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((Short description|Pidgin language of Malaysia))
((More citations needed|date=March 2011))
[[Image:RojakLanguage.GIF|thumb|350px|An example of use of Malaysia's Rojak language (Bahasa Rojak) in a comment taken from a Malaysian online forum in 2004, where the user writes mostly in Malay with some English words and sentences. The user criticised a Malaysian reality TV show ''Explorace'' and compares it with ''[[The Amazing Race]]''.]]
'''''Bahasa Rojak''''' ([[Malay language|Malay]] for "mixed language") or '''Rojak language''' is a Malaysian [[pidgin]] (trade language) formed by [[code-switching]] among two or more of the many [[languages of Malaysia]]. ''Bahasa'' means "language", while ''rojak'' means "mixture" in Malay,<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6cYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |title=The Relocation of English: Shifting Paradigms in a Global Era |author= M. Saraceni|page=120 |isbn=9780230296916 |publisher= Palgrave MacMillan|date=2010))</ref> and is a [[rojak|local food of the same name]].

==History==
[[Image:Bahaya.JPG|thumb|200px|Warning signs at Malaysian [[electrical substation]]s still use five of the country's most common languages (top to bottom under the high voltage symbol: [[Malay language|Malay]], [[English language|English]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese character|traditional]]), [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]).]]
Rojak language of Malaysia can be traced back to 1402, in the early [[Malacca]] of [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]], an international port where more than 80 languages from a variety of cultures were spoken. Worldwide traders, settlers, and original dwellers speaking multiple languages in a conversation was common.

According to the ''[[Encyclopedia of Malaysia]]'' (''Languages and Literature''), it is a [[contact language]], specifically a [[pidgin]], known in modern Malaysia as Rojak language. The uniqueness of Rojak language is in its code-switching style. A person who speaks Rojak language may begin with [[Malaysian language|standard Malay]], continue with [[English language|English]], then mix one or two words in [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]] garnished with [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and finish with [[Mandarin Chinese]] or some fashionable [[Japanese language|Japanese]] words. During Parameswara's time, when two groups of traders without a shared language met, they would try many possible languages in order to best understand each other, and the result would be a pidgin or ''Rojak''.

In the early 16th century, Portuguese visitor [[Tome Pires]] found in Malacca
((quote|"Moors from Cairo, Mecca, Aden, Abyssinians, men of Kilwa, Malindi, Ormuz, Parsis, Rumi [Turks living abroad], Turks, Turkomans, Christian Armenians, Gujaratis, men of Chaul, Dabhol, Goa, of the kingdom of Deccan, Malabars and Klings, merchants from Orissa, Ceylon, Bengal, Arakan, Pegu, Siamese, men of Kedah, Malays, men of Penang, Patani, Cambodia, Champa, Cochin China, Chinese, men from Liu Kiu [Formosa] and Brunei, Luzonese, men of Tamjompura, Laue, Bangka, Lingga (and in this area 1000 more Islands are known), from the Moluccas, Banda, Bima, Timor, Madura, Java, Sunda, Palembang, Jambi, Tongkal, Indragiri, Kappatta, Menangkabau, Siak, Arcat, Aru, Bata, from the country of the Tomjano, Pase, Pedir, from the Maldives."))

These peoples came to Malacca with [[Junk (ship)|junks]], [[Penjajap|pangajavas]], and ships, and by 1511, Malacca had a population of 50,000 people, including a resident trade community that spoke 84 languages.

[[Image:RojakSignboard.JPG|thumb|384px|An example of a multilingual signboard in Malaysia]]

The British brought in large numbers of immigrants from China and India from the late 18th to mid 20th century. The presence of local Malays, [[Orang Asli]], [[Peranakan]]s, [[Kristang people|Portuguese settlers]], [[Malaysian Siamese|Siamese Thais]], newly arrived Chinese and Indians, Sarawakians and Sabahans, as well as the others resulted in the wide use of mixed language.

==Examples==
* ''Kau memang '''teruk''' la!'' - You're really bad!
* ''Tempat makan ni '''best''' sangat!'' - This food court is really cool!
* ''Nak makan sini ke nak '''tapau?''''' - Do you want to dine here or take away?
* ''Jangan susah hati '''maa, lu''' punya bos mesti boleh '''kaw tim''' punya '''maa!''''' - Don't worry, your boss can surely compromise!
* '''''Apasal lu''' buat ini kerja '''cincai?''''' - Why do you do this task sloppily?

Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to the older generation, such as:
*''Awek'' (means girl, in place of ''perempuan'').
*''Balak'' (means guy, in place of ''jantan'').
*''Cun'' (means pretty, in place of ''cantik / jelita'').

New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns popularly nowadays and the word ''orang'' (person), such as:
*''Korang'' (''kau'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "us", in place of ''kalian / kamu semua'' (or ''hangpa / ampa'' in Kedah)).
*''Kitorang'' (''kita'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "we", in place of ''kami'').
*''Diorang'' (''dia'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "they", in place of ''mereka'' (or ''depa'' in Kedah)). 

In addition, Arabic terms that are originally used in Standard Malay nowadays have been popularly changed where some of the words or pronunciations in the involved terms have been added by the local conservative Muslims by disputing the terms suggested by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (DBP), claiming that the involved terms with implementation of the additional words or pronunciations is the real correct terms as same as stated in the Qur'an, where it is predominantly used by the local Muslim netizens in the social media nowadays. The several involved terms in comparison to Standard Malay that is popularly used, such as:
*''Ramadhan'' (means the holy fasting month, in place of ''Ramadan'').
*''Aamiin'' (means asking Him to verify the prayer (''Du'a''); real term is Ameen, in place of ''Amin'').
*''Fardhu'' (means obligatory (''in Islam''), in place of ''Fardu'').
*''Redha'' (means accepting, in place of ''Reda'').
*''Mudharat'' (means harm, in place of ''Mudarat'').
*''Dhaif'' (means poverty, in place of ''Daif'').
*''Zohor'' (means mid-day or noon time, in place of ''Zuhur'').
*''Hadith'' (means Prophet (Mohamed) terms or speeches, in place of ''Hadis'').

===''Jangan lupa diri''===
"Jangan lupa diri" ("Do not forget your roots") is a rallying cry commonly heard among Malaysians interested in protecting their linguistic heritage. This statement suggests that, regardless of race, the Malaysian people have their own roots and ancestral origin to protect. In 2002, Tun Dr. Mahathir proposed that English be 'a tool' to obtain knowledge in the sciences and mathematics, as part of [[education in Malaysia]].

==Controversy==
Code-switching between English and Malaysian and the use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming ''Bahasa Rojak''. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of [[Linguistic purism|linguistic purists]] in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed [[standard language]].

''Bahasa Rojak'' is widely used, especially by Malaysian urban youths, which has triggered concerns about continued proficiency in the Malaysian (specifically Malay) and English languages being mixed, and consequent risks to job opportunities for new graduates. The [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian government]] is promoting the use of standard Malay (''bahasa Melayu (baku)'') since the end of 1980s, especially in the private sector, and discouraging the usage of Bahasa Rojak, similar to the [[Singapore Government]]'s [[Speak Good English Movement]] and its discouragement of the use of the [[Singlish]] (Singaporean-English) pidgin. For example, Malaysian TV station [[TV3 (Malaysia)|TV3]] in April 2006 <ref>((cite news|title=Jom Heboh ganti Sure Heboh |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2006&dt=0313&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_01.htm |access-date=29 September 2015 |publisher=Utusan Malaysia |date=13 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929020925/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2006&dt=0313&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_01.htm |archive-date=29 September 2015 ))</ref> changed the name of its carnival ''Karnival Sure Heboh'' to ''Karnival Jom Heboh'' as a result of this concern.

[[Comic]] magazines are often criticized for using Bahasa Rojak. Words or phrases written in Bahasa Rojak are often printed in boldface to enable readers to identify them. By the end of 2003, ''[[Gempak]]'' magazine began using a more formal language style and minimizing use of Bahasa Rojak, including the usage of bold lettering for words deemed colloquial.

During the Standard Malay Language Framework Congress held in November 2017,<ref>((cite news|title=Zahid harap KSBM tingkat penggunaan Bahasa Melayu|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/zahid-harap-ksbm-tingkat-penguasaan-bahasa-melayu-1.545751 |publisher=Utusan Malaysia |date=1 November 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017))</ref> former Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] expressed his disappointment at the poor usage of the national language. Despite Malaysia having achieved 60 years of independence, there are still many Malaysians (especially Malays) who could not speak proper Malay despite being born, raised, and educated in Malaysia.<ref>((cite news|title=Masih ramai tak fasih bahasa Melayu|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2017/11/344484/masih-ramai-tak-fasih-bahasa-melayu|publisher=Berita Harian |author=Mohd Anwar Patho Rohman|date=31 October 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=TPM: Malu tidak kuasai bahasa Melayu walau merdeka 60 tahun|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/projekmmo/berita/article/tpm-malu-tidak-kuasai-bahasa-melayu-walau-merdeka-60-tahun#XeTSpIhggC49dCB6.97|publisher=Malay Mail |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=3 February 2018))</ref>

==Public opinion==
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/4/4/focus/13859039&sec=focus Lecturer teaching in ‘rojak’ English]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/4/4/focus/13851641&sec=focus Speak Bahasa Malaysia, not bahasa rojak]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/4/2/nation/13849132&sec=nation Gag order on using bahasa rojak]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/12/23/focus/12940993&sec=focus DBP cannot fight bahasa rojak alone]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/12/14/focus/12857566&sec=focus Bahasa rojak is part of the Malaysian identity]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/12/16/focus/12879539&sec=focus Politicians should first set an example]
* [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/12/5/north/12763996&sec=north Focus on language skills and noble values]

==See also==
* [[Indonesian slang#South Jakarta slang|South Jakarta language]], its Indonesian counterpart
* [[Rojak]]
* [[Manglish]]
* [[Singlish]]
* [[Malaysian English]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216012933/http://www.encyclopedia.com.my/volume9/contents.html ''The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature''] by Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar (2004) ((ISBN|981-3018-52-6)).

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506223826/http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/Malaysia%20at%20the%20crossroads%20-%20MaritimeAsia.htm Malaysia at the crossroads]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313211049/http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/lambeth/recept.txt SURVEY REPORT]
* [http://iteslj.org/Articles/Rosenberg-Bilingual.html Raising Bilingual Children]

((Languages of Malaysia))

((authority control))

[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:English-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Malay-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Code-switching]]

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