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((Short description|French singer (1930–1997)))
((Infobox musical artist
| name         = Barbara
| image        = Barbara (1965).jpg
| caption      = Barbara in [[Amsterdam]] in 1965
| birth_name   = Monique Andrée Serf
| alias        =
| birth_date   = 9 June 1930
| birth_place  = [[Paris]], France
| death_date   = 24 November 1997 (aged 67)
| death_place  = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], France
| instrument   = Vocals, piano
| genre        = [[Chanson]], [[French pop]]
| occupation   = Singer-songwriter and actress
| years_active = 1958–1996
| label        = [[Universal Music Group]]
))
((refimprove|date=June 2022))
((expand French|Barbara|date=September 2022|section=no|topic=yes))

'''Monique Andrée Serf''' (9 June 1930 – 24 November 1997),<ref>((cite news |last1=Riding |first1=Alan |title=Barbara, 67, a French Singer Who Wrote Melancholic Songs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/26/arts/barbara-67-a-french-singer-who-wrote-melancholic-songs.html |access-date=30 May 2020 |url-access=subscription  |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 November 1997))</ref> known as '''Barbara''', was a French singer. She took her stage name from her grandmother, Varvara Brodsky, a native of [[Odesa]], [[Ukraine]]. Barbara became a famous [[Cabaret|cabaretière]] in the late 1950s in Paris, known as ((lang|fr|La Chanteuse de minuit)) ('the midnight singer'), before she started composing her own tracks, which brought her to fame. Her most famous songs include "Dis, quand reviendras-tu ?" (1962), "Ma plus belle histoire d'amour" (1966) and "L'Aigle noir" (1970), the latter of which sold over 1 million copies in just twelve hours.<ref name= "Lebrecht"/>

==Childhood==
Born on Rue Brochant in Paris to a Jewish family, Barbara lived in northwestern Paris as a child. She then lived in [[Roanne]] from 1938 and [[Tarbes]] from 1941. Barbara was 13 years old when she had to go into hiding during the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]] of France in World War II. Her family was hidden by the family of conductor [[Jean-Paul Penin]] from 1943 to 1945, first in [[Préaux, Indre|Préaux]] and then in [[Saint-Marcellin, Isère|Saint-Marcellin]].

After the war ended, Barbara's family came back to Paris in 1946, on Rue Vitruve in the [[20th arrondissement of Paris|20th arrondissement]]. Her childhood dream was to become a pianist, but a problem with her hand made such a career impossible. To console her, her parents agreed to pay for singing lessons. A neighbourhood music professor, who heard her sing, took an interest in helping her develop her talents. She was given vocal lessons and taught to minimally play the piano; eventually she enrolled at the École Supérieure de Musique in 1947. Money was a problem and she gave up her musical studies in 1948. She was first recruited at the [[Théâtre Mogador]], before a stint in Belgium, where she performed under the stage name Barbara Brodi. Late 1951, she returned to Paris to audition at La Fontaine des Quatre Saisons, a popular [[cabaret]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. However, as she failed to become a permanent cast member, she returned to Brussels. In 1955, she returned to Paris; with more luck, she began to sing at various cabarets throughout the capital, with a growing audience.

She was deeply scarred by the war and her family's plight. The feelings of emptiness experienced during childhood showed in her songs, particularly "Mon Enfance". She said in her uncompleted autobiography, ((lang|fr|Il était un piano noir)) (assembled from notes found after her death), that her father sexually abused her when she was 10 and she hated him for that. He later abandoned the family.

==Musical development==
[[File:French singer Barbara by Reginald Gray.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[The New York Times]]'' portrait of Barbara by [[Reginald Gray (artist)|Reginald Gray]]]]
A tall person, Barbara dressed in black as she sang melancholy songs of lost love. From 1950 to 1951, after her father's desertion of her family, she lived in Brussels, where she became part of an active artistic community, before visiting [[Charleroi]], where she befriended many artists. Her painter and writer friends took over an old house, converting it into workshops and a concert hall with a piano where she performed the songs of [[Édith Piaf]], [[Juliette Gréco]] and [[Germaine Montero]]. However, her career evolved slowly and she struggled constantly to eke out a living.

Returning to Paris, she met [[Jacques Brel]] and became a lifelong friend, singing many of his songs. Later she met [[Georges Brassens]], whose songs she began to use in her act and to record on her first album. In the 1950s, she sang at some of the smaller clubs and began building a fan base, particularly with the young students from the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]]. In 1957, she went back to Brussels to record her first single, but it was not until 1961 that she got a real break when she sang at the [[Bobino]] Music-Hall in [[Montparnasse]]. Dressed in a long black robe, she gave a haunting performance, but the Parisian critics said she lacked naturalness and was stiff and formal in her presentation. She continued to perform at small clubs, and two years later at the [[Théâtre des Capucines]] she succeeded with the audience and critics alike, singing new material she had written herself. From that point on, her career blossomed and she signed a major recording contract in 1964 with [[Philips Records]].

==Musical influences==
Influenced originally by songwriters [[Mireille Hartuch|Mireille]] and [[Pierre MacOrlan]], she developed her own style and the writing of her own songs transformed her image into that of a unique singer-songwriter. In the 1960s, she wrote her landmark song, "''Ma plus belle histoire d'amour c'est vous"'' ("My Most Beautiful Love Story Is You"), and others for which she remains famous such as "''L'aigle noir''", "''Nantes''", "''La solitude''", "''Göttingen''" and "''Une petite cantate''." These five songs plus "''Dis, quand reviendras-tu''?" were translated into German by Belgian-German singer-songwriter Didier Caesar. The song "Göttingen" (named after the German city of [[Göttingen]]) is said to have contributed more to post-war German–French reconciliation than any speech by a politician.<ref name="Goettingen ">((cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21126353 | title=Goettingen: The song that made history | work=[[BBC News]] magazine | author= Evans, Stephen|date=22 January 2013 | access-date=3 May 2020))</ref> On the 40th anniversary of the Elysée agreement, ex-chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] quoted from the song in his official speech in the Château de Versailles.<ref name= "Lebrecht">''The Inner Voice of France'', [[BBC Radio 3]], December 2011, presented by [[Norman Lebrecht]]</ref>

==Middle years==
She returned to Bobino in 1964 for several sold-out performances. She performed at the [[Paris Olympia]] and other important venues in France, becoming one of her country's most beloved stars. In 1964, she released the album ''Barbara chante Barbara'', which became a critical and financial success, winning in 1965 the [[L'Académie Charles Cros|Grand Prix du Disque]] of the Charles Cros Academy. At the award ceremony, Barbara tore her award into several pieces, giving a piece to each of her technicians as a sign of her gratitude.

==Acting career==
In 1969, Moustaki wrote the theme song "Moi, je me balance" for the film ''La fiancée du pirate'' that Barbara sings. She announced that she would limit her concert singing, and in 1970 she made her acting début in the stage play ''Madame'' that proved to be a commercial flop. In 1971 she co-starred with Jacques Brel in a film he directed titled ''[[Franz (film)|Franz]]''. Two years later she starred in ''[[L'Oiseau rare]]'' directed by [[Jean-Claude Brialy]]. Her final film role came in 1975 in ''[[Je suis né à Venise]]'' by choreographer [[Maurice Béjart]]. ((Citation needed|date=May 2012))

[[File:Allee Barbara.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Alley|Allée]]'' Barbara in Paris]]

==Later years and death==
In the 1970s Barbara made appearances on television variety shows with stars such as [[Johnny Hallyday]] and a tour of Japan, Canada, Belgium, Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Through the 1980s, she continued to tour and to write songs; her album ''[[Seule]]'' was one of France's top grossing releases of 1981. The next year she was awarded the [[L'Académie Charles Cros|Grand Prix du Disque]] in recognition of her contribution to [[French culture]]. She developed a close working relationship with rising film star [[Gérard Depardieu]] and his wife Élisabeth, collaborating on songs for film and records. In 1986 she went to New York City to perform on piano at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] with [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]] in a song and dance ballet presentation. She co-wrote the music for the stage play ''Lily Passion'' with [[Luc Plamondon]], in which she co-starred with Depardieu. It told the story of a killer who murders someone each time he hears her sing.

In the latter part of the 1980s she became active in the fight against [[AIDS]]. She recorded ''SID'Amour à mort'' and gave out [[condom]]s at performances. In 1988 the government of France awarded her the [[Legion of Honour]]. Health problems impeded her performing and she began to devote time to the writing of her memoirs. However, she recorded another successful album in 1996—which sold over a million copies in twelve hours—before she died of respiratory problems in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] (a suburb of Paris), on 24 November 1997. She was interred in the family grave at the [[Cimetière de Bagneux]] in southwest Paris.

The [[Paris Métro]] station [[Barbara (Paris Métro)|''Barbara'']], named in her honour and situated near her gravesite, was opened 13 January 2022, on a southern extension of [[Paris Métro Line 4|Line 4]].

[[File:Plaque Ici Vécu Barbara 50 Rue Vitruve - Paris XX (FR75) - 2021-05-27 - 1.jpg|thumb|Commemorative plaque, 50 Rue Vitruve, Paris]]

==Personal life==
In October 1953 she married Claude John Luc Sluys, a Belgian law student, but they separated in 1956. She wrote many very personal songs, including "Nantes" about her father and "Une petite cantate", which was dedicated to her friend ((ill|Liliane Benelli|fr)), who had died in a car accident earlier in 1965. Later in life, she wrote a song to her public – "Ma plus belle histoire d'amour" – and another about her musicians – "Mes hommes".

==Musical legacy==
Barbara's musical legacy is revealed in the writing of a number of singers, French-speaking and otherwise. A style referred to as "[[Nouvelle Chanson]]",<ref>(((cite web|url=http://www.signandsight.com/features/1557.html|title=Interview with Benjamin Biolay|access-date=25 November 2008)))</ref> or "New Chanson", artists such as [[Keren Ann]], [[Benjamin Biolay]], [[Coralie Clement]], [[Emilie Simon]], [[Daphné (singer)|Daphné]], [[Vincent Delerm]] and [[Tancrède (French singer)|Tancrède]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tancrede.com/presse.php|title=Tancrède, album critics by ''Le Monde''|access-date=11 October 2012|language=fr))</ref> are often cited as exponents of the updated style. One of the few English-speaking artists to cover her work is [[Marc Almond]], whose version of "''Amours Incestueuses''" (''"Incestuous Loves''") was released on his 1996 album ''"[[Absinthe (Marc Almond album)|Absinthe]]"''. The Anglo-French biographer [[David Bret]], a close friend of Barbara, wrote at her behest "Les Hommes Bafoués", a song about AIDS prejudice. Bret also adapted three of her songs, "Ma Plus Belle Histoire D'Amour", "La Solitude", and "Précy Jardin" into English for Barbara. These were taped in 1992, but so far have never been released. In 1971 the Spanish singer [[Maria del Mar Bonet]] recorded a cover of L'Aigle Noir in Catalan which was a success in Spanish-language countries. L'Aigle Noir has also been adapted and sung in Spanish, and Swedish ([[Rikard Wolff]]), and many times in Japanese, also with great success.

Well-known contemporary artists such as New York-based [[Martha Wainwright]] and Spanish singer-songwriter [[Conchita (musician)|Conchita Mendivil]] (who both recently reprised "Dis, Quand Reviendras-tu?",<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.maplemusic.com/artists/mwa/disc.asp|title=Martha Wainwright Discography|website=Maple Music|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=5 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305232547/http://www.maplemusic.com/artists/mwa/disc.asp|url-status=dead))</ref>), and London-based singer-songwriter [[Ana Silvera]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/music/event/119294/Ana-Silvera.html |title=Time Out London Review |access-date=25 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111421/http://www.timeout.com/london/music/event/119294/Ana-Silvera.html |archive-date=6 March 2009 ))</ref> have reprised songs sung by Barbara.

==Discography==
((Expand section|albums and singles as this list is just selective and she has more releases|date=March 2012))

==Albums==
*1959: ''Barbara à l'Écluse''
*1960: ''Barbara chante Brassens''
*1961: ''Barbara chante Jacques Brel''
*1964: ''Dis, quand reviendras-tu?''
*1964: ''Barbara chante Barbara''
*1965: ''Barbara (N°2)''
*1967: ''Barbara Singt Barbara''
*1967: ''Barbara'' (''Ma plus belle histoire d'amour)''
*1967: ''Bobino 1967''
*1968: ''Le Soleil noir''
*1969: ''Une soirée avec Barbara''
*1970: ''Madame''
*1970: ''L'aigle noir''
*1972: ''La fleur d'amour''
*1972: ''Amours incestueuses''
*1973: ''La Louve''
*1974: ''Enregistrement public au Théâtre Des Variétés''
*1978: ''Enregistrement public à L'Olympia (Les insomnies)''
*1981: ''Seule''
*1981: ''Récital "Pantin 81"''
*1986: ''Lily Passion'' (with [[Gérard Depardieu]])
*1987: ''Châtelet 87''
*1994: ''Châtelet 93''
*1996: ''Barbara''

===Singles===
*"L'Aigle noir"
*"[[Göttingen (song)|Göttingen]]"
*"Mon enfance"

==Filmography==
*1955: ''Le Toubib, médecin du gang''<ref>((cite book|author= Wodrascka, Alain|title=Barbara: parfums de femme en noir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPsTAQAAIAAJ|date=27 September 2007|publisher=Carpentier|page=300|isbn=9782841675104))</ref>
*1971: ''[[Franz (film)|Franz]]''((fact|date=November 2019)) 
*1973: ''L'Oiseau rare'' as singer Alexandra Blitz-Balfour((fact|date=November 2019))  
*1975: ''Je suis né à Venise'' by [[Maurice Béjart]]((fact|date=November 2019))

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
* ''Adapted from the article [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165108/http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.phtml?title=Monique_Serf Monique Serf], from [[Wikinfo]], licensed under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]].''

==External links==
((Commons category|Barbara (singer)))
((Wikiquote))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120620/http://barbara-perlimpinpin.com/ Association Barbara Perlimpinpin]
*[http://www.mcgee.de/disco/index3.html Discography, with  links to lyrics]
*[https://eklecticulture.wordpress.com/2018/04/20/barbara-frances-best-kept-secret/ Barbara: France's Best Kept Secret]

((Use dmy dates|date=October 2019))
((Authority control))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Barbara))
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century French women singers]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux]]
[[Category:French women pop singers|Barbara]]
[[Category:French people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish women singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Singers from Paris]]
[[Category:20th-century French Jews]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]]
[[Category:Cabaret singers]]
[[Category:French women songwriters]]
[[Category:French songwriters]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in France]]

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