Baden Powell
Born(1796-08-22)22 August 1796
Stamford Hill, Hackney, London, England
Died11 June 1860(1860-06-11) (aged 63)
Kensington, London, England
NationalityEnglish

Baden Powell, MA FRS FRGS (22 August 1796 – 11 June 1860)[1] was an English mathematician and Church of England priest. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from 1827 to 1860. Powell was a prominent liberal theologian who put forward advanced ideas about evolution.

Origins

Baden Powell II was born at Stamford Hill, Hackney in London.[2] His father, Baden Powell I (1767-1841), of Langton and Speldhurst in Kent, was a wine merchant,[2] who served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1831, and as Master of the Worshipful Company of Mercers in 1822.[3] The mother of Baden Powell II was Hester Powell (1776-1848), his father's paternal first cousin,[2][4] a daughter of James Powell (1737-1824) of Clapton, Hackney, Middlesex, Master of the Worshipful Company of Salters in 1818.[5]

The Powell family can be traced back to the early 16th century, where they were yeomen farmers at Mildenhall in Suffolk.[5] Baden Powell II's great-grandfather, David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex,[5] a second son, migrated to the City of London aged 17 in 1712, subsequently going into business as a merchant at Old Broad Street and buying the manor of Wattisfield in Suffolk.[6][4] In 1740 a branch of the family bought the Whitefriars Glass works.[7]

The name Baden originated in Susanna Baden (1663-1737), the maternal grandmother of David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex,[5] and one of the ten children of Andrew Baden (1637-1716), a Mercer who served as Mayor of Salisbury in 1682.[8]

Education

Powell was admitted as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford in 1814,[9] and graduated with a first-class honours degree in mathematics in 1817.[2]

Ordination

Powell was ordained as a priest of the Church of England in 1821, having served as curate of Midhurst, Sussex.[2] His first living was as Vicar of Plumstead, Kent, of which the advowson was owned by his family.[2] He immediately began his scientific work there, starting with experiments on radiant heat.[2]

Marriages and children

Powell's grave at Kensal Green Cemetery

Powell married three times, and had fourteen children in total. His widow changed the last name of the surviving children of his third marriage to "Baden-Powell".[10]

Powell's first marriage on 21 July 1821 to Eliza Rivaz (died 13 March 1836) was childless.

His second marriage on 27 September 1837 to Charlotte Pope (died 14 October 1844) produced one son and three daughters:

Survivors of Baden Powell's third family: Back row, standing (left to right): Major B. F. S. Baden-Powell; Miss Agnes D. S. Baden-Powell; Mr. Frank Baden-Powell; Colonel R. S. S. Baden-Powell. Front row, seated: Sir George Baden-Powell; Mrs. Henrietta Grace Baden-Powell with one of Powell's grandchildren; and Mr. Warington Baden-Powell

His third marriage on 10 March 1846 (at St Luke's Church, Chelsea) to Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824–13 October 1914), a daughter of Admiral Smyth, produced seven sons and three daughters:

Shortly after Powell's death in 1860, his wife renamed the remaining children of his third marriage 'Baden-Powell'; the name was eventually legally changed by royal licence on 30 April 1902.[12] Baden Henry Powell is often also referred to as Baden Henry Baden-Powell,[13] and was using this name by the 1891 census.

Evolution

Powell was an outspoken advocate of the constant uniformity of the laws of the material world. His views were liberal, and he was sympathetic to evolutionary theory long before Charles Darwin had revealed his ideas. He argued that science should not be placed next to scripture or the two approaches would conflict, and in his own version of Francis Bacon's dictum, contended that the book of God's works was separate from the book of God's word, claiming that moral and physical phenomena were completely independent.[14]

His faith in the uniformity of nature (except man's mind) was set out in a theological argument; if God is a lawgiver, then a "miracle" would break the lawful edicts that had been issued at Creation. Therefore, a belief in miracles would be entirely atheistic.[15] Powell's most significant works defended, in succession, the uniformitarian geology set out by Charles Lyell and the evolutionary ideas in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation published anonymously by Robert Chambers which applied uniform laws to the history of life in contrast to more respectable ideas such as catastrophism involving a series of divine creations.[14] "He insisted that no tortured interpretation of Genesis would ever suffice; we had to let go of the Days of Creation and base Christianity on the moral laws of the New Testament."[16]

The boldness of Powell and other theologians in dealing with science led Joseph Dalton Hooker to comment in a letter to Asa Gray dated 29 March 1857: "These parsons are so in the habit of dealing with the abstractions of doctrines as if there was no difficulty about them whatever, so confident, from the practice of having the talk all to themselves for an hour at least every week with no one to gainsay a syllable they utter, be it ever so loose or bad, that they gallop over the course when their field is Botany or Geology as if we were in the pews and they in the pulpit. Witness the self-confident style of Whewell and Baden Powell, Sedgwick and Buckland." William Whewell, Adam Sedgwick and William Buckland opposed evolutionary ideas.[17]

When the idea of natural selection was mooted by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in their 1858 papers to the Linnaean Society, both Powell and his brother-in-law[18] William Henry Flower thought that natural selection made creation rational.[19]

The 'Philosophy of Creation' has been treated in a masterly manner by the Rev. Baden Powell, in his 'Essays on the Unity of Worlds,' 1855. Nothing can be more striking than the manner in which he shows that the introduction of new species is "a regular, not a casual phenomenon," or, as Sir John Herschel expresses it, "a natural in contra-distinction to a miraculous process."[20]

Essays and Reviews

He was one of seven liberal theologians who produced a manifesto titled Essays and Reviews around February 1860, which amongst other things joined in the debate over On the Origin of Species. These Anglicans included Oxford professors, country clergymen, the headmaster of Rugby school and a layman. Their declaration that miracles were irrational stirred up unprecedented anger, drawing much of the fire away from Charles Darwin. Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than the Origin sold in twenty years, and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.[15]

Referring to "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" and restating his argument that belief in miracles is atheistic, Baden Powell wrote that the book "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature.":

Just a similar scepticism has been evinced by nearly all the first physiologists of the day, who have joined in rejecting the development theories of Lamarck and the Vestiges; and while they have strenuously maintained successive creations, have denied strenuously maintained successive creations, have denied and denounced the alleged production of organic life by Messrs. Crosse and Weekes, and stoutly maintained the impossibility of spontaneious generation, on the alleged ground of contradiction to experience. Yet it is now acknowledged under the high sanction of the name of Owen (British Association Address 1858), that 'creation' is only another name for our ignorance of the mode of production; and it has been the unanswered and unanswerable argument of another reasoner that new species must have originated either out of their inorganic elements, or out of previously organized forms; either development or spontaneous generation must be true: while a work has now appeared by a naturalist of the most acknowledged authority, Mr. Darwin's masterly volume on The Origin of Species by the law of 'natural selection' – which now substantiates on undeniable grounds the very principle so long denounced by the first naturalist – the origination of new species by natural causes: a work which must soon bring about an entire revolution of opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature.[21]

He would have been on the platform at the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1860 Oxford evolution debate that was a highlight of the reaction to Darwin's theory. Huxley's antagonist Wilberforce was also the foremost critic of Essays and Reviews. Powell died of a heart attack a fortnight before the meeting.[15] He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

Works

Papers to the Royal Society, the Ashmolean Society and others

Books published

Publications

Theology

Science

Papers in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

Reports to the British Association

In Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society

In Ashmolean Society's memoirs

Royal Institution abstracts of lectures

Also

Notable students

Lewis Carroll attended the lectures on pure geometry by Baden Powell.[23]

Collections

In 1970, 170 volumes from Powell's library were presented to the Bodleian Libraries by his grandson, D. F. W. Baden Powell.[24] See Rare Books Named Collections for more information on the contents of this collection.

Notes

  1. ^ GRO Register of Deaths: Jun 1860 1a 38 Kensington - Baden Powell, age unknown
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Corsi, Pietro. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Edgar Powell, Pedigree of the Families of Powell and Baden-Powwll, London, 1926, pedigree chart p.xi [1]
  4. ^ a b "The Powell Pedigree | Home". www.spanglefish.com. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d Edgar Powell, pedigree chart, p.xi
  6. ^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 106th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, p. 159
  7. ^ "Whitefriars Glass History - Boha Glass". www.bohaglass.co.uk. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  8. ^ Edgar Powell, p.39
  9. ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Powell, Baden" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
  10. ^ Edrar Powell, p.14
  11. ^ B-P's diary transcribed by Colin Walker
  12. ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 1, page 159.
  13. ^ Books of Baden Henry Powell in The Library of Congress
  14. ^ a b Robert M. Young (1985). "The impact of Darwin on conventional thought". Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  15. ^ a b c Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 500
  16. ^ Desmond, Adrian 1982. Archetypes and ancestors. Muller, London. p45
  17. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 412
    Huxley, Leonard 1918. Life and letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI. London, Murray. pp. 477–478
  18. ^ Flower married Georgiana Rosetta Smyth, younger sister of Henrietta Grace Smyth, on 15 April 1858.
  19. ^ Desmond, Adrian 1982. Archetypes and ancestors. Muller, London. p51 et seq 'The Christian commitment'.
  20. ^ Darwin 1861, p. xviii
  21. ^ "The 1860 publication: "Essays and Reviews" by (Church of England theologians) Temple, Williams, Powell, Wilson, Goodwin, Pattison and Jowett". Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  22. ^ From Notes on The Rev. Baden Powell, F.R.S., and Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford (b 1796; d 1860)
  23. ^ The Lewis Carroll Society of North America, "A bouquet for the Gardener" (2011), pag. 194
  24. ^ "Rare Books Named Collections". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 7 December 2020.

References

Further reading

* Corsi, Pietro (1988). Science and Religion: Baden Powell and the Anglican Debate, 1800-1860, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-24245-2, 346 pages

External links

Savilian Professors
Authority control databases
Categories