The choice of calibre was limited by the Second London Naval Treaty, an extension of the Washington Naval Treaty which set limits on the size, armament, and number of battleships constructed by the major powers. After disappointing experiences with the combination of high velocity but relatively light shell in the BL 16 inch /45 naval gun of the Nelson-class battleships, the British reverted to the combination of lower velocities and (relatively) heavier shells in this weapon.[3]
Design
Gun
The built-up gun was of an all-steel construction, using a radial expansion design; this was an advance on earlier British heavy guns, which employed a wire-wound technology. The resulting gun was lighter, less prone to droop, more accurate and had a significantly longer barrel life. The estimated barrel life was 340 effective full charges. Length of bore: 630 inches (45 calibres long). Weight of gun (without breech or counterbalance: 77 tons 14 cwt 84 lbs. Weight of gun with counterbalance: 89 tons 2 cwt 84 lbs. Weight of breech mechanism: 1 ton 17 cwt. Rifling: polygroove, 72 grooves plain section, uniform right-hand twist of 1 turn in 30 calibres. The standard propellant charge: 338 lb (153 kg) of cordite.[4][5]
The new 14-inch Armour Piercing (AP) 1,590-pound shell had, relative to its size, superior ballistic performance and armour-penetration compared to previous British shells, due to improvements in design and material which had taken place since World War I.[6] The shell also carried a proportionally large bursting charge of 39.8 lb (18.1 kg).[7][8]
Mounting
A 14-inch gun being removed from a Mark III quadruple turret in the Elswick Works
The choice of mounting was a mechanically complex quadruple turret (each battleship had two quadruple turrets (Mark III) and one twin turret (Mark II)). Although the class of battleships was initially designed with three quadruple turrets, it proved impossible to include this amount of firepower and the desired level of protection without exceeding the 35,000 ton displacement treaty limit, furthermore the weight of the superimposed quadruple "B" turret brought the stability of the vessel into question, hence the "B" turret was changed to a smaller twin mount so the weight savings could be freed up for increased armour protection. The turret and ammunition-handling facilities incorporated many anti-flash measures and interlocks, improving safety but adding to complexity.[9] Revolving weight of mountings: quadruple Mk III 1,582 tons, twin Mk II 915 tons.[10]
In service, the quad turrets proved to be less reliable than was hoped for. Wartime haste in building, insufficient clearance between the rotating and fixed structure of the turret, insufficient full calibre firing exercises and extensive arrangements to prevent flash from reaching the magazines[11] led to problems during prolonged actions. In order to bring ammunition into the turret at any degree of train, the design included a transfer ring between the magazine and turret; this did not have sufficient clearance to allow for the ship bending and flexing.[12] These defects were addressed, and improved clearances, improved mechanical linkages, and better training led to greater reliability in the quadruple turrets but they remained controversial.[11]
Performance
HMS Anson firing guns of 'A' turret at high elevation – c. 1942
On entering operational service the turrets gained an initial reputation for unreliability, with individual guns and entire turrets jamming in action. However, it has been argued that these jams were typically caused by errors in drill, either due to lack of gun crew training, as was the case when the newly commissioned HMS Prince of Wales engaged the Bismarck in the Battle of the Denmark Strait (1941), or due to crew fatigue resulting from the prolonged nature of the engagement, as was the case when HMS King George V engaged Bismarck in 1941 and HMS Duke of York engaged Scharnhorst in the Battle of North Cape (1943).[13]
The breech of a 14-inch gun aboard HMS King George V in 1943.
During the battle against Bismarck, a close-range hit from a 14-inch shell fired by King George V or a 16-inch shell fired by Rodney penetrated the 340 mm (13 in)-thick armour of the barbette of Bismarck's 'B' turret, causing an internal explosion which blew the rear face of the turret away. Underwater survey also shows that the 350 mm (14 in) vertical armour of Bismarck's conning tower was penetrated by 14-inch shells.[14] In the Battle of North Cape, Duke of York fired 52 broadsides; of these 31 straddled the Scharnhorst, a fast and actively manoeuvring target, and a further 16 fell within 200 yards – an excellent performance, even when radar-control is taken into account.[15] The effects of the 14-inch shellfire on Scharnhorst quickly degraded her fighting abilities: Duke of York's first salvo put 'A' turret out of action; 'B' turret soon followed; a subsequent hit penetrated the German ship's armour, detonating in one of the boiler rooms and reducing the vessel's speed. This reduction in speed meant that the Scharnhorst could not escape pursuit, and was responsible for her eventual destruction.[16]
By being instrumental in the destruction of two modern enemy battleships, the 14-inch Mark VII gun was, arguably, one of the most successful battleship main armaments of World War II.[17]
In World War II two guns, nicknamed Winnie and Pooh, were mounted as coastal artillery near Dover to engage German batteries across the Channel in occupied France.
Armour penetration
Penetration at a muzzle velocity of 2483 ft/s, guns with new linings or with no significant wear:
^Mk VII = Mark 7. Britain used Roman numerals to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War II. This was the seventh model of BL 14-inch naval gun.
^Naval Weapons index, The German KM 38 cm/52 SK C/34 (15-inch) carried a 41.4lb bursting charge, while the USN 16-inch Mk VI 2700 lb AP shell carried a 40.9lb bursting charge
^Other battleship main armaments largely or wholly responsible for destroying battleships in WWII: the German 38 cm SK C/34 naval gun (15-inch) sank 1 battleship, HMS Hood; a combination of the American 16"/45 caliber gun and the 14"/50 caliber gun sank 1 battleship, Yamashiro; and the American 16"/45 caliber Mark 6 gun destroyed 1 battleship, Kirishima; the British BL 15-inch Mk I naval gun sank 1 battleship, Bretagne; the British BL 16 inch Mk I naval gun (combined with the BL 14-inch Mk VII naval gun) destroyed 1 battleship, the Bismarck. It is notable that the only modern battleships destroyed by battleship gunfire were the Bismarck and Scharnhorst, all the other battleships to suffer this fate were designs dating back to World War I, with various degrees of modernisation.
References
Brown, D K (2006). Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development 1923–1945. Chatham Publishing.
Burt, R. A. (2012). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-052-8.
Garzke, William H. Jr.; Dulin, Robert O. Jr. (1980). British, Soviet, French, and Dutch Battleships of World War II. London: Jane's. ISBN0-7106-0078-X.
Garzke, William H. Jr., Dulin, Robert O. Jr. and Webb, Thomas G. (1994) Bismarck's Final Battle, Warship International No. 2. Available as a web version at NavWeaps.com [1]
Kaplan, P. (2014) World War Two at Sea: The Last Battleships, Pen and Sword Books, Barnsley. ISBN1-4738-3628-X
Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-817-4.
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