Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a bacterial disease of freshwater fish, specifically salmonid fish. It is caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum (previously classified in the genus Cytophaga),[1] a psychrophilic,[2] gram-negative[2] rod-shaped bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae.[3] This bacterium is found in fresh waters with the optimal growth temperature below 13 °C, and it can be seen in any area with water temperatures consistently below 15 °C.[4] Salmon are the most commonly affected species. This disease is not zoonotic.

Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water provide reservoirs for disease.[5] Transmission is mainly via horizontal gene transfer, but vertical transmission can also occur.[4]

BCWD may be referred to by a number of other names including cold water disease, peduncle disease,[6] fit rot, tail rot and rainbow trout fry mortality syndrome.

Causes and Symptoms

The sweetfish which was infected with cold water disease

Fish infected with the pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum experience tissue erosion, jaw ulcerations, inflammation, and behavioral issues.[7] Fins may appear dark, torn, split, ragged, frayed and may even be lost completely.[8] Symptoms begin with tissue erosion, especially on the caudal fin. Other symptoms include the skin of the jaw "ulcerations",[7] pale in color gills, increased mucus production, blindness, inflammation of the gastrointestinal system, and behavioral issues such as "spiral swimming".[7] Affected fish are often lethargic and stop feeding. Infection may spread systemically. Salmonid fish can also get a chronic form of BCWD[1] following recovery from typical BCWD. It is characterized by erratic "corkscrew" swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities.[2][4]

In rainbow trout fry syndrome, acute disease with high mortality rates occurs. Infected fish may show signs of lethargy, inappetence and exophthalmos before death.[9]

A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the history, clinical signs, pattern of mortality and water temperature, especially if there is a history of the disease in the area. The organism can be cultured for definitive diagnosis. Alternatively, histology should show periostitis, osteitis, meningitis and ganglioneuritis.[6]

[2]

Transmission

This bacterium was first reported in 1922 at the Fisheries Biological station in Fairport, Iowa and it has undergone many taxonomic revisions since then.[10][2] The primary site of transmission is via fish to fish contact, particularly within the gills and the fins. Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a bacterium that reproduces and multiples via horizontal gene transfer.[2] Although horizontal gene transfer is the most common way for bacterial growth to occur, there is evidence that vertical gene transfer may also play a role in transmission.[11]

Prevention and Treatment

Quaternary ammonium compounds[1] can be added to the water of infected adult fish and fry. Alternatively, the antibiotic oxytetracycline[2] can be given to adults, fry and broodstock.

To prevent the disease, it is necessary to ensure water is pathogen-free and that water hardening is completed effectively for eggs. Stress and damage to skin are two factors that are able to cause an increase in disease progression, so minimizing these two factors can prevent the bacteria from multiplying.[2] In addition, removing the diseased fish from the area is important in reducing the chances of spreading the bacteria within the environment. In addition, producing UV light[11] Iodophor disinfection of eggs just before hatching has been recorded as a sensible way of minimizing egg-associated transmission risks.[2] The presence of the bacteria has been seen in fluid of the surrounding eggs in sexually mature salmonids. Using iodophor treatment is a way of reducing microbial contamination of the egg surface.[11]

If the disease is caught at an early stage, diagnosing BCWD accurately by a veterinarian is important for not only the fish's existence, but its environment as well.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Bacterial Coldwater Disease (BCWD)-Flavobacterium psychrophilum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i LaFrentz, B. R.; Cain, K. D. "Bacterial Coldwater Disease" (PDF).
  3. ^ Nematollahi, A.; et al. (2003). "Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in salmonid fish". Journal of Fish Diseases. 26 (10): 563–74. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00488.x. PMID 14653314.
  4. ^ a b c Starliper, Clifford E. (2011). "Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum". Journal of Advanced Research. 2 (2): 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.04.001.
  5. ^ Brown, LL; Cox, WT; Levine, RP (1997). "Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease Flavobacterium psychrophilum is transmitted within salmonid eggs". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 29: 213–8. doi:10.3354/dao029213.
  6. ^ a b Cipriano, Rocco C.; Holt, Richard A. (2005). Flavobacterium psychrophilum, cause of Bacterial Cold-Water Disease and Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ a b c Barnes, Michael E. (2011-08-11). "A Review of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Biology, Clinical Signs, and Bacterial Cold Water Disease Prevention and Treat". The Open Fish Science Journal. 4 (1): 40–48. doi:10.2174/1874401X01104010040.
  8. ^ Schachte, John H. (2002). "Coldwater Disease" (PDF). In Meyer, Fred P.; Warren, James W.; Carey, Timothy G. (eds.). A Guide to Integrated Fish Health Management in the Great Lakes Basin. pp. 193–7.
  9. ^ Castillo, D; Higuera, G; Villa, M; Middelboe, M; Dalsgaard, I; Madsen, L; Espejo, R T (2012). "Diversity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and the potential use of its phages for protection against bacterial cold water disease in salmonids". Journal of Fish Diseases. 35 (3): 193–201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01336.x. PMID 22324343.
  10. ^ Loch, Thomas P.; Faisal, Mohamed (May 2015). "Emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: A review". Journal of Advanced Research. 6 (3): 283–300. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.009. PMC 4522593. PMID 26257926.
  11. ^ a b c LaFrentz, B.R.; Cain, K.D (2004). "Bacterial Coldwater Disease" (PDF). Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources and the Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow ID. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  12. ^ Antaya, Claire Louise (2008). "Current eco-economical impacts of Flavobacterium psychrophilum". MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology eJournal. 4 (1): 16–21 – via Researchgate.

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