Sauvage after winning 1 of her 4 gold medals.
Louise Sauvage (Australia) is one of the most influential Paralympians of all time. Those who were lucky enough to see her at the '96 games were treated to 4 gold medals in the 400, 800, 1500 and 5000 meter wheelchair racing events. She won almost one – tenth of all Australia's medals that year. At a young age she was also coached by former Paralympic champion Frank Ponta who she described as a patient coach at a young age. Not only was she successful in Athens she went on to record 13 medals across 4 Olympic games. Her book, 'My Story' published in 2002 is a fine farewell before another 2 silver medals in 2004, her last Paralympic games. She has also since been inducted into the Paralympic hall of fame, in 2011.[39]
Gemma Dashwood at her most successful Paralympic games.
Kingsley Bugarin was Australia's best swimmer with a world record swim in the 200m B2(s12) Breastroke with a time of 2:35:21 at the games and finished with gold. He also medalled in the 100m Breastroke (gold), 200 individual medley (gold) as well as silver medals in the 100m butterfly and 100m freestyle and finally a bronze in the 400m freestyle.[40]
Kingsley Bugarin - 200m breastroke world record holder
Gemma Dashwood had her best ever paralympic games with 3 gold in the Women's 100 m Butterfly S10, Women's 400 m Freestyle S10 and the Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle S7-10. She also picked up two silver medals in the Women's 100m and 200m Freestyle S10. She now works at Canberra hospital after finishing swimming and studying medicine.[41]
Brendan Burkett was also a long time competitor who stood out in Atlanta. He achieved a gold medal in the Men's 50 m S9 Freestyle as well as a silver in S7-10 Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle relay. He went on to compete at 4 Paralympic games and be the flag bearer at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics and received the Outstanding Service to Swimming Australia Award in 2009. In 2009 he was also inducted into the Queensland sporting Hall of Fame.[42]
Priya Cooper is an S8 classification swimmer who competed in 8 events at the 1996 games. She was also the co-captain of the swimming team and brought home 5 gold medals. She also was a flag bearer at the closing ceremony for her outstanding achievements in the pool.[43] In October 2015, her career was formerly recognised when she became the fourth Paralympian to be inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.[44]
Closing Ceremonies
Michael Knight with the IPC flag at the closing ceremony
As representative for the next host city, Michael Knight, the New South Wales Minister for the Olympics, was presented with an IPC flag during the closing ceremonies.[1] The success of the Atlanta games would continue on with the games being locked in for Sydney for the 2000 Sydney Paralympics.
Return home
We earned respect because of the way that we played and the commitment we put into the sports. Whether you are disabled or able-bodied, this is what it is all about. This is what you train for, and this is equality right now.
The success in Atlanta was widespread and across a wide range of disciplines with 66% of the Australian team medalling or putting up personal best performances. This is the best performance from an Australian team at a paralympics.[46]
The inclusion of 2 new sports being included to the list, being Sailing and Wheelchair rugby. These changed the games moving forward with both becoming staples to the Olympic agenda.
Wheelchair rugby was first used as a demonstration game in Atlanta. Australia did not medal, however they have been consistently well placed and have since taken out gold medals. This is one of the most high impact and toughest paralympic sports.[11]
Sailing was incorporated as a demonstration sport in Atlanta and had only 1 event, the mixed crew boat or Skud18. This has risen in number to incorporate a single sailor event, the 2.4 meter, the 2 person event, mixed crew boat or Skud18 and finally the Sonar event with 3 sailors. The Sonar class has multiple sailors with multiple disabilities working together. The individuals are scored on their disability (classification 1-7), giving the boat a score out of a maximum 14 points. The Skud18 has a male and female combination where the sailor with the highest level of disability steers the boat. Paralympic sailing is currently offered to those who have a physical disability or vision impairment.[47]
The Atlanta Paralympics was the first to incorporate athletes with intellectual disability. This was a huge step forward in the movement of the Paralympic games and gave an opportunity to those athletes that previously were unable to compete. The number of intellectually impaired athletes has been steadily growing with the inclusion of new events into the paralympic program.[11]
For Australia the successful 2000 Sydney bid saw a major influx of money and attention to the Paralympic games. The 1994 report from the Australian Paralympic Federation highlighted key improvements to be put in place for Atlanta. These included the Olympic Athlete Program which was able to fund increased training camps and equipment, funding for tournaments, travel and administration. It gave athletes the opportunity to prepare as well as possible while providing financial support for competition and overseas travel.[48] This momentum, coupled with a second overall medal tally elevated the paralympic sports to the elite level, placing all athletes in good stead come Sydney 2000.[11]
Hall of Fame
Athletes that competed in the 1996 Atlanta games who have since been inducted to the Australian Paralympic Hall of Fame:
David Hall on induction to Australian Sporting Hall of Fame
It was an amazing feeling and made me feel very proud to be an Australian, especially considering we have such a rich sporting history in this country. For me, the wonderful thing about being inducted is that it recognises disability sporting achievements, being recognised felt like a real validation for Paralympic sport and Paralympic athletes.[50]
Attendance and Media coverage
There was more media coverage for the 1996 Paralympics in Australia than there was for previous Paralympic Games. The Australian Paralympic Federation set a goal prior to the start of the Games to do just this, with a focus on attaining coverage in sections other than the sport pages of newspapers. Media outlets that covered Australia at the Paralympics included Who Weekly, ABC Radio National, Nine Network's Today Show, Channel Seven's AM and Witness programs, and coverage in all the national newspapers. Channel Seven, an Australian commercial station, sent a crew to Atlanta to cover the Games. The crew did live interviews, and helped provide coverage of the Games. This coverage included several segments of fifteen minutes during the station's news programs. Media coverage of the Games was aided by the time difference: Event results came in live during morning shows on Australian radio.
Paul Griffiths was leading most of the work when early in 1996 and helped secure exposure and media for Atlanta with his work with ABC TV Sport, before stepping down from the job. Greg Campbell was also a major contributor with exposure and all media types getting a boost between January and September in 1996.[46] This led to increased sponsorship and awareness coming up to the Atlanta games, gained much needed momentum that solidified the games as an elite sport, gaining high level media traction. The Australian Paralympic Federation considered the media coverage to be a great success in terms of boosting awareness of its program and its athletes.[51]
^Richard Cashman, Simon Darcy (2008). Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. Benchmark Games. p. 36. ISBN978-1-876718-05-3. Priya Cooper, who starred at the 1996 Atlanda Paralympic Games securing five gold medals, was a flag bearer at the closing ceremony (ACOS)
^ abInternational Olympic Committee (1998). "Australian women in the Olympic Games, an Olympic journey". Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles.
^Australian Paralympic Foundation (1996). "Kingsley Bugarin results - Atlanta 1996".
^ANU (2009). "Australian National University Alumni News".
^QLD Sport (2009). "Burkett inducted to QLD Sporting Hall of Fame".
^Richard Cashman, Simon Darcy (2008). "Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games". Priya Cooper, who starred at the 1996 Atlanda Paralympic Games securing five gold medals, was a flag bearer at the closing ceremony (ACOS)
^ abSport Australia Hall of Fame (October 2015). "Cooper swims into Hall of Fame".
^"Team wins respect, and medals". The Age. 27 August 1996. p. C6.
Australian Paralympic Federation (1996). Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney. OCLC222120061.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Chesterton, Ray (1996). "Troy's pride and joy". Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 18–20. OCLC222120061.
"Clinton Pledges Thorough Effort to Find Olympic Park Bomber". CNN. 27 July 1996.
Davis, Ronald. "The 1996 Atlanta Paralympics". vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 59.: Journal of Physical Education, Recareation & Dance. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
Ellis, Leanne (5 August 1996). "Going for gold". The Canberra Times.
Hogan, John (12 August 1996). "McNicholl's lift-off countdown". The Australian.
Kelly, Peter (1996). "Never Seen before in Paralympic Sport". Golden Days of Atlanta: XTH Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. OCLC222120061.
Little, Marie (1997). "1997 Annual Report". Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Mcullough, Bob (1996). "Annual Report". Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Mills-Hicks, James; Barnard, Loretta; Etherington, Kate; Olds, Margaret, eds. (2001). Australian Sport Through Time (Revised edition 2001 ed.). Sydney: Random House Australia. ISBN1-74051-445-9.
Overington, Caroline (1996). "Swimmer's First Gold a World Record". Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 56–58. OCLC222120061.
Overington, Caroline (1996a). "Basketballers beat the US at their own game". Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 21–23. OCLC222120061.
Overington, Caroline (19 August 1996b). "Jones beats record, field and gamesmanship". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Reed, Ron (1996). "All Blacks Dominate Bledisloe Clash of Crash". Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. OCLC222120061.
"Sporting Hall of Fame for David Hall". Australian Paralympic Committee. 5 March 2011.
Sports 'n Spokes Magazine (July 2006). "Aussie Champ Retires". Sports 'n Spokes Magazine. SportDiscus with Full Text. 32 (4): 10. ISSN0161-6706.
Webster, Jim (1996). "Success for superteam". Golden days of Atlanta: Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta, Georgia, August 15–25, 1996. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. pp. 6–8. OCLC222120061.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
