between Northampton, Western Australia and Kalbarri
Systematics
George 1981
B. ser. Banksia originated in the 1981 arrangement of George, published in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). George grouped the four species into a series on the grounds that they are "remarkably similar especially in floral morphology", giving the series the name B. ser. Crocinae from the Latincrocinus ("rich orange"), in reference to the bright orange inflorescences. He also remarked that "the series is probably derived from the Orthostylis, which can in hingsight be read as an admission of paraphyly.[1]
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Crocinae in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia, which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. Their cladogram included a clade consisting of the members of George's B. ser. Banksia, together with the four members of B. ser. Crocinae:[2]
B. ser. Crocinae was found to be monophyletic, but B. ser. Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to it. To resolve this, Thiele and Ladiges abandoned B. ser. Crocinae, transferring its four taxa into B. ser. Banksia. They then divided B. ser. Banksia, into two subseries, with the species belonging to George's B. ser. Crocinae endind up in B. subser. Cratistylis.[2]
George 1999
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to B. ser. Cyrtostylis, George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his 1981 arrangement, except that B. burdettii and B. victoriae were exchanged in phyletic order.[3]
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different to previous taxonomic arrangements. B. ser. Crocinae is monophyletic or nearly so, occurring in a polytomous clade with B. menziesii; this clade is sister to a clade containing B. sceptrum (Sceptre Banksia) and B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia), and a clade containing Banksia lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia):[4]
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonymB. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser. Crocinae fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but no further details have been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[5]
^George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN978-0-643-06454-6.
^Mast, Austin; Eric H. Jones; Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
