The Classic period Maya moon goddess may have been a forerunner of Awilix

Awilix (/äwiˈliʃ/) (also spelt Ahuilix, Auilix and Avilix) was a goddess (or possibly a god) of the Postclassic Kʼicheʼ Maya, who had a large kingdom in the highlands of Guatemala.[1] She was the patron deity of the Nijaʼibʼ noble lineage at the Kʼicheʼ capital Qʼumarkaj, with a large temple in the city. Awilix was a Moon goddess and a goddess of night,[2] although some studies refer to the deity as male.[3] Awilix was probably derived from the Classic period lowland Maya moon goddess or from Cʼabawil Ix, the Moon goddess of the Chontal Maya.[4]

Etymology and symbolism

Awilix was the goddess of the moon, the queen of the night.[5] She was associated with the Underworld, sickness and death and was a patron of the Mesoamerican ballgame.[6] Her calendrical day was probably ik (moon) in the 20-day cycle of the Maya calendar.[7]

The eagle was the totem animal of the Nijaʼibʼ, and it is presumed that the bird was associated with the lunar aspect of the goddess, with the jaguar associated with her night aspect.[8] Awilix was one of the three principal deities of the Kʼicheʼ, together with Tohil and Jacawitz, and the trinity of gods was sometimes referred to collectively as Tohil, the most important of the three.[9] Alternate origins have been suggested for the origin of the name of the goddess, it has been suggested that "awilix" derives from kwilix or wilix in the Qʼeqchiʼ Maya language, which means "swallow" (the bird). It has also been suggested that the Nijaʼibʼ migrated from the area around the Pico de Orizaba mountain in central Mexico. This area was formerly known as Awilizapan in the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, and it may be that the Nijaʼibʼ derived the name of their goddess from their place of origin.[10]

Awilix is mentioned throughout the Kʼicheʼ epic Popul Vuh and is also mentioned in the important Kʼicheʼ document known as the Título de los Señores de Totonicapán.[11] Ixbalanque, one of the Maya Hero Twins of the Popul Vuh, was the incarnation of Awilix.[12]

Temples of Awilix

The ruins of the Temple of Awilix at Qʼumarkaj
Structure 4 at Zaculeu was very similar to the temple at Qʼumarkaj

In Qʼumarkaj the temple of Awilix faced the temple of Tohil across a small plaza. It was on the east side of the plaza with a stairway giving access from the west.[13] Investigations at the temple have revealed that eagle imagery was predominant.[14] The high priest of Awilix was chosen from the Nijaʼibʼ lineage and was called the Ajaw Awilix.[15]

According to a drawing made by Rivera y Maestre in the early 19th century, the temple of Awilix was not as tall as the temple of Tohil.[16] This structure was apparently the second most important temple in Qʼumarkaj.[17] Originally this temple was formed of a large rectangular platform supporting a smaller platform and a temple structure on the east side.[18] A wide stairway climbed the west side of the temple, it was flanked on the lower level by two large talud-tablero panels.[19] The exterior stonework of the building has been completely stripped away.[20] There were four principal phases of construction and there is evidence that the temple had been repaired various times prior to the Spanish conquest.[21] The floor under the third phase of construction had been painted dark green.[22] Archaeological investigations found fragments of incense burners underneath the first building phase.[23]

The temple is similar in form to a temple mound on the west side of the first plaza in Iximche, the postclassic capital of the Kaqchikel Maya.[24]

Structure 4 at Zaculeu, the capital of the Mam Maya, is a temple-palace combination situated on the southeast side of one of the main plazas and was likely to have been a temple of Awilix.[25] This temple-palace is Kʼicheʼ in style and has been identified with the Nijaʼibʼ lineage of the Kʼicheʼ, being very similar to the Temple of Awilix at Qʼumarkaj.[26] The structure consists of a central pyramidal base flanked by two attached range structures. The pyramidal base is topped by a shrine containing three rooms, the final room of the three is circular. The temple has three steep stairways flanked by balustrades. The main stairway ascends directly from the plaza, those on either side are perpendicular to the main stairway. The balustrade of each stairway terminates at the top in a vertical panel. The temple facade is in good condition although the roof of the temple is missing. The range structures are unequal in size and each contains a single long room atop a low platform. The facade of each of these rooms once possessed a row of columns although only stumps remain in situ.[27]

Modern worship

The modern descendants of the Nijaʼibʼ in Momostenango revere rival syncretised forms of the goddess, who are said to be the lovers of the town's patron saint Santiago (St. James).[28]

In popular culture

Awilix is featured as an assassin of the Maya pantheon in Smite. She is one of two Maya goddesses in the game.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Carmack 2001a, pp.362-363.
  2. ^ Carmack 2001a, pp.362-363. Fox 1987, 2008, p.205.
  3. ^ Christenson 2003, 2007.
  4. ^ Orellana 1981, p.160. Fox 1987, 2008, p.56.
  5. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.275.
  6. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.275.
  7. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.275.
  8. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.363. Fox 1987, 2008, p.205.
  9. ^ Christenson 2003, 2007, p.61.n.65, p.228.n.646.
  10. ^ Christenson 2003, 2007, p.198.n.552.
  11. ^ Recinos 1998, pp.173, 175, 179.
  12. ^ Fox & Cook 1996, p.813.
  13. ^ Christenson 2003, 2007, p.269.n.822.
  14. ^ Lucero 2007, p.410.
  15. ^ Orellana 1981, p.163.
  16. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.362.
  17. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.362.
  18. ^ Kelly 1996, p.200. Carmack 2001a, p.361.
  19. ^ Kelly 1996, p.200. Carmack 2001a, p.361.
  20. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.361.
  21. ^ Carmack 2001a, pp.361-362.
  22. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.362.
  23. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.362.
  24. ^ Carmack 2001a, p.361.
  25. ^ Rodríguez Rouanet et al 1992, pp.16-17. Kelly 1996, p.204. Fox 1987, 2008, pp.183-184.
  26. ^ Fox 1987, 2008, pp.183-184.
  27. ^ Kelly 1996, pp.204-205. Fox 1987, 2008, pp.183-184.
  28. ^ Fox & Cook 1996, p.814.

References

  • Carmack, Robert M. (2001a). Kikʼulmatajem le Kʼicheʼaabʼ: Evolución del Reino Kʼicheʼ (in Spanish). Guatemala: Iximulew. ISBN 99922-56-22-2. OCLC 253481949.
  • Christenson, Allen J. (2007) [2003]. "Popul Vuh: Sacred Book of the Quiché Maya People" (PDF online publication). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  • Fox, John W. (2008) [1987]. Maya Postclassic state formation. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10195-0. OCLC 297146853.
  • Fox, John W.; Garrett W. Cook (December 1996). "Constructing Maya Communities: Ethnography for Archaeology" (PDF online publication). Current Anthropology. University of Chicago Press. 37 (5): 811–830. doi:10.1086/204565. S2CID 144182849. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  • Kelly, Joyce (1996). An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
  • Lucero, Lisa J. (December 2007). "Classic Maya Temples, Politics, and the Voice of the People". Latin American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology. 18 (4): 407–427. doi:10.2307/25478195. ISSN 1045-6635. JSTOR 25478195. OCLC 191056992. S2CID 153625700.
  • Orellana, Sandra L. (Spring 1981). "Idols and Idolatry in Highland Guatemala". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. 28 (2): 157–177. doi:10.2307/481116. JSTOR 481116.
  • Recinos, Adrian (1998). Memorial de Solalá, Anales de los Kaqchikeles; Título de los Señores de Totonicapán (in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedra Santa. ISBN 84-8377-006-7. OCLC 25476196.
  • Rodríguez Rouanet, Francisco; Fernando Seijas; Gerardo Townson Rincón (1992). Huehuetenango. Colección Monografías de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Banco Granai & Townson, S.A. OCLC 31405975.
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