This article uses bare URLs, which may be threatened by link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation). (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Part of a series on
Islam
Allah3.svg
Beliefs
Practices
History
Culture and society
Related topics
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
Part of a series on Islam
Sunni Islam
Ahlul Sunnah.png
Beliefs
Five Pillars
Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Sunni schools of law

Others

Sunni schools of divinity

In terms of Ihsan

Contemporary movements
Holy sites
Lists
 Islam portal
Part of a series on
Barelvi movement
Ideology and influences
Founders and key figures
History/Movement
Notable Scholars
Past

Present
Institutions
India

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Bangladesh
Notable works
Notable Organisations
 Islam portal

Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat[1][2][3][4] or Sunni Barelvi (Urdu: بَریلوِی, Barēlwī, Urdu pronunciation: [bəreːlʋi]) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi[5] school of jurisprudence, with strong Sufi influences and with over 200 million followers in South Asia and in parts of Europe, America and Africa.[6][7][8] It is a broad Sufi-oriented movement that encompasses a variety of Sufi orders, including the Chistis, Qadiris, Soharwardis and Naqshbandis.[9]

The movement drew inspiration from the Sunni Sufi doctrines of Shah Abdur Rahim (1644-1719) founder of Madrasah-i Rahimiyah and father of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddith Dehlavi (1746 –1824) and Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861) founder of the Khairabad School.[10] It emphasizes personal devotion to God and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, adherence to Sharia, and Sufi practices such as veneration of saints.[11][12] They are called Sunni Sufis[13] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921) who was a Sunni Sufi scholar and reformer in north India wrote extensively in defense of Muhammad and popular Sufi practices and became the leader of a movement called "Ahl-i Sunnat wa Jamàat".[14][15][16]

Etymology

According to Oxford Reference, Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah or Barelvi is movement developed on the basis of writings of Mawlana Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi.[17] The Database of Religious History refers the movement as the Ahl-e-Sunnat wa Jamaat (often, Ahl-e-Sunnat) which has a strong presence in South Asia.[18]

Professor Usha Sanyal, an expert on 'Ahl-i Sunnat Movement', referred the movement as Ahl-i Sunnat. She wrote that the movement refer to themselves as 'Sunnis' in their literature and prefer to be known by the title of Ahle Sunnat wa Jama'at a reference to their perception as forming an international majority movement, although Barelvi is the term used by section of media.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

Main leaders of Ahle Sunnat movement Imam Ahmad Raza Khan and other scholars never used the term 'Barelvi' to identify themselves or their movement;[13] they saw themselves as Sunni Muslims defending traditional Sunni beliefs from deviations.[13] Only later was the term 'Barelvi' used by the section of media and by opposition groups [24][25] on the basis of the hometown Bareilly, of its main leader Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri (1856–1921).[20][21][22][23][24]

History

Islamic scholar and teacher of Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri, Maulana Naqi Ali Khan (1830-1880) had refuted the ideas of Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi (d. 1831), who was a founder of Wahabism in India.[26] Naqi Ali Khan declared Sayyid Ahmad Rae Barelwi, a 'Wahabi' due to his support for Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's ideology. In his writings, Naqi 'Ali defended Muhammad against what he considered the belittling of his powers by Sayyid Ahmad Rae Barelwi and his associate Shah Isma'il Dihlawi.[27] Similarly, founder of Khairabad school, Allama Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi in 1825 in his book 'Tahqîqul-Fatâwâ' and Allama Fazle-Rasûl Badayûnî in his book 'Saiful-Jabbâr' issued Fatwas against the founders of Ahle Hadith and Deobandi sect [28][29] This refutation of traditional scholars against newly emerging Wahabi sect influenced Sunni scholars such as Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri and paved the way for more organised movement which later came to be known as Ahle-Sunnat movement in South Asia. The movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support.[30]

The Ahl-i Sunnat or Sunni Barelwi movement began in the 1880s under the leadership of Ahmad Raza Khan (1856-1921),[16] who spent his lifetime writing fatwas (judicial opinion) and later established Islamic schools in 1904 with the Manzar-e-Islam in the Bareilly and other madrasas in Pilibhit and Lahore cities.[31][27][32][33][34][35][36][37] The Barelvi movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support.[30]

The movement views themselves as Sunni or Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat [16] and according to it main leaders of the movement including Imam Ahmad Riza Khan, did not invent new sect but defended traditional Sunni Islam. According to Ahle Sunnat scholars, Deobandis have created a news sect.[38] The Sunni madrasas of this movement have rarely, if ever, been involved in extremist politics and militancy.[39]

Propagation against Shuddhi (Arya Samaj conversion) Movement

Hindu Arya Samaj, through its founder Swami Dayanand Saraswati[40] initiated converting Muslims in to Hinduism specially in North India, and Punjab in early 1900s. They became active in Bharatpur State and among the neo-Muslim Malkanas, in Etawah, Kanpur, Shahajahnpur, Hardoi, Meerut and Mainpuri in the western United Provinces, exhorting them to return to what they called their 'ancestral religion'. As a result, the movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace [41] To counter this movement Indian Muslims started Islamic Dawa work among the Muslim population and challenged the Arya Samaj leaders for debates. Mufti Naeemuddin Moradabadi, Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri and Hamid Raza Khan along with a team of Ahle Sunnat scholars through Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa worked in north Indian towns and villages against the Shuddhi movement.[42][43] [44] The Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa prevented around four hundred thousand conversions to Hinduism in eastern U.P and Rajasthan during its activities under anti-Shuddhi movement.[45] In 1917, Islamic scholar Mufti Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi organized the historical Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa conference at Jamia Naeemia Moradabad U.P, with a mission to curb, and if possible reverse, the tide of re-conversions threatening the Muslim community in the wake of the Shuddhi movement.[46][47]

Shaheed Ganj Mosque Movement

Shaheed Ganj Mosque was commissioned in 1722 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Alamgir II and built by Abdullah Khan. The construction was completed in 1753. It was located in Naulakha Bazaar area of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.[48] In 1762, the Bhangi misl Sikh army conquered Lahore and occupied the mosque. The Muslims were not allowed to enter and pray, although Sikhs were given the right to pray. The Sikhs built a gurdwara in the courtyard while the Mosque building was used as a residence for the Sikh priest.[49] On 17 April 1850, a case was in Punjab High Court. Several suits were filed between 1853 and 1883 to recover the Shaheed Ganj Mosque, but courts maintained the status quo.[50] On 29 June 1935, the Sikhs announced that they would demolish the Shaheed Ganj Mosque. Several thousand Muslims assembled in front of the mosque to protect it. But, on the night of 7 July 1935 the Sikhs demolished the mosque, leading to riots and disorder in Lahore. Ahle Sunnat scholar and Sufi Peer Jamaat Ali Shah of Sialkot, Pakistan, led the Shaheed Ganj Mosque movement.[51][52] Muslims held a public meeting on 19–20 July 1935 at the Badshahi mosque, and marched directly on the Shaheedganj mosque. Police opened fire on the crowd to kill more than a dozen.[53][54]

Peer Jamaat Ali Shah presided over the first session of the Conference to organize protests against the demolition. He was appointed the Chief of the protests. "Shaheedganj Day" was observed on 20 September 1935 under his leadership. His appointment as leader of this movement garnered support from other Sunni scholars. Fazal Shah of Jalalpur and Ghulam Mohiuddin of Golra Sharif, Zainulabedin Shah of the Gilani family from Multan and Anjuman Hizb-ul-Ahnaf from Lahore offered support to Shah's leadership. This consensus created a religious and political base which reduced urban-rural differences. The struggle continued for several years.[55][56]

All India Sunni Conference

Ahle Sunnat established in 1925 a body of Islamic scholars and Sufis named All India Sunni Conference, in the wake of Congress led secular Indian nationalism, changing geo-political situation of India. Islamic scholars and popular leaders Jamaat Ali Shah, Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi, Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri, Amjad Ali Aazmi, Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni , Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi and Pir Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah were the main leaders.[57][58] In 1925, its first Conference was attended by three hundred Ulema and Mashaikh. AISC focus was on Unity, brotherhood, preaching and protection of Islamic faith with a stress on need for acquiring modern education for Muslims.[59][57] The Second Conference was held in Badaun U.P in October 1935 under the Presidency of Jamaat Ali Shah.It discussed Shaheed Ganj Mosque Movement. and openly opposed Ibn Saud's policies in Arabia, the Conference demanded to respect the Holy and sacred places of the Muslims.[59][57] The third Conference held on 27–30 April 1946 at Benaras discussed the disturbed condition of the country and possible solution for the Muslims in the wake of demand for Pakistan.[59][57][60]

Several Sufi Barelvi scholars supported the All-India Muslim League and Pakistan's demand claiming that Congress aimed at establishing Hindu state and arguing, that Muslims need to have their own country.[61] Few Barelvi scholars opposed the partition of India and the League's demand to be seen as the only representative of Indian Muslims.[62]

Main roles played by Ahle Sunnat movement scholars and leaders:

Name Years Role
Mujadid Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Muhaddis (1856–1921) Main leader of Ahle Sunnat Movement[disambiguation needed], Hanafi Jurist, Mujadid, Sufi, Reformer and Author of several hundred books and treaties on various branches of Islamic sciences.
Peer Jamaat Ali Shah (1834–1951) Sufi Shaikh and leader of All India Sunni Conference, Pakistan movement and Shaheed Ganj Mosque movement.
Mufti Hamid Raza Khan (1875–1943) Sufi scholar and President of the Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa
Maulana Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi Sadrul Afazil (1887–1948) Founder of All India Sunni Conference) Jamia Naeemia Moradabad
Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Mufti Azam-e- Hind (1892–1981) Grand Mufti of India and did the Dawah work against Shuddhi Movement.
Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970) Main leader of Pakistan movement and All India Sunni Conference.
Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (1909–1970) Theologian, Jurist and Chairman of Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat.
Justice Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari (1918–1998) Justice, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Author, of Tafsir Zia ul Quran (1995) (in five volumes) Zia un Nabi (1995) (a detailed biography of Muhammad in seven volumes)

In the aftermath of the 1948 Partition, they formed an association to represent the movement in Pakistan, called Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP). Like ulema of the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements, Barelvi ulema have advocated application of sharia law across the country.[63]

As a reaction to the anti-Islam film Innocence of Muslims, a conglomerate of forty Barelvi parties called for a boycott of Western goods, while at the same time condemning violence which had taken place in protest against the film.[64]

Beliefs

Like other Sunni Muslims, they base their beliefs on the Quran and Sunnah and believe in monotheism and the prophethood of Muhammad. Although Barelvis may follow any one of the Ashari and Maturidi schools of Islamic theology and one of the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali madhhabs of fiqh in addition to optionally choosing from one of the Sunni Sufi orders or tariqas, most Barelvis in South Asia follow the Maturidi school of Islamic theology, the Hanafi madhhab of fiqh and the Qadiri or Chishti Sufi orders.[65][66]

Positions

Several beliefs and practices differentiate the Barelvi movement from others (particularly Deobandis and Wahhabis including beliefs in the intercession of Muhammad, the knowledge of Muhammad, the "Nur Muhammadiyya" (Light of Muhammad), and whether Muhammad views and witnesses actions of people.[67][68][69][70]

Intercession of Muhammad

All jurists comprising Imami, Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi and Hanbali are unanimous on the permissibly of tawassul whether during the lifetime of Muhammad or after his death.[71][72]

Tawassul is a fundamental belief of all traditional Sunni movements. The belief is that Prophet Muhammad helps in this life and in the afterlife.[70] According to this doctrine, God helps through Muhammad (Tawassul). Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement believe that any ability that Muhammad has to help others is from God, who helps through Muhammad. The help received from Muhammad is therefore considered God's help.[70] Proponents of this belief look to the Quran 4:64 as a proof that God prefers to help through Muhammad. One of the titles of the Prophet is 'shaafi', one who performs intercession. Other spiritual leaders who will act as intermediaries will be prophets, martyrs, huffaz of the Quran, angels and pious people whom God deems fit. Prophet Jesus' intercession for his people on the Day of Judgment is mentioned in the Quran (5:16-18).[73] They also believe that in the afterlife, on the day of judgement, Muhammad will intercede on the behalf of his followers and God will forgive his nation of sins and allow them to enter Jannah (paradise).[70] The belief of Muhammad providing support and help is a common theme within classical Sunni literature. The Quran says, O you who believe! Fear Allah and seek a wasila to him (5:35). Further, the Quran says, We sent not the Messenger, but to be obeyed, in accordance with the will of Allah. If they had only, when they were unjust to themselves, come to the Messenger and asked Allah's forgiveness, and the Messenger had (also) asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah indeed Oft-returning, Most Merciful.(Al-Qur'an, Surah an-Nisa, 4:64)[74]

The belief of Muhammad interceding is found in various hadith as well. A Bedouin of the desert visited the Prophet's tomb and greeted the Prophet, addressing him directly as if he were alive. "Peace upon you, Messenger of God!" Then he said, "I heard the word of God 'If, when they had wronged themselves . . .,' I came to you seeking pardon for my mistakes, longing for your intercession with our Lord!" The Bedouin then recited a poem in praise of the Prophet and departed. The person who witnessed the story says that he fell asleep, and in a dream he saw the Prophet saying to him, "O 'Utbi, rejoin our brother the Bedouin and announce [to] him the good news that God has pardoned him!"[75][76][77]

Syrian Islamic scholars Salih al-Nu'man, Abu Sulayman Suhayl al-Zabibi, and Mustafa ibn Ahmad al-Hasan al-Shatti al-Hanbali al-Athari al-Dimashqi have similarly released Fatwas in support of the practice.[78]

Al-Suyuti in his book History of the Caliphs also reports Caliph Umar's prayer for rain after the death of Muhammad and specifies that on that occasion 'Umar was wearing his mantle (al-burda), a detail confirming his tawassul through Muhammad at that occasion.[79] Sahih al-Bukhari narrates similar situation as:

Whenever there was drought, 'Umar bin Al-Khattab used to ask Allah for rain through Al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, saying, "O Allah! We used to request our Prophet to ask You for rain, and You would give us. Now we request the uncle of our Prophet to ask You for rain, so give us rain." And they would be given rain."

— Sahih al-Bukhari Book 57 Hadith 59

Hadith states that on that day people will be running to and fro looking for an intercessor, until they come to the Prophet Muhammad, who will answer, "I am for intercession". The Lord will then ask him to "...intercede, for your intercession will be heard" (Bukhari). [73]

Sunni Muslims of this movement also commonly say Ya Rasool Allah ('O Messenger of Allah'), addressing Muhammad in the present tense with the belief that he is able to listen. They believe that Muhammad is a Rahmah (mercy) to all creation as mentioned in the Quran 21:107.[70] Muhammad therefore is a means by which God expresses his attribute, Ar-Rahman, to creation.[70]

Light of Muhammad (Nur Muhammadiyya)

A central doctrine of this movement is that Muhammad is both human and (Noor) light.[68] Muhammad's physical birth was preceded by his existence as a light which predates creation. The primordial reality of Muhammad existed before creation, and God created for the sake of Muhammad.[80] Adherents of this doctrine believe that the word Nur (light) in the Quran5:15 refers to Muhammad.

Sahl al-Tustari, the ninth-century Sunni Quran commentator, describes the creation of Muhammad's primordial light in his tafsir.[81] Mansur Al-Hallaj (al-Tustari's student) affirms this doctrine in his book, Ta Sin Al-Siraj:[82][81]

That is, in the beginning when God, Glorified and Exalted is He, created him as a light within a column of light (nūran fī ʿamūd al-nūr), a million years before creation, with the essential characteristics of faith (ṭabāʾiʿ al-īmān), in a witnessing of the unseen within the unseen (mushāhadat al-ghayb bi'l-ghayb). He stood before Him in servanthood (ʿubūdiyya), by the lote tree of the Ultimate Boundary [53:14], this being a tree at which the knowledge of every person reaches its limit.

When there shrouded the lote tree that which shrouded [it]. This means: "that which shrouded" the lote tree (ay mā yaghshā al-shajara) was from the light of Muḥammad as he worshipped. It could be likened to golden moths, which God sets in motion towards Him from the wonders of His secrets. All this is in order to increase him [Muḥammad] in firmness (thabāt) for the influx [of graces] (mawārid) which he received [from above].

According to Stūdīyā Islāmīkā, all Sufi orders are united in the belief in the light of Muhammad.[83]

Prophet views and witnesses (Hazir o Nazir) actions of people

Another central doctrine of this movement is that Prophet Muhammad views and witnesses (Hazir o Nazir) actions of people.[69] The doctrine appears in the works predating this movement, such as Sayyid Uthman Bukhari's (d. ca. 1687) Jawahir al-Quliya (Jewels of the Friends of God), describing how Sufis may experience the presence of Muhammad.[84] Proponents of this doctrine assert that the term Shahid (witness) in the Quran (33:45, 4:41) refers to this ability of Muhammad, and cite hadiths to support it.[85]

This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The Prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.[86]

Hafiz Ibn Kathir says: "You are witness of the oneness of Allah Almighty and that there is no God except Allah. You will bear evidence about the actions and deed of whole mankind on the day of judgment. (Tafseer Ibne Katheer, Vol. 3, Page 497).[86]

Muhammad's Knowledge of the Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib)

A fundamental Sunni Barelvi belief is that Prophet Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen, which is granted him by Allah (ata'e) and is not equal to God's knowledge.[67] This relates to the concept of Ummi as mentioned in the Quran (7:157). This movement does not interpret this word as "unlettered" or "illiterate", but "untaught". Muhammad learns not from humankind, but from Allah; his knowledge is universal, encompassing the seen and unseen realms. This belief predates this movement, and is found in Sunni books such as Rumi's Fihi Ma Fihi:[87]

Mohammed is not called "unlettered" [Ummi] because he was incapable of writing or reading. He is called "unlettered" [Ummi] because with him writing and wisdom were innate, not taught. He who inscribes characters on the face of the moon, is such a man not able to write? And what is there in all the world that he does not know, seeing that all people learn from him? What can the partial intellect know that the Universal Intellect [Muhammad] does not possess?

Allah has sent down to you the Book and Wisdom and has taught to you what you did not know, and great is the grace of Allah upon you" [Sura an-Nisa, verse 113].

Imam Jalal udin Al-Suyuti writes: (Taught to you what you did not know) means that Allah Most High has told the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Ahkam and Unseen.[88]

Qur'an states: This is of the tidings of the Unseen which We inspire in thee (Muhammad). Thou thyself knewest it not, nor did thy folk (know it) before this. Then have patience. Lo! the sequel is for those who ward off (evil).[Surah Hud (11), verse 49] [88]

Qur'an states: Nor will He disclose to you the secrets of the Unseen. "But He chooses of His Apostles [for the purpose].[Sura Aali-Imran, verse 179][89]

Practices

International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore
International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore

Sufi tradition

Dargah Shareef of Khwaza Moinuddin Chishti
Dargah Shareef of Khwaza Moinuddin Chishti

Sufism is a fundamental aspect of this movement. Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi was part of the Qadri tariqa and pledged bay'ah (allegiance) to Sayyid Shah Al ur-Rasul Marehrawi.[101][102] Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi instructed his followers in Sufi beliefs and practices. Traditional Sufi practices, such as devotion to Muhammad and the veneration of walis, remain an integral part of the movement[103][104] (which defended the Sufi status quo in South Asia.[13] They was at the forefront of defending Sufi doctrines such as the celebration of the birth of Prophet Muhammad and tawassul.[13]

The wider Ahle Sunnat Wal jamaat Barelvi movement was sustained and connected through thousands of Sufi Urs festivals at Dargahs/shrines in south Asia, as well as in the Britain and other parts.[105]

Ahmad Raza Khan Qadri and many Sunni scholars countered Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Wahabi hardliners which resulted in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements in many countries of the world.[106]

Presence

India

Stamp of India - 1995- Ala Hazrat Imam Ahle Sunnat
Stamp of India - 1995- Ala Hazrat Imam Ahle Sunnat
Syed Ameen Mian Qaudri
Syed Ameen Mian Qaudri
Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur Taluk, Thrissur District, Kerala
Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur Taluk, Thrissur District, Kerala

It defends a more traditional South Asian version of the faith centered on the practices of Sufi mysticism. India Today estimated that over two-thirds (2/3) of Muslims in India adhere to the Sufi oriented Ahle Sunnat (Barelvi) movement.[107]

Markaz-e-Ahle Sunnah at Dargah Ala Hazrat is one of the main center of Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat movement in south Asia. Millions of people turned to seek guidance in Islamic matters towards this center of Islamic learning. Bareilly city has been heart throb of Sunni Muslims since 1870 when revered Islamic Scholar Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan established Fatwa committee under the guidance of his father Naqi Ali Khan. Later, his son Maulana Hamid Raza Khan and Mufti Azam-e-Hind Mustafa Raza Khan continued Fatwa work.[108]

In mid-' 70s during The Emergency (India), Indian Govt. on the advice of Sanjay Gandhi, son of Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi did try to force vasectomy (Nasbandi). Huge but unconfirmed numbers of young men were forcibly sterilized. Government officials, even school teachers were given orders to induce a predetermined number of males to endure vasectomy or Nasbandi, as it was called. Indian Muslims were finding to difficult to oppose this harsh Govt. action as the time was of emergency and the powers were totally in the hands of Prime Minister. Mufti-e-Azam Mustafa Raza Khan at that time acted without pressure and passed a verdict against Vasectomy that it is Un-Islamic. He published his judicial verdict and circulated it all over the India giving a sigh of relief to Muslims but a tension to Indian Govt. The government unsuccessfully tried to get the Fatwa withdrawn and with in two years the Indira Gandhi lost the Parliamentary elections.[109][110][111] For Islamic missionary activities, Sunni Dawat-e-Islami (SDI) is an important Islamic preaching movement in India. It is working in at least 20 countries around the world. Muhammad Shakir Ali Noori founded it in Mumbai city. It has a large network of (Dawah workers) preachers in India and in other countries. Sunni Dawat-e-Islami has established many modern and religious educational institutions around India and some in other parts of the world.[112][113][114][115]

At present Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Bareilvi, Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri, Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani, Syed Ameen Mian Qaudri of Barkatiya Silsila, Shaikh Aboobacker Ahmad of All India Sunni Jamiatul Ulma and Mufti Mukarram Ahmad of Fatehpuri Masjid Delhi are some of the influential Sunni leaders of India. while Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa, Bareilly, Raza Academy, Mumbai, Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, Kerala and All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board, All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam, Delhi are representative bodies.

The Grand Mufti of India is the senior and influential religious authority of the Islamic Community of India.[116][117][118][119][120] The incumbent is Shafi Sunni scholar Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad,[121] general secretary of All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama,[122][123] who was conferred the title in February 2019 at the Ghareeb Nawaz Peace Conference held at Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi, organised by the All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam.[122][124]

Jamia Nizamia, Hyderabad
Jamia Nizamia, Hyderabad

Samastha Kerala Jamiat-ul-Ulema is leading organisation of south India which was organised in the aftermath of the 1921 Mappila Uprising as a response to the growing Salafi Wahabis movement in Kerala.[125][126][127]

Madarsa Network

Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Azamgarh
Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Azamgarh

Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Azamgarh, Jamia Naeemia Moradabad, Jamia Amjadia Rizvia, Ghosi Al-Jame-atul-Islamia, Mau, Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya, Kerala and Jamia Nizamia, Hyderabad are some of the notable institutions of the movement. Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya or Jamia Markaz operates more than 50 institutions and many sub-centers across the world.[128] [129][130] Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is considered as a main institution of learning in north India with thousands of students across the country. [131] In 2008, the movement through Samastha Kerala Jamiat-ul-Ulema was running over 10,000 Kerala madrasas with around one million students. The Samastha also runs a chain of Arabic Colleges, Malayalam and English medium arts-and-science and technology educational institutions in Kerala and outside Kerala.[132]

Pakistan

Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqui, (JUP) Pakistan (second from right) led an international peace delegation to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (third from left) for an end to the Iran–Iraq War:(New York, 16 June 1988)
Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqui, (JUP) Pakistan (second from right) led an international peace delegation to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (third from left) for an end to the Iran–Iraq War:(New York, 16 June 1988)

Sufism has strong links to South Asia dating back to the eighth and ninth centuries and preaches religious tolerance, encourages spiritual over ritualistic practicing of Islam, and encourages diversity. The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement has originated from South Asian Sufism itself. The religious and political leaders of this movement were followers of Sufism and lead the masses in to revivalist Sunni movement.[133]

The Heritage Foundation, Time and The Washington Post gave assessments that vast majority of Muslims in Pakistan follow Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement.[134][135][136][137] Political scientist Rohan Bedi estimated that 60% of Pakistani Muslims follow this movement.[7] The movement form a majority in the most populous state Punjab, Sindh and Azad Kashmir regions of Pakistan.[138] Dawat e Islami International, Tanzeem ul Madaris Ahle Sunnat, Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, Jamaat Ahle Sunnat, Sunni Ittehad Council and Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat are some of the leading organisations of Pakistani Sunni Muslims. While Jamia Nizamia Ghousia, Jamia Naeemia Lahore and Dar-ul-Madinah Schools are some of the leading seminaries of this movement.

Finality of Prophet-hood movement

Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi (1985)
Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi (1985)

In 1950, scholars of Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement initiated a sub-movement named, 'Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat' the history of which can be traced back to the 1880s when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be a prophet in Islam. This proclamation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was against the tenets of Islam and created a schism in the Muslim community.[139] Therefore, with the aim to protect the belief in the finality of prophethood of Prophet Muhammad based on their concept of Khatam an-Nabiyyin. The movement launched countrywide campaigns and protests to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims.[140] Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi Zafar Ali Khan, Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni, Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi, Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah, Ahmad Saeed Kazmi, Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi, Pir of Manki Sharif Amin ul-Hasanat, Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari, Sardar Ahmad Qadri and Muhammad Hussain Naeemi were the leaders of the movement.[141]

Scholars of various schools of thought under the leadership of Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqui, who was president of Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan initiated a successful campaign against the Ahmadis and compelled the National Assembly to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims. And such a clause was inserted in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan by Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.[142] After meeting the first agenda, Khatme-Nabuwat started the next phase of their campaign – to bar Ahmadis from using the title of Muslim.[143] The then president General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq passed an ordinance in 1984 amending the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) commonly known as Ordinance XX.[144] Sunni leaders Shaikh ul Quran Allama Ghulam Ali Okarvi, Muhammad Shafee Okarvi, Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri, Iftikharul Hasan Shah and Khalid Hasan Shah were the main leaders of this sub-movement.[145]

Madarsa Network in Pakistan

Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Ahl-e-Sunnat ASJ education board is the central organisation to register Ahle Sunnat Barelvi Madarsas.[146][147] The board follows Sunni Barelvi ideology and is opponent of the Wahabi doctrine.[148]

As per Islam online, around 10,000 madrassas are managed by Tanzeem-ul-Madaris Pakistan.[149] Tahzibul Akhbar in its report on the educational services of Religious institutions has estimated that Tanzeem has 3000 institutions in Khyber Pakhtunwa and 1000 in the area of Hazara.[150]

Muhammad Ramzan, in his report on Madarsas has stated that Tanzeem has most has maximum 5584 Madarsas in Punjab state in comparison to others. 'In Lahore 336, Sheikhupura 336, Gujranwala 633, Rawalpindi 387, Faisalabad 675, Sargodha 461, Multan 944, Sahiwal 458, D.G.Khan 605, Bahawalpur 749 madarsa are affiliated with the Tanzeem'. According to Rizwan, 'the Madarsas of Tanzeem are rarely involved in militancy which is maximum in Deobandis. In population, Barelvis or traditional Sunnis outnumber all other sects combined. They are about 53.4% of total population of the province'.[151]

Stand on blasphemy laws

The movement has opposed any change in the Pakistani blasphemy laws. They have always uphold the blasphemy as highest crime and endorsed the strict punishment for blasphemers. Punjab governor Salman Taseer was assassinated on 4 January 2011 by Mumtaz Qadri, a member of the Barelvi group Dawat-e-Islami, due to Taseer's opposition to Pakistan's blasphemy laws.[152][153] Over five hundred scholars supported Qadri and a boycott of Taseer's funeral.[154][137][155][156][157]

Persecution

Funeral Khadim Hussain Rizvi
Funeral Khadim Hussain Rizvi

They have been targeted and killed by radical Deobandi groups in Pakistan such as the TTP, SSP, LeJ, etc.[158] Suicide attacks, vandalism and destruction of sites considered holy to those in the Sunni Barelvi movement have been perpetrated by Deobandi extremist groups. This includes attacks, destruction and vandalism of Sufi Data Darbar in Lahore, Abdullah Shah Ghazi's tomb in Karachi, Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and Rahman Baba's tomb in Peshawar.[158] The murder of various Barelvi leaders have also been committed by Deobandi terrorists.[158] The clerics claim that there is a bias against them by various Pakistani establishments such as the DHA, who tend to appoint Deobandi Imams for mosques in their housing complexes rather than Barelvi ones. Historical landmarks such as Badshahi Masjid also have Deobandi Imams, which is a fact that has been used as evidence by Barelvi clerics for bias against Barelvis in Pakistan.[159][160] The Milade Mustafa Welfare Society has asserted that the Religious Affairs Department of DHA interferes with Human Resources to ensure that Deobandi Imams are selected for mosques in their housing complex.[160]

During the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes between Barelvis and Deobandis over control of Pakistani mosques.[161] The conflict came to a head in May 2001, when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of Sunni Tehreek leader Saleem Qadri.[162] In April 2006 in Karachi, a bomb attack on a Barelvi gathering celebrating Muhammad's birthday killed 57 people, including several Sunni Tehreek leaders.[163][164] Militants believed to be affiliated with the Taliban and Sipah-e-Sahaba attacked Barelvis celebrating Mawlid in Faisalabad and Dera Ismail Khan on 27 February 2010, sparking tensions between the groups.[165]

In 2021, the Pakistani government officially banned the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan and is severely cracking down on Sunni Muslim political voices of the Barelvi movement.[166] Deobandi political parties like Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F), however, are still freely operating and even supported by elements within the Pakistani government.

Bangladesh

The Muslims of Bangladesh have traditionally followed Sufism. A sizeable number of Bangladeshi Muslims follow Ahle Sunnat (Barelvi) movement.[8] A majority of Bangladeshi Muslims perceive Sufis as a source of spiritual wisdom and guidance and their Khanqahs and Dargahs as nerve centers of Muslim society[167] and large number of Bangladeshi Muslims identify themselves with a Sufi order, almost half of whom adhere to the Chishti order that became popular during the Mughal times, although the earliest Sufis in Bengal, such as Shah Jalal, belonged to the Suhrawardiyya order, whose global center is still Maner Sharif in Bihar.[168] During the Sultanate period, Sufis emerged[169] and formed khanqahs and dargahs that served as the nerve center of local communities.[167]

In Bangladesh, Sunni organization Dawat-e-Islami led Jamia-tul-Madina has produced scholars who are serving in various parts of Europe.[170]

World Sunni Movement led by Syed Mohammad Saifur Rahman is one of the main organisation of the movement. Beside Bangladesh, WSM is active in various European and Gulf countries.[171][172][173] Bangladesh Islami Front and its students wing Bangladesh Islami Chattra Sena have worked to protect the faith and belief of Sunni Sufis in the country and took stands against Deobandi Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh and Salafist Khelafat Majlish.[174] Jamia Ahmadiyya Sunnia Kamil Madrasa, Qaderia Tayyabiya Alia Kamil Madrasa Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Madrasa-e-Taiyabiya Adudia Sunnia Rangunia, Chittagong, Madrasa at Tayyabiya Islamia Sunnia Fazil Halishahar, Chittagong and Madrasa-e-Taiyabia Hafizia Kalurghat, Chittagong are some of the notable institutions.

United Kingdom

Madina Mosque (Sheffield)
Madina Mosque (Sheffield)
North Manchester Jamia Mosque
North Manchester Jamia Mosque
Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada
Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada

According to Irfan Al Alawi, 'The Sufism influenced Ahle Sunnat Barelvi in United Kingdom immigrated to Britain earlier than the Deobandis, established the main mosques in Britain. They integrated into UK society and are considered law abiding.'[175] moderate majority,[176] peaceful and pious.[177]

In 2011, the Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement had most of the British mosques.[178] The majority of people in the United Kingdom of Pakistani and Kashmir origin are descended from immigrants from Sunni Barelvi-majority areas.[19]

In Manchester, by 2014, Ahle Sunnat Barelvi was the largest denomination in terms of the number of mosques and population.[179] The majority of Birmingham Muslims are adherent to the Ahle Sunnat barelvi movement.[180] The movement in Pakistan has received funding from their counterparts in the UK, in part as a reaction to rival movements in Pakistan also receiving funding from abroad.[181] According to an editorial in the English-language Pakistani newspaper The Daily Times, many of these mosques have been however usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations.[182]

The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement formed British Muslim Forum (BMF) and the Sufi Muslim Council (SMC) in 2005 and 2006, respectively to represent themselves at the national level.[183] In 2017, the movement had around 538 mosques in the United Kingdom along with their fellow Sufi organisations which are second largest in terms of number.[184] Pir Maroof Shah Qadri has built a number of mosques in Bradford.[185]

Allama Arshadul Qaudri along with Peer Maroof Qadri established World Islamic Mission (WIM) in 1973 at Makkah and became the leader of WIM in England. He worked in the United Kingdom to strengthen the movement of Ahle Sunna wal Jam'aat. Qadri through this movement shaped spirituality based Islam in Europe.[186] Sufi Abdullah a Sunni Sufi scholar, also established a strong Ahle Sunnat foundation in the Bradford.[185]

Allama Qamaruzzaman Azmi who is present General Secretary of World Islamic Mission worked for five decades in several parts of Europe and U.K to establish several mosques and institutions with his support and supervision.[187][188] In Bradford, Azmi help established Islamic Missionary College (IMC) Bradford. In Manchester he established, North Manchester Jamia Mosque and in Birmingham, Ghamkol Shariff Masjid. His continuous Dawah work helped Southerland Mosque become of Sunni Barelvi.[189]

International Sunni organization Dawat-e-Islami has at least 38 Centers in the United Kingdom.[190][191][192]

Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada, a leading scholar of Islam and commentator of Quran, has established Darul Uloom Jamia Al-Karam in 1985, an Islamic institute which has produced over 400 British Islamic scholars.[193] He is also president of Muslim Charity and British Muslim Forum.[194][195]

South Africa

Grey Street Masjid (Grey & Queen Street) Durban, South Africa
Grey Street Masjid (Grey & Queen Street) Durban, South Africa
Juma Masjid, Port Louis
Juma Masjid, Port Louis

The Ahle Sunnat movement has presence in various cities and town of South Africa where they have build network of Madarsas and Mosques. In South Africa debate with Tablighi Jama'at was called as Sunni-Tablighi controversy. The movement is represented by Sunni Jamiatul Ulema (SJU) which was founded in 1979.[196] It was established to address the various social, welfare, educational and spiritual needs of the community and to preserve and to promote the teachings of the Ahle Sunnah wal Jamaah.[197] The Imam Ahmed Raza Academy is one of the publishing house which publishes books authored by various Ahle Sunnat authors. The academy was established in 1986 (1406 A.H.) by Sheikh Abdul Hadi Al-Qaadiri Barakaati, a graduate of Darul Uloom Manzar-e-Islam, Bareilly Shareef, India.[198][199]

Darul Uloom Aleemiyah Razvia was established in 1983 and on 12 January '1990, Mufti Muhammad Akbar Hazarvi established Darul Uloom Pretoria [200] Darul Uloom Qadaria Ghareeb Nawaz (New Castle) is one of the leading Madarsa of the mission which was founded in 1997 at Lady smith by Maulana Syed Muhammad Aleemuddin.[201] Jamia Imam Ahmed Raza Ahsanul Barkaat was established in 2007. All these institutions have focused more on defending Sufi beliefs from Deobandis. Debates and Munazaras are common features of these institutions[202][199] In Durban, Sunnis Barelvis run Durban's largest mosque, the Juma Mosque which is also known as Grey Street mosque.[203] The Sunni Barelvi community celebrates Mawlid un Nabi and observes anniversaries of Sufis in association with various Sufi orders.[204]

In Mauritius, the Ahl-e Sunnat or Sunni (Barelvi) [205] forms majority population.[206] Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi established the movement in Mauritius. World Islamic Mission (WIM), Halqa-e-Qadria Ishaat-e-Islam and Sunni Razvi Society founded by Muhammad Ibrahim Siddiqui in 1967 and Jummah Mosque (Mauritius) (1852) at Port Louis are some of the notable centers of the movement.[206][207]

Europe, United States and Canada

In United States and Canada, the movement has found a strong following among Muslims of South Asian and in some cities it has significant presence. Two notable madrasas are Al-Noor Masjid in Houstn, Texas and Dar al-Ulum Azizia, in Dallas.[208][209] The Sunni missionary organization Dawat-e-Islami (D.I) established twelve centers in Greece and seven in Spain which are being used as mosque and madrasas.[210] In Athens, D.I has established four centers.[211]

Relations with other movements

The relations of Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement with Sunni Sufi scholars of various countries have been cordial. The only exceptions with whom Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement has no relations are Wahabis/Deobandis. Wahabis/Deobandis were declared out of Ahle Sunnah Wal Jama'ah by 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny.[212]

2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny

The scholars following Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat from India and Pakistan namely Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad, Grand Mufti of India, Shaikh Anwar Ahmad al- Baghdadi and Mufti Muḥammad Muneeb-ur-Rehman, Grand Mufti of Pakistan, participated in International conference on Sunni Islam in Chechen Republic at Grozny in 2016.[212] The conference was convened to define the term "Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah", i.e. who are "the people of Sunnah and majority Muslim community", and to oppose Salafi/Wahabi groups and their ideology. It was attended by 200 notable Muslim scholars from 30 countries which includes Ahmed el-Tayeb (Grand Imam of Al-Azhar), Shawki Allam (Grand Mufti of Egypt), Ali Gomaa (former Grand Mufti of Egypt), Habib Ali al-Jifri among others. It identified Salafism/Wahhabism as a dangerous and misguided sect, along with the extremist groups, such as ISIS, Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Muslim Brotherhood and others.[213][214] The conference definition stated:

"Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah are the Ash'arites and Maturidis (adherents of the theological systems of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi and Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari). In matters of belief, they are followers of any of the four schools of thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i or Hanbali) and are also the followers of the Sufism of Imam Junaid al-Baghdadi in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."[215]

This definition was in accordance with the ideology of Ahle Sunnat Barelvi movement. The relations with Deobandi and Wahabism have been strained; Scholars of Ahle Sunnat declared Deoband's founders and Ahl-e-Hadith scholars as "Gustakh-e-Rasool" (the one who blasphemes against the Prophet) and infidels and apostates due to their certain writings found to be against Prophet of Islam.[216]

[217]

Opposition to terrorism

Anti Terror Sunni Conference by All India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Islam
Anti Terror Sunni Conference by All India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Islam

They opposes South Asian Deobandi Taliban movements, organizing rallies and protests in India and Pakistan and condemning what they view as unjustified sectarian violence.[218] The Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC), an alliance of eight Sunni organizations, launched the Save Pakistan Movement to slow Talibanisation. Calling the Taliban a product of global anti-Islamic conspiracies, SIC leaders accused the Taliban of playing into the hands of the United States to divide Muslims and degrade Islam.[219] Supporting this movement, Pakistani Minister of Foreign Affairs Shah Mehmood Qureshi said: "The Sunni Tehreek has decided to activate itself against Talibanisation in the country. A national consensus against terrorism is emerging across the country."[220] In 2009, Islamic scholar Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi issued a fatwa denouncing suicide bombings[221] and criticized Taliban leader Sufi Muhammad by saying that he "should wear bangles if he is hiding like a woman". Naeemi added, "Those who commit suicide attacks for attaining paradise will go to hell, as they kill many innocent people", and was later killed by a suicide bomber.[222] In India, the Sunni Barelvi community has issued of a fatwa against terrorism, with concerns expressed over activities of Wahabis in New Delhi at All India Sunni Conference in Feb 2016.[223]

Notable scholars

Notable organizations

In Pakistan, prominent Sunni Barelvi religious and political organizations include:

In India

In United Kingdom

In Bangladesh

In South Africa

In Iraq

Main institutions

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

United Kingdom

Republic of Ireland

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hassankhan, Maurits S.; Vahed, Goolam; Roopnarine, Lomarsh (10 November 2016). Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-98686-1.
  2. ^ Sanyal, Usha (1 December 2012). Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-78074-189-5.
  3. ^ Moj, Muhammad (1 March 2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-78308-446-3.
  4. ^ Sumbal, Saadia (29 July 2021). Islam and Religious Change in Pakistan: Sufis and Ulema in 20th Century South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-41504-9.
  5. ^ "केरल में मुस्लिम 'कट्टरता', अरब का असर?". 4 January 2017.
  6. ^ "Barelvi - Oxford Reference". oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  7. ^ a b Bedi, Rohan (April 2006), Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? (PDF), Singapore: International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013
  8. ^ a b "Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa | Jaipur News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  9. ^ "Sufi Orders". Pew Research Center. 15 September 2010.
  10. ^ Introduction of Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at (Sawad E Azam Ahl E Sunnat Wal Jama'at Aqaed W Mamulat) by Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi, published by Darul Qalam, Delhi 2014
  11. ^ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
  12. ^ a b Netton, Ian (19 December 2013). Encyclopedia of islam. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9780813543451.
  13. ^ a b c d e Elizabeth Sirriyeh (9 January 2014), Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World, RoutledgeCurzon, p. 49, ISBN 9781136812767
  14. ^ Sanyal, Usha (30 April 2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". In Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.). Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer Netherlands. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 9789402412673 – via Springer Link.
  15. ^ Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6.
  16. ^ a b c "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". Oxford Reference.
  17. ^ Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101?rskey=Ih6KLH&result=3
  18. ^ "The Database of Religious History". religiondatabase.org.
  19. ^ a b C. T. R. Hewer; Allan Anderson (2006). Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-334-04032-3.
  20. ^ a b Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World, pg. 113. Marshall Cavendish, 2011. ISBN 9780761479291
  21. ^ a b Globalisation, Religion & Development, pg. 53. Eds. Farhang Morady and İsmail Şiriner. London: International Journal of Politics and Economics, 2011.
  22. ^ a b Elizabeth Sirriyeh, Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World, pg. 49. London: Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-7007-1058-2.
  23. ^ a b Rowena Robinson, Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India, pg. 191. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. ISBN 0761934081
  24. ^ a b c Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.
  25. ^ http://sunnirazvi.net/topics/sunnis.htm[bare URL]
  26. ^ "The Wahhabi Movement in India". Routledge & CRC Press.
  27. ^ a b Sanyal, Usha (2008). "Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur". In Malik, Jamal (ed.). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror?. Routledge. pp. 23–44. ISBN 9780415442473.
  28. ^ Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, Blackwell Publishing, 99 (3): 484, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x
  29. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ a b Riaz 2008, p. 91.
  31. ^ Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies. Taylor & Francis. 10 November 2016. ISBN 9781351986878.
  32. ^ Riaz 2008, p. 123: "...were advanced by Imam Ahmad Reza Khan of Bareilly in 1906 as the original form of Islam and as the alternative to the austere path of the Deobandis."
  33. ^ Barbara Daly Metcalf, Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900, pg. 312. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780195660494
  34. ^ Roshen Dalal, The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, pg. 51. Revised edition. City of Westminster: Penguin Books, 2010. ISBN 9780143415176
  35. ^ Barbara D. Metcalf, Islam in South Asia in Practice, pg. 342. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  36. ^ Roy & Sfeir 2007, p. 92 "...as distinct from the reformist construction of Deoband."
  37. ^ Gregory C. Doxlowski. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct–Dec 1999.
  38. ^ A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia
    A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia
    Jackson, W. Kesler.Syracuse University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3597234.
  39. ^ The National Bureau Of Asian Research Nbr Project Report | April 2009 Islamic Education In Bangladesh And Pakistan Trends In Tertiary Institutions By Mumtaz Ahmad And Matthew J. Nelson. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf
  40. ^ Dayanand and the Shuddhi Movement Indian Political Tradition, by D.K Mohanty. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-261-2033-9. Page 116.
  41. ^ untouchable assertion The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India, by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-44366-0. Page 157.
  42. ^ Ridgeon, L. (2015). Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 9781472532237. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  43. ^ Hasan, M.; Jamia Millia Islamia (India). Dept. of History (1985). Communal and pan-Islamic trends in colonial India. Manohar. ISBN 9780836416206. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  44. ^ The Fundamentalism Project, by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.ISBN 0226508781. Page 564.
  45. ^ Jackson, William Kesler, "A Subcontinent's Sunni Schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi Rivalry and the Creation of Modern South Asia" (2013). History - Dissertations.page 188 & 189. https://surface.syr.edu/hst_etd/102
  46. ^ Jackson, William Kesler (2013), page 188 & 189
  47. ^ "tareekh jamat raza e mustafa".
  48. ^ Journal of Sikh Studies. Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1975.
  49. ^ Ahmed, Hilal (3 June 2015). Muslim Political Discourse in Postcolonial India: Monuments, Memory, Contestation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-55954-2.
  50. ^ "Shahidganj Mosque Issue and the Muslims Response: 1935-1936" (PDF).
  51. ^ The Religious And Reformative Services Of Renowned Sufis Of Silsila-E-Naqshbandia Mujadidia (1841-2000) Hussain, Mehrban (2008) PhD thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi
  52. ^ "Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan". google.co.in. 2001.
  53. ^ "Shaheed Gunj Mosque Incident | The Shahidganj mosque, located in Landa bazaar outside Delhi gate at Lahore". 1 January 2007.
  54. ^ Edmund Burke, Ervand Abrahamian, Ira Marvin Lapidus (1988). Islam, Politics, and Social Movements. University of California Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780520068681.((cite book)): CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  55. ^ "Article 5" (PDF). Studies. University of the Punjab. 12. January 2011.
  56. ^ Tazkira-e-Shah Jamaat RA. Lahore: Jamatia Haideria.
  57. ^ a b c d Adel, Gholamali Haddad; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan, eds. (1 October 2012), Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam, EWI Press, pp. 152–, ISBN 978-1908433091
  58. ^ Wilson, John, ed. (1 December 2009), Pakistan: The Struggle within, Pearson Longman, ISBN 978-8131725047
  59. ^ a b c Gilmartin, David (1988), Empire and Islam. Punjab and the Making of Pakistan, University of California Press Berkley, p. 216
  60. ^ Buehler, Arthur F.; Schimmel, Annemarie (January 1998). Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-1-57003-201-1.
  61. ^ Yoginder Sikand (2005). Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. Penguin Books India. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-14-400020-3.
  62. ^ Kukreja, Veena; Singh, M. P. (2005). Pakistan: Democracy, Development, and Security Issues. SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-93-5280-332-3. The latter two organizations were offshoots of the pre-independence Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and were comprised mainly of Deobandi Muslims (Deoband was the site for the Indian Academy of Theology and Islamic Jurisprudence). The Deobandis had supported the Congress Party prior to partition in the effort to terminate British rule in India. Deobandis also were prominent in the Khilafat movement of the 1920s, a movement Jinnah had publicly opposed. The Muslim League, therefore, had difficulty in recruiting ulema in the cause of Pakistan, and Jinnah and other League politicians were largely inclined to leave the religious teachers to their tasks in administering to the spiritual life of Indian Muslims. If the League touched any of the ulema it was the Barelvis, but they too never supported the Muslim League, let alone the latter's call to represent all Indian Muslims.
  63. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (28 September 2004), A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, pp. 224–225, ISBN 9781843311492
  64. ^ Anti-Islam movie: Barelvi parties call for Western boycott. The Express Tribune, 5 October 2012.
  65. ^ "Deobandi Islam vs. Barelvi Islam in South Asia". Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  66. ^ Schleifer, Abdallah; El-Sharif, Farah; Elgawhary, Tarek; Ahmed, Aftab, eds. (2017), Persons of the Year, the Muslim 500, the World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2018 (PDF), Amman, Jordan: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, ISBN 978-9957-635-14-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2018
  67. ^ a b Allama Abul Faiz Muhammad Shareef Qadri Razavi, فیض نبوت یعنی علم غیب رسولﷺ, Akbar Booksellers Lahore
  68. ^ a b Ahmed Raza. "Noor o Bashar ::Islamic Books, Books Library". Faizaneraza.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  69. ^ a b Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan, Springer, 2016, p. 377, ISBN 9781349949663
  70. ^ a b c d e f علامہ مشتاق احمد نظامی علیہ الرحمہ, وسیلہ نسبت تعظیم, Noor Masjid Ka Ghazi Bazaar - Karachi
  71. ^ al-Zurqani, Muhammad. Sharh al-Mawahib al-ladunniyah. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa. pp. 304–305.
  72. ^ Ibn Juzayy, Muhammad (1926). Al-Qawanin al-Fiqhiyyah. Matbaat al-Nahda. p. 148.
  73. ^ a b "Intercession in Islam". 24 November 2011.
  74. ^ "Tawassul(Waseela)".
  75. ^ Ph.D, Coeli Fitzpatrick; Walker, Adam Hani (25 April 2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9781610691789.
  76. ^ Ibn Kathir (1983). Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa. pp. 1:521.
  77. ^ al-Nawawi, Yahya ibn Sharaf. al-Majmu: sharh al-Muhadhdhab. Medina: al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya. pp. 8:256.
  78. ^ "Salih al-Na'man's fatwa on Tawassul".
  79. ^ "Asjad Raza appointed leader of Barelwi Muslims". Daily News. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  80. ^ Jorgen S. Nielsen (2015), Muslims in Western Europe, Edinburgh University Press, p. 218, ISBN 9781474409353
  81. ^ a b The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 127, ISBN 9780521886079
  82. ^ Tafsīr al-Tustarī, Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2011, p. 213
  83. ^ Stūdīyā Islāmīkā Volume 8 Issues 1-3, State Institute for Islamic Studies of Syarif Hidayatullah, 2001, p. 42
  84. ^ Qamar-ul Huda (8 August 2005), Striving for Divine Union: Spiritual Exercises for Suhraward Sufis, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 103–107, ISBN 9781135788438
  85. ^ Mufti Muhammad Ameen, مسئله حاضر و ناظر, Maktaba Suhj Nur
  86. ^ a b Khan, Sana (29 June 2013). "The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir". Kanzul Islam.
  87. ^ And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety, translated by A. J. Arberry, University of North Carolina Press, 2014, pp. 72, 257, ISBN 9781469619606
  88. ^ a b Knowledge of Unseen (In the light of Quran and Sunnah)https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119
  89. ^ Knowledge of Unseen (In the light of Quran and Sunnah)https://www.ahlus-sunna.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=119
  90. ^ Sirriyeh 1999: 49
  91. ^ Sirriyeh 2004: 111
  92. ^ Martin Parsons (1 January 2006). Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture. William Carey Library. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-87808-454-8. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  93. ^ Abdulkader, Tayob. Muslim Schools and Education. Waxxman Verlag. p. 76. ISBN 9783830975540.
  94. ^ a b N. C. Asthana; Anjali Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities. Pointer Publishers. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.
  95. ^ "outlookindia.com". M.outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  96. ^ Yates, Lyn; Grumet, Madeleine (25 February 2011). Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books. ISBN 9780203830499. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  97. ^ Roy & Sfeir 2007, p. 339.
  98. ^ Robinson, Rowena (5 November 2005). Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books. ISBN 9780761934080. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  99. ^ Verma, Bharat (19 February 2008). Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books. ISBN 9788170621461. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  100. ^ Bruinessen, Martin van; Allievi, Stefano (17 June 2013). Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781136932861 – via Google Books.
  101. ^ Dr. Muhyuddin al-Alwayi, An Islāmic Personality of India – Imām Aḥmed Riḍā Khān, Al-Azhar University, p. 2
  102. ^ Sufi Ritual: The Parallel Universe, Routledge, 2000, p. 14, ISBN 9781136833977
  103. ^ South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny, Bloomsbury, March 2012, p. 271, ISBN 9781441135896
  104. ^ Carl W. Ernst (2010), The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Muḥammad as the Pole of Existence, Cambridge University Press, p. 130, ISBN 9781139828383
  105. ^ "Pilgrims of Love" Sufism in a Global World Article · January 2005 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277198389_Pilgrims_of_Love_Sufism_in_a_Global_World
  106. ^ Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaves https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain
  107. ^ Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar (31 July 2008). "The radical sweep". India Today. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  108. ^ "Death anniversary,Urs-e-Ala Hazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri 2013 in Bareilly Shareef,India". www.speakingtree.in. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016.
  109. ^ "Maulana Mustafa Raza Khan Noori AlaihiRahmah".
  110. ^ http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=224874[dead link]
  111. ^ Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in: Population and Development Review, 5/1, 29-59;
  112. ^ "Sunni congregation to focus on protecting the girl child | Mumbai News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  113. ^ "Maulana Shakir Ali Noorie", The Muslim 500, the World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2020, Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 2020, retrieved 22 April 2020
  114. ^ "Sunni leaders preach tolerance, purity to 1.5 lakh attendees on final day of Ijtema". in.news.yahoo.com. 16 December 2012.
  115. ^ "Jaipur me sunni dawate islami ka sammelan" [Conference of Sunni Dawate Islami in Jaipur on 13 October, Qamruzzam Azmi to be included], Kohram News, 7 October 2019
  116. ^ Taneja, Parina (9 June 2020). "Grand Mufti Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad on COVID19 pandemic: Follow social distancing while visiting public places". indiatvnews.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad, Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India
  117. ^ "Kerala celebrates Bakrid adhering to COVID protocols". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India, Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
  118. ^ "Closed-door celebration for Kerala Muslims on Eid". outlookindia.com/. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  119. ^ "Eid al-Fitr 2020: Closed-door celebrations Muslims across Kerala, Mangaluru on Eid". Hindustan Times. 24 May 2020. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  120. ^ "Muted Eid Celebrations". Gulf Times. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  121. ^ Kumar, Ashwani. "Education is key to peace, says India's Grand Mufti". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2020. Sheikh Aboobacker took charge as the Grand Mufti this February and holds the supreme authority to give fatwas in relation to Islamic religious matters in India.
  122. ^ a b "Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India". The Times of India. The Times Group. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  123. ^ "تعيين الشيخ أبوبكر أحمد مفتيا للهند" [Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmed Elected as Grand Mufti of India]. العين الإخبارية (in Arabic). ISSN 2521-439X. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  124. ^ "Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India | Kozhikode News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  125. ^ Kooria, Mahmood (1 June 2018). "Uses and Abuses of the Past: An Ethno-History of Islamic Legal Texts". Oxford Journal of Law and Religion. 7 (2): 313–338. doi:10.1093/ojlr/rwy034. ISSN 2047-0770.
  126. ^ OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. "Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India." Modern Asian Studies, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198.
  127. ^ VISAKH, M., SANTHOSH, R., & MOHAMMED ROSHAN, C. (2021). Islamic Traditionalism in a Globalizing World: Sunni Muslim identity in Kerala, South India. Modern Asian Studies, 1-42. doi:10.1017/S0026749X20000347
  128. ^ THE SUNNI CULTURAL CENTRE IN CALICUT By K. Hamza, Calicut https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01-5-2000/the_sunni_cultural_centre.htm
  129. ^ Islamic Traditionalism in a Globalizing World: Sunni Muslim identity in Kerala, South India, Published online by Cambridge University Press: 1 February 2021 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/islamic-traditionalism-in-a-globalizing-world-sunni-muslim-identity-in-kerala-south-india/244E92AD4C35A466FF52AF02F6329F24
  130. ^ "History – Jamia Markaz".
  131. ^ Sanyal, Usha (2008). "Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: the Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamia Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur". In Jamal, Malik (ed.). Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching terror?. Routledge. pp. 23–44.
  132. ^ OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. "Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India." Modern Asian Studies, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198.
  133. ^ Curtis, Lisa. "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  134. ^ Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  135. ^ "Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis | World War 4 Report". Ww4report.com. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  136. ^ Rania Abouzeid, Taliban Targets, Pakistan's Sufi Muslims Fight Back. Time, Wednesday, 10 November 2010.
  137. ^ a b Karin Brulliard, In Pakistan, even anti-violence Islamic sect lauds assassination of liberal governor. The Washington Post, Saturday, 29 January 2011; 9:55 PM.
  138. ^ Arfeen, Syed (3 December 2017), "Back to the Barelvis", The News on Sunday, retrieved 10 June 2020
  139. ^ http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7658/1/Zahid%20Ahmed%20Full%20Thesis%20Pdf.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  140. ^ Profile of Mufti Mahmood on storyofpakistan.com website Retrieved 9 April 2019
  141. ^ Kamran, Tahir. "The Making of a Minority: Ahmadi Exclusion through Constitutional Amendments, 1974." Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies, vol. 4, no. 1-2, 2019, pp. 55–84. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/pjhs.4.1_2.03. Accessed 4 July 2021.
  142. ^ "The Role of Islamic Parties in Pakistani Politics".
  143. ^ "Jamiaat-e-Ulamma-Pakistan [JUP] Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan [JUP] Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI) Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction (JUP/NO)". www.globalsecurity.org.
  144. ^ Pakistan and Ahmadis (Government of Pakistan - Law for Ahmadis) on The Gazette of Pakistan - a government website Published 26 April 1984, Retrieved 10 April 2019
  145. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  146. ^ https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/government-society/research/rad/reports/2008-10-09-madrasa-reform-programme-pakistan.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  147. ^ http://www.worde.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/WORDE-White-Paper-Traditional-Muslim-Networks.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  148. ^ http://wiscomp.org/pubn/wiscomp-peace-prints/1-1/zahid.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  149. ^ http://www.islamonline.com/news/print.php?newid=687180[bare URL]
  150. ^ The educational services of Deeni Madaris Affiliated with Tanzeem ul Madaris(Pakistan): A case study of Hazara region, Tahdhibalafkar July, Dec 2016 9) http://tahdhibalafkar.com/Downloads/Issue%2006/Urdu/8_The%20educational%20services%20of%20Deeni%20Madaris.pdf
  151. ^ Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 22, Issue - 2, 2015, 421:436 *Author is Deputy Director (Research) in Home Department, Government of the Punjab-Pakistan Sectarian landscape, Madrasas and Militancy in Punjab Muhammad Ramzan. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/7%20-%20RAMZAN_v22_2_wint2015.pdf
  152. ^ Omar Waraich, Why Pakistan's Taliban Target the Muslim Majority. Time, Thursday, 7 April 2011.
  153. ^ "Assassin linked with Dawat-i-Islami". Dawn. 4 January 2011.
  154. ^ R. Upadhyay, Barelvis and Deobandhis: "Birds of the Same Feather".
  155. ^ The Jamestown Foundation, Sufi Militants Struggle with Deobandi Jihadists in Pakistan, 24 February 2011. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: Terrorism Monitor Volume: 9 Issue: 8. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  156. ^ Pervez Hoodbhoy, A long, sad year after Salman Taseer's killing. The Hindu, 4 January 2012.
  157. ^ See also:
  158. ^ a b c Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan, Springer, 2016, p. 371, ISBN 9781349949663
  159. ^ Rana Tanveer (5 May 2011), "Barelvis demand share of mosques in DHA", The Express Tribune
  160. ^ a b "Barelvi leader alleges pro-Deobandi bias in Defence Housing Authority", The Express Tribune, In a letter to the corps commander, who is vice chairman of the DHA, the secretary general of the Milade Mustafa Welfare Society in DHA Lahore said that the Religious Affairs Department was interfering in the Human Resources Department's responsibilities to ensure that Deobandi scholars are appointed to positions in mosques in DHA. "Because of Deobandi khateebs in DHA mosques, Barelvi people have ... opted not to go to DHA mosques", he added.[permanent dead link]
  161. ^ Rana Tanveer, Rites and wrongs: Mosque sealed after Barelvi-Deobandi clash. The Express Tribune, 20 September 2011.
  162. ^ "Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 April 2006. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006.
  163. ^ Bomb carnage at Karachi prayers, BBC, 11 April 2006
  164. ^ Special Coverage of Nishtar Park bombing Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Jang Group Online
  165. ^ Sectarian clashes kill seven in Pakistan, Agence France-Presse via Sydney Morning Herald, 28 February 2010
  166. ^ Crackdown on TLP to continue, says Rashid as he apologises for social media curb, The Express Tribune, 16 April 2021
  167. ^ a b Clinton Bennett; Charles M. Ramsey (1 March 2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-3589-6.
  168. ^ "Religious Identity Among Muslims". 9 August 2012.
  169. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 (PDF). Berkeley: University of California Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  170. ^ John L. Esposito; John Voll; Osman Bakar (12 November 2007). Asian Islam in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-19-804421-5. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  171. ^ "London July 17 World Sunni Movement Stock Photo (Edit Now) 456994912".
  172. ^ "Members of World Sunni Movement Bangladesh".
  173. ^ "Activist of Bangladeshi World Sunni Movement stage a protest rally".
  174. ^ "Bangladesh Islami Front demands ban on Hefajat, Khelafat Majlis". 29 April 2021.
  175. ^ 'Mosque war' in the UK,by Irfan Al-Alawi London 20 February 2015 http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2460/mosque-war-in-the-uk
  176. ^ "A toxic mix of fact and nonsense". The Guardian. 7 September 2007.
  177. ^ Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience. Taylor & Francis. March 2011. ISBN 9781136959608.
  178. ^ Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics The British Experience By Tahir Abbas·2011 https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Islamic_Radicalism_and_Multicultural_Pol/JdC90uc8PfQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA33&printsec=frontcover page 35
  179. ^ Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. AHMED, FIAZ (2014) Manchester Muslims: The developing role of mosques, imams and committees with particular reference to Barelwi Sunnis and UKIM. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10724/1/Manchester_Muslims_-_The_developing_role_of_mosques%2C_imams_and_committees_with_particular_reference_to_Barelwi_Sunnis_and_UKIM.pdf?DDD5+
  180. ^ http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54664/1/Abid,_Sufyan.pdf[dead link]
  181. ^ Karamat Bhatty, Religious groups find lucrative sources abroad. The Express Tribune, 7 September 2011.
  182. ^ "Editorial: Britain, Al Qaeda and Pakistan", Daily Times (Pakistan), 26 March 2009, retrieved 19 May 2013
  183. ^ Sunni Muslim Religiosity in the UK Muslim Diaspora: Mosques in Leeds compared Aydın Bayram, The University of Leeds January 2013 https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4753/1/Sunni%20Muslim%20Religiosity%20in%20the%20UK%20Muslim%20Diaspora%20Mosques%20in%20Leeds%20compared.pdf
  184. ^ "Theme of masjids in the UK 2017". Statista.
  185. ^ a b "How the United Kingdom has been a laboratory for a brand of Islam". 8 February 2020.
  186. ^ "Allama Arsahdul Qadri". 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008.
  187. ^ Allama Azmi: The Great Enabler of Islamic Institutions, by Mohammed Khalid Razvi Nagauri,https://web.archive.org/web/20170409143727/http://allamaazmi.com/articles-3.asp
  188. ^ "His Eminence Allama Qamaruzzaman Khan Azmi – Hijaz Muslim Collage".
  189. ^ "Allama Azmi | Great Religious Leader of the 21st Century". 9 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017.
  190. ^ Global Encyclopaedia of Education (4 Vols. Set) - Rama Sankar Yadav & B.N. Mandal - Google Books. GoogleBooks. 1 January 2007. ISBN 9788182202276. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  191. ^ "Dawat-E-Islami UK". DueDil. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  192. ^ "Al Amin Mosque (Barkerend, Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire) Also Known as "Faizan-e-Madina, Dawat e Islami UK Movement, Da'watul Islam UK & Eire, Uleman Council of Da'watul Islam"". mosquedirectory.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  193. ^ "The Official Website of Shaykh Pirzada - Jamia Al-Karam officially opens the UK Branch of the World Association for Al-Azhar Graduates". mihpirzada.com.
  194. ^ "The Official Website of Shaykh Pirzada - Home". www.mihpirzada.com.
  195. ^ "Britishmuslimforum.co.uk". Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
  196. ^ https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Schools_and_Education_in_Europe_a/RWqjAoRGxUcC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Page 87 and 90
  197. ^ "Sunni Jamiatul Ulama South Africa – Established 1979".
  198. ^ "Imam Ahmed Raza Academy | The Academy". www.raza.org.za.
  199. ^ a b The "Chatsie Muslim": A Socio-historical Analysis of Muslims of Indentured Origin Sultan Khan, First Published 5 September 2019 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0976343020120215?journalCode=oana https://doi.org/10.1177/0976343020120215
  200. ^ "About". Darul Uloom Pretoria.
  201. ^ https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Schools_and_Education_in_Europe_a/RWqjAoRGxUcC?hl=en&gbpv=1 Page 77
  202. ^ Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN 9783830975540.
  203. ^ Vahed, G., 'Contesting "orthodoxy": the Tablighi–Sunni conflict among South African Muslims in the 1970s and 1980s', Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 23:2 (2003), 313–34
  204. ^ Kaarsholm, P. (2014). Zanzibaris Or Amakhuwa? Sufi Networks in South Africa, Mozambique, and the Indian Ocean. The Journal of African History, 55(2), 191-210. doi:10.1017/S0021853714000085
  205. ^ Eisenlohr, Patrick. "The Politics of Diaspora and the Morality of Secularism: Muslim Identities and Islamic Authority in Mauritius." The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 12, no. 2, 2006, pp. 395–412. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3804260. Accessed 16 July 2021.
  206. ^ a b Hosanee, Zaoul. "Muslims in Mauritius" – via www.academia.edu.
  207. ^ "Our Masjid – Jummah Masjid".
  208. ^ Hermansen, Marcia (January 2012). "South Asian Sufism in America". South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Devotion, and Destiny – via www.academia.edu.
  209. ^ Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America: The Case of American Sufi Movements1 Marcia Hermansen First published: 3 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03686.x
  210. ^ Gugler, Thomas K., Jihad, Da'wa, and Hijra: Islamic Missionary Movements in Europe (PDF), Zmo.de, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2015, retrieved 11 December 2018
  211. ^ Ruy Blanes; José Mapril (11 July 2013). Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods. BRILL. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-90-04-25524-1. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  212. ^ a b "Islamic conference in Chechnya: Why Sunnis are disassociating themselves from Salafists-World News , Firstpost". Firstpost. 9 September 2016.
  213. ^ "Chechnya Hosts International Islamic Conference". Jamestown Foundation.
  214. ^ "The Conference of Ulama in Grozny: the Reaction of the Islamic World". islam.in.ua.
  215. ^ Ghaffari, Talib (11 September 2016). "Over 100 Sunni scholars declare Wahhabis to be outside mainstream Sunni Islam – Chechnya". Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  216. ^ https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31051/1/Nelson%20Religion%20Politics%20and%20the%20Modern%20University%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Bangladesh.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  217. ^ Kenneth W. Jones, Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India, Part 3, vol. 1, pg. 71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  218. ^ Indian Muslims protest against Talibani terrorism. TwoCircles.net 17 June 2009
  219. ^ Pakistan's Sunnis unite against Talibanisation. Thaindian News. 9 May 2009
  220. ^ Clashing interpretations of Islam. Daily Times (Pakistan), 5 May 2009
  221. ^ "Bombers target two Pakistani cities". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  222. ^ "Anti-Taliban views cost Mufti Naeemi his life – Daily Times". Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  223. ^ Rabbhi, Arghwan; Aswani, Tarushi, eds. (8 February 2016). "All India Tanzeem Ulema-e-Hind Hold Grand Sunni Conference against Wahabu Terrorism". Timesheadline. https://www.timesheadline.com/india/grand-sunni-conference-of-all-india-tanzeem-ulama-e-islam-held-in-new-delhi-1158.html
  224. ^ Hassankhan, Maurits S.; Vahed, Goolam; Roopnarine, Lomarsh (10 November 2016). Indentured Muslims in the Diaspora: Identity and Belonging of Minority Groups in Plural Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-98686-1.
  225. ^ Agarwal, Priyangi (2 April 2019), "Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title", The Times of India, retrieved 2 May 2020
  226. ^ "Asjad Raza appointed leader of Barelwi Muslims", Daily News, 6 April 2019, retrieved 2 May 2020
  227. ^ Yousaf, Kamran (12 September 2011), "Dawat-e-Islami comes under military's radar", The Express Tribune, retrieved 3 April 2020
  228. ^ "Leading Barelvi Cleric From India's Kerala State: 'Gender Equality Is... Against Islam'; 'Women... Are Fit Only To Deliver Children'", The Middle East Media Research Institute, 13 January 2016
  229. ^ "Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India". The Times of India. TNN. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  230. ^ "Kanthapuram elected as new Grand Mufti". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  231. ^ Zahid, Farhan (26 February 2018). "The Potential for a New Strand of Islamist Extremism in Pakistan". Terrorism Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation.
  232. ^ "Pakistani Religious Leaders Promote Antisemitism, Say: 'When The Jews Are Wiped Out... The Sun of Peace Would Begin To Rise on the Entire World'; 'Israel Has Inducted More Armed Personnel in Kashmir... Under The Guise of Tourists'", The Middle East Media Research Institute, 31 July 2012
  233. ^ "Dawateislami - Islamic Website of an Islamic Organization". dawateislami.net. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  234. ^ "About Us | Noori - Imam Mustafa Raza Research Center (IMMRC)". noori.org. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

References

External links

Islam in South Asia
Ahmed Raza Khan
Categories