Bak Yeon | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Bak Yeon and his wife | |
| Born | 1378 |
| Died | 1458 (aged 80) |
| Nationality |  Joseon |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Spouse | Lady Song of the Yeosan Song clan |
| Children |
|
| Parents |
|
| Family | Miryang Bak clan |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 박연 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Bak Yeon |
| McCune–Reischauer | P'ak Yŏn |
| Art name | |
| Hangul | 난계, 송설당 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Nangye, Songseoldang |
| McCune–Reischauer | N'ank'ye, Songsŏlt'ang |
| Courtesy name | |
| Hangul | 탄보 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Tanbo |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'anp'o |
| Posthumous name | |
| Hangul | 문헌 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Munheon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Munhŏn |
Bak Yeon or Park Yeon (Korean: 박연; 20 August 1378 – 23 March 1458[1]) was a government official, scholar, writer, astronomer and musician in the Early Joseon Dynasty period, who was a teacher of King Sejong and created Armillary sphere Honcheonui, Water clock Borugak Jagyeongnu and sundial Yangbu Ilgu along with Jang Yeong-sil and five basic sounds(Gung, Sang, Gak, Chi, Wu), which corresponds to five consonant groups (Aeum, Seoreum, Suneum, Chieum, Hueum) in Hunminjeongeum.[2][3] He has also adapted court music to the new Confucian philosophy, particularly in the concept of yeak, a Confucian ideology that combines ritual and music.
He made appeals to the king Sejong 450 times for the necessity of organizing the imperfect musical instrument coordination and compiling the sheet music, and correctly measured the notes according to his own 12 notes.[4][5][6][7] And this has reformed the court music in general. Along with Wangsan of Goguryeo and Ureuk of Silla, Bak Yeon is considered one of the three most popular music saints in Korea.[8]
Bak Yeon was born into a family of government officials in 1378 in Yeongdong. When he was 15, his father passed away, so he spent three years at the burial site in mourning for his father. When he was 18, his mother passed away, so he spent another three years at his parents' tomb. Bak Yeon receives a memorial stone of the filial piety from king Taejong in 1402.[9] Soon after his father and mother died, Bak Yeon started playing the piri. And one night he saw an orchid growing between rocks and decided to adopt the penname 'Nangye'. He passed Saengwonsi and first in Mungwa gwageo exams at the age of 28 and 34. He then has successively filled various government posts including Jiphyeonjeon, Saganwon, Saheonbu and Sejasigangwon Munhak, where he met Chungnyeong daegun.
As soon as Sejong ascends the throne in 1418, he appoints Bak Yeon to an agency affiliated with Yejo, which oversees music-related affairs. Bak Yeon organized music into three groups: aak, dangak and hyangak. Domestic production of musical instruments for aak was done under his direction.[10]
Bak Yeon helped Sejong to improve the music. He has contributed greatly to the completion of music from the early Joseon Dynasty by producing musical notes and Pyeongyeong. The Jongmyo jerye, which includes Jeongdaeeop and Botaepyeong was composed by Bak Yeon and is also listed in 'Nangyeyugo(蘭溪遺藁)' in 39 petitions, including the production of musical notes, the correction of the original notes, the claim to revise the axis system and the publication of music.[11] However, in the Sejo Sillok, Jeongdaeeop and Botaepyeong is recorded as king Sejong's work.[12][13]
On 22 August 1443, when Pak Yeon was 60 years old, his position was suddenly changed from Yejo chamui(禮曹參議) to Jungchuwon busa(中樞院副使), which oversees the palace in shifts. Soon after, the king Sejong announces the creation of Hunminjeongeum on 30 December 1443. Some scholars argue Bak Yeon, who is well versed in rhymes such as Yullyeo Sinseo(律呂新書), Hongmu Jeong-un(洪武正韻), fully understands Sasung Chil-eum(四聲七音) and appealed to king Sejong in his first petition of Nangyeyugo(蘭溪遺藁) to correct the custom and sound by teaching people the Samganghaengsil(三綱行實) and Oeumjeongseong(五音正聲), might have taught king Sejong the Korean alphabet Hangul during this period and proclaimed it in the name of king Sejong.[14]
As soon as Bak yeon ascends to Yemun Daejehak in 1453, Gyeyujeongnan Revolts broke out. Bak Gye-woo, the third son of Bak Yeon, a Hall of Worthies scholar, was killed by a group of king Sejo along with other numerous loyalists for leaking Grand Prince Suyang's plan. And Bak Yeon was put into an exile at the age of 80 and died the following year. His descendants were prohibited from taking gwageo exams for 331 years until king Yeongjo awarded him an honorable title of Mun Heon in 1767.
