Barwon Upper Darling River[1][2]
Barwon River at Collarenebri
Location of Barwon River mouth in New South Wales
Etymology	Aboriginal: from barwum or bawon, meaning great, wide, awful river of muddy water[1]
Location
Country	Australia
States	Queensland, New South Wales
Region	South West Queensland, North West Slopes, Orana
Towns	Mungindi, Collarenebri, Brewarrina,
Physical characteristics
Source	Macintyre River
• location	north of Mungindi, Southern Downs, Queensland
• elevation	196 m (643 ft)
2nd source	Weir River
Mouth	confluence with the Culgoa River to form the Darling River
• location	east of Bourke, Orana region
• coordinates	29°57′29″S 146°18′28″E / 29.95806°S 146.30778°E / -29.95806; 146.30778
• elevation	110 m (360 ft)
Length	700 km (430 mi)
Basin features
River system	Murray–Darling basin
Tributaries
• left	Gwydir River, Mehi River, Namoi River, Macquarie River, Bogan River
• right	Boomi River, Moonie River, Bokhara River
[3]

Barwon River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the north-west slopes and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia.

The name "barwon" is derived from the Australian Aboriginal words of barwum or bawon, meaning great, wide, awful river of muddy water; and also baawan, a Ngiyambaa name for both the Barwon and Darling rivers.^[1] The history, culture and livelihoods of the local Aboriginal people are closely intertwined with the Barwon River and its associated tributaries and downstream flows.^[4]

Course

The river is formed through the confluence of the Macintyre River and Weir River (part of the Border Rivers system), north of Mungindi, in the Southern Downs region of Queensland. The Barwon River generally flows south and west, joined by 36 tributaries, including major inflows from the Boomi, Moonie, Gwydir, Mehi, Namoi, Macquarie, Bokhara and Bogan rivers. During major flooding, overflow from the Narran Lakes and the Narran River also flows into the Barwon. The confluence of the Barwon and Culgoa rivers, between Brewarrina and Bourke, marks the start of the Darling River.

Towns on the Barwon River, from its source towards its mouth include Mungindi, Collarenebri, Walgett, and Brewarrina.

The catchment and water flows of the Barwon River are generally administered by the Murray–Darling Basin Authority and together with the Darling River, the catchment covers about 13% of the Murray-Darling Basin.^[4]

In December 2018, amidst drought, the Barwon River at Walgett ceased flowing, reduced to a series of stagnant pools.^[5]

History

Aboriginal history

Aboriginal people from six language groups originally occupied the area of the Barwon River wetlands. These were the Ngemba, the Baranbinja, the Murrawarri, the Yuwaalaraay, the Weilwan, and the Kamilaroi peoples. The Aboriginal people generally used the wetlands for hunting, fishing, and gathering uses, and for cultural association.^[6]

Aboriginal people built a complex series of fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina. These traps are a large, well-preserved example of this type of prehistoric site. The traps were built of rocks placed in the river bed to form a large number of V-shaped or diamond-shaped channels. The Brewarrina fish traps have now been listed on the Australian National Heritage List owing to the rarity of these works. They are of importance to modern Aboriginal people and are still in use.^[6] There are rocky rapids above and below Collarenebri as well as weirs and other structures for irrigation which impede normal navigation of the river.^[7]

European history

In 1846, Roderick Mitchell, Commissioner of Crown Lands and the son of explorer, Sir Thomas Mitchell, proved that the Barwon and MacIntyre Rivers were the same river under different names.^[7]

Regular steamer services ran from Walgett to Bourke from 1880 to 1912. During the floods of 1879 and 1886 the steamers were able to travel into Collarenebri and as far as Mungindi in 1890.

The Brewarrina Lift Bridge, which was built in 1888 over the Barwon River on the Kamilaroi Highway, has also been assessed as being of state significance.^[8] The Boonanga bridge completed in 1928 to cross the Barwon River near Boomi, is an early example of Allan timber truss road bridges. This bridge has been recorded with the NSW State Agency Heritage Register.^[9]