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((Short description|Form of journalism))
((more citations needed|date=June 2017))

'''Automated journalism''', also known as '''algorithmic journalism''' or '''robot journalism''',<ref name="guide">((cite book|last1=Graefe|first1=Andreas|title=Guide to Automated Journalism|date=January 7, 2016|publisher=Columbia Journalism Review|location=New York City|url=https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/guide_to_automated_journalism.php|accessdate=February 14, 2018))</ref><ref name=":5">((Cite journal|last=Dörr|first=Konstantin Nicholas|date=2016-08-17|title=Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism|journal=Digital Journalism|volume=4|issue=6|pages=700–722|doi=10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748|s2cid=58477721|issn=2167-0811|url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/114298/1/MAPPING_THE_FIELD_OF_ALGORITHMIC_JOURNALISM_DoerrK_.pdf))</ref><ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last1=Montal|first1=Tal|last2=Reich|first2=Zvi|date=2016-08-05|title=I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who is the Author?|journal=Digital Journalism|volume=5|issue=7|pages=829–849|doi=10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083|s2cid=151614065|issn=2167-0811))</ref> is a term that attempts to describe modern technological processes that have infiltrated the journalistic profession, such as news articles generated by computer programs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">((Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Nicole S.|date=2015-04-03|title=From Pink Slips to Pink Slime: Transforming Media Labor in a Digital Age|journal=The Communication Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=98–122|doi=10.1080/10714421.2015.1031996|s2cid=146768332|issn=1071-4421))</ref> There are four main fields of application for automated journalism, namely automated content production, Data Mining, news dissemination and content optimization.<ref name=":7">((Cite journal |last1=Kotenidis |first1=Efthimis |last2=Veglis |first2=Andreas |date=June 2021 |title=Algorithmic Journalism—Current Applications and Future Perspectives |journal=Journalism and Media |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=244–257 |doi=10.3390/journalmedia2020014 |issn=2673-5172|doi-access=free ))</ref> Through [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) software, stories are produced automatically by computers rather than human reporters. These programs interpret, organize, and present data in human-readable ways. Typically, the process involves an algorithm that scans large amounts of provided data, selects from an assortment of pre-programmed article structures, orders key points, and inserts details such as names, places, amounts, rankings, statistics, and other figures.<ref name=":1" /> The output can also be customized to fit a certain voice, tone, or style.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Data science and AI companies such as [[Automated Insights]], [[Narrative Science]], [[United Robots]] and [[Monok.com|Monok]] develop and provide these algorithms to news outlets.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">((Cite journal|last=Carlson|first=Matt|date=2015-05-04|title=The Robotic Reporter|journal=Digital Journalism|volume=3|issue=3|pages=416–431|doi=10.1080/21670811.2014.976412|s2cid=143327230|issn=2167-0811))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://digiday.com/media/robot-writers-drove-1000-paying-subscribers-swedish-publisher-mittmedia/|title=Robot writers drove 1,000 paying subscribers for Swedish publisher MittMedia|last=Southern|first=Lucinda|date=2019-02-12|website=Digiday|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-19))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=AI-powered journalism: A time-saver or an accident waiting to happen? |url=https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/need-to-know/need-to-know-nov-12-2019/ |website=American Press Institute |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=30 April 2021))</ref> As of 2016, only a few media organizations have used automated journalism. Early adopters include news providers such as the [[Associated Press]], [[Forbes]], [[ProPublica]], and the [[Los Angeles Times]].<ref name=":0" />

Early implementations were mainly used for stories based on statistics and numerical figures. Common topics include sports recaps, weather, financial reports, real estate analysis, and earnings reviews.<ref name=":0" /> [[StatSheet]], an online platform covering college basketball, runs entirely on an automated program.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Associated Press]] began using automation to cover 10,000 minor baseball leagues games annually, using a program from [[Automated Insights]] and statistics from MLB Advanced Media.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.poynter.org/2016/the-associated-press-will-use-automated-writing-to-cover-the-minor-leagues/419489/|title=The Associated Press will use automated writing to cover the minor leagues|last=Mullin|first=Benjamin|date=June 30, 2016|work=The Poynter Institute|access-date=April 19, 2017))</ref> Outside of sports, the [[Associated Press]] also uses automation to produce stories on corporate earnings.<ref name=":1" /> In 2006, [[Thomson Reuters]] announced their switch to automation to generate financial news stories on its online news platform.<ref name=":3">((Cite journal|last=Dalen|first=Arjen van|date=2012-10-01|title=The Algorithms Behind the Headlines|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=6|issue=5–6|pages=648–658|doi=10.1080/17512786.2012.667268|issn=1751-2786))</ref> More famously, an algorithm called Quakebot published a story about a 2014 California earthquake on [[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]] website within three minutes after the shaking had stopped.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Automated journalism is sometimes seen as an opportunity to free journalists from routine reporting, providing them with more time for complex tasks. It also allows efficiency and cost-cutting, alleviating some financial burden that many news organizations face. However, automated journalism is also perceived as a threat to the authorship and quality of news and a threat to the livelihoods of human journalists.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

== Benefits ==

=== Speed ===
Robot reporters are built to produce large quantities of information at quicker speeds. The [[Associated Press]] announced that their use of automation has increased the volume of earnings reports from customers by more than ten times. With software from [[Automated Insights]] and data from other companies, they can produce 150 to 300-word articles in the same time it takes journalists to crunch numbers and prepare information.<ref name=":1" /> By automating routine stories and tasks, journalists are promised more time for complex jobs such as investigative reporting and in-depth analysis of events.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

Francesco Marconi<ref>((Cite news|url=https://adexchanger.com/publishers/associated-press-uses-ai-boost-content-video-volume/|title=The Associated Press Uses AI To Boost Content And Video Volume ((!)) AdExchanger|date=2018-02-20|work=AdExchanger|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en-US))</ref> of the Associated Press stated that, through automation, the news agency freed up 20 percent<ref>((Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/media/washington-posts-robot-reporter-published-500-articles-last-year/|title=The Washington Post's robot reporter has published 850 articles in the past year|date=2017-09-14|work=[[Digiday]]|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en-US))</ref> of reporters’ time to focus on higher-impact projects.

=== Cost ===
Automated journalism is cheaper because more content can be produced within less time. It also lowers labour costs for news organizations. Reduced human input means less expenses on wages or salaries, paid leaves, vacations, and employment insurance. Automation serves as a cost-cutting tool for news outlets struggling with tight budgets but still wish to maintain the scope and quality of their coverage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Criticisms ==

=== Authorship ===
In an automated story, there is often confusion about who should be credited as the author. Several participants of a study on algorithmic authorship<ref name=":0" /> attributed the credit to the programmer; others perceived the news organization as the author, emphasizing the collaborative nature of the work. There is also no way for the reader to verify whether an article was written by a robot or human, which raises issues of transparency although such issues also arise with respect to authorship attribution between human authors too.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">((Cite journal|last1=Dörr|first1=Konstantin Nicholas|last2=Hollnbuchner|first2=Katharina|date=2017-04-21|title=Ethical Challenges of Algorithmic Journalism|journal=Digital Journalism|volume=5|issue=4|pages=404–419|doi=10.1080/21670811.2016.1167612|s2cid=31667318|issn=2167-0811))</ref>

=== Credibility and quality ===
Concerns about the perceived credibility of automated news is similar to concerns about the perceived credibility of news in general. Critics doubt if algorithms are "fair and accurate, free from subjectivity, error, or attempted influence."<ref>((Citation|last=Gillespie|first=Tarleton|chapter=The Relevance of Algorithms|date=2014-02-28|title=Media Technologies|pages=167–194|publisher=The MIT Press|doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009|isbn=978-0-262-52537-4|s2cid=123401265 ))</ref> Again, these issues about fairness, accuracy, subjectivity, error, and attempts at influence or propaganda has also been present in articles written by humans over thousands of years. A common criticism is that machines do not replace human capabilities such as creativity, humour, and critical-thinking. However, as the technology evolves, the aim is to mimic human characteristics. When the UK's Guardian newspaper used an AI to write an entire article in September 2020, commentators pointed out that the AI still relied on human editorial content. Austin Tanney, the head of AI at Kainos said: "The Guardian got three or four different articles and spliced them together. They also gave it the opening paragraph. It doesn’t belittle what it is. It was written by AI, but there was human editorial on that."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>((cite web| url=https://syncni.com/view/4956/is-artificial-intelligence-the-future-of-journalism  | title=Is Artificial Intelligence the Future of Journalism? | work=Sync NI | author=Niamh Campbell | date=12 October 2020))</ref>

Beyond human evaluation, there are now numerous algorithmic methods to identify machine written articles<ref>((Citation|title=GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Text|first=Sebastian|last=Gehrmann|date=2019|arxiv=1906.04043|bibcode = 2019arXiv190604043G))</ref> although some articles may still contain errors that are obvious for a human to identify, they can at times score better with these automatic identifiers than human-written articles.<ref>((Citation|last=Belz|first=Anya|title=Fully Automatic Journalism: We Need to Talk About Nonfake News Generation|date=2019|url=https://cris.brighton.ac.uk/ws/files/8575767/Fully_Automatic_Journalism.pdf|publisher=University of Brighton|access-date=2020-02-01))</ref>

=== Employment ===
Among the concerns about automation is the loss of employment for journalists as publishers switch to using AIs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Caswell|first1=David|last2=Dörr|first2=Konstantin|date=2017-05-09|title=Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=12|issue=4|pages=477–496|doi=10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773|s2cid=57746143|issn=1751-2786|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/137060/1/Automated_Journalism_2.0_EventDriven_Narratives.pdf))</ref> The use of automation has become a near necessity in newsrooms nowadays, in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for news stories, which in turn has affected the very nature of the journalistic profession.<ref name=":7" /> In 2014, an annual census from The American Society of News Editors announced that the newspaper industry lost 3,800 full-time, professional editors.<ref name=":4">((Cite news|url=https://www.poynter.org/2015/newspaper-industry-lost-3800-full-time-editorial-professionals-in-2014/360633/|title=Newspaper industry lost 3,800 full-time editorial professionals in 2014|last=Edmonds|first=Rick|date=July 28, 2015|work=The Poynter Institute|access-date=April 20, 2017))</ref> Falling by more than 10% within a year, this is the biggest drop since the industry cut over 10,000 jobs in 2007 and 2008.<ref name=":4" /><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Thurman|first1=Neil|last2=Dörr|first2=Konstantin|last3=Kunert|first3=Jessica|date=2017-03-01|title=When Reporters Get Hands-on with Robo-Writing|journal=Digital Journalism|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1240–1259|doi=10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819|s2cid=55367290|issn=2167-0811|url=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16350/8/robo%20writing%20-%20aor.pdf))</ref>

=== Dependence on platform and technology companies ===
There has been a significant amount of recent scholarship on the relationship between platform companies, such as Google and Facebook, and the news industry with researchers examining the impact of these platforms on the distribution and monetization of news content, as well as the implications for journalism and democracy.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Nielsen |first1=Rasmus Kleis |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-power-of-platforms-9780190908867?cc=de&lang=en& |title=The Power of Platforms: Shaping Media and Society |last2=Ganter |first2=Sarah Anne |date=2022-07-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-090886-7 |series=Oxford Studies in Digital Politics |location=Oxford, New York))</ref><ref>((Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/digital-dominance-9780190845124?cc=gb&lang=en& |title=Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple |date=2018-07-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-084512-4 |editor-last=Moore |editor-first=Martin |location=Oxford, New York |editor-last2=Tambini |editor-first2=Damian |editor-last3=Moore |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Tambini |editor-first4=Damian))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Sherwin |last2=Duffy |first2=Andrew |date=2019-12-17 |title=Friend, Foe or Frenemy? Traditional Journalism Actors' Changing Attitudes towards Peripheral Players and Their Innovations |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2275 |journal=Media and Communication |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=112–122 |doi=10.17645/mac.v7i4.2275 |issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free |hdl=10356/138193 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> Some scholars have extended this line of thinking to automated journalism and the use of AI in the news. A 2022 paper by the [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] academic Felix Simon, for example, argues that the concentration of AI tools and infrastructure in the hands of a few major technology companies, such as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon Web Services, is a significant issue for the news industry, as it risks shifting more control to these companies and increasing the industry's dependence on them.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Felix M. |date=2022-11-26 |title=Uneasy Bedfellows: AI in the News, Platform Companies and the Issue of Journalistic Autonomy |journal=Digital Journalism |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1832–1854 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2022.2063150 |issn=2167-0811|doi-access=free ))</ref> Simon argues that this could lead to vendor lock-in, where news organizations become structurally dependent on AI provided by these companies and are unable to switch to another vendor without incurring significant costs. The companies also possess artefactual and contractual control<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Kenney |first1=Martin |last2=Bearson |first2=Dafna |last3=Zysman |first3=John |date=October 2021 |title=The platform economy matures: measuring pervasiveness and exploring power |url=https://academic.oup.com/ser/article-abstract/19/4/1451/6224398?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Socio-Economic Review |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1451–1483|doi=10.1093/ser/mwab014 ))</ref> over their AI infrastructure and services, which could expose news organizations to the risk of unforeseen changes or the stopping of their AI solutions entirely. Additionally, the author argues the reliance on these companies for AI can make it more difficult for news organizations to understand the decisions or predictions made by the systems and can limit their ability to protect sources or proprietary business information.

== Opinions on automated journalism==
A 2017 [[Nieman Reports]] article by Nicola Bruno<ref name="Will Machines Replace Journalists">((Cite web|url=http://niemanreports.org/articles/will-machines-replace-journalists/|title=Will Machines Replace Journalists?|website=niemanreports.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-21))</ref> discusses whether or not machines will replace journalists and addresses concerns around the concept of automated journalism practices. Ultimately, Bruno came to the conclusion that AI would assist journalists, not replace them. "No automated software or amateur reporter will ever replace a good journalist", she said.

In 2020, however, [[Microsoft]] did just that - replacing 27 journalists with AI. One staff member was quoted by The Guardian as saying: “I spend all my time reading about how automation and AI is going to take all our jobs, and here I am – AI has taken my job.” The journalist went on to say that replacing humans with software was risky, as existing staff were careful to stick to “very strict editorial guidelines” which ensured that users were not presented with violent or inappropriate content when opening their browser, for example.<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/30/microsoft-sacks-journalists-to-replace-them-with-robots | title=Microsoft Sacks Journalists To Replace Them With Robots | work=The Guardian | author=Jim Waterson | date=30 May 2020))</ref>

==List of implementations ==

* In May 2020, [[Microsoft]] announced that a number of its [[MSN]] contract journalists would be replaced by robot journalism.<ref>((cite news |title=Microsoft sacks journalists to replace them with robots |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/30/microsoft-sacks-journalists-to-replace-them-with-robots |work=The Guardian |date=30 May 2020 |language=en))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=Microsoft 'to replace journalists with robots' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52860247 |accessdate=31 May 2020 |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2020))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=Microsoft is cutting dozens of MSN news production workers and replacing them with artificial intelligence |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/microsoft-is-cutting-dozens-of-msn-news-production-workers-and-replacing-them-with-artificial-intelligence/ |work=The Seattle Times |date=29 May 2020))</ref>
* On 8 September 2020, The Guardian published an article entirely written by the neural network [[GPT-3]], although the published fragments were manually picked by a human editor.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3 | title=A robot wrote this entire article. Are you scared yet, human? | work=The Guardian | author=GPT-3 | date= 8 September 2020))</ref>

== References ==  
((reflist))

[[Category:Journalism]]
[[Category:Applications of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Natural language generation]]
[[Category:Types of journalism]]

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