Basilosauridae is a family of extinctcetaceans. They lived during the middle to the early late Eocene and are known from all continents, including Antarctica.[1][2] They were probably the first fully aquatic cetaceans.[3][4] The group is noted to be a paraphyletic assemblage of stem group whales[5] from which the monophyletic Neoceti are derived.[6]
Characteristics
Drawing of Dorudon skeleton.Cynthiacetus, mounted skeleton.Zygorhiza, mounted skeleton.
Basilosaurids ranged in size from 4 to 16 m (13 to 52 ft) and were fairly similar to modern cetaceans in overall body form and function.[7] Some genera tend to show signs of convergent evolution with mosasaurs by having long serpentine body shape, which suggests that this body plan seems to have been rather successful.[8] Basilosaurid forelimbs have broad and fan-shaped scapulae attached to a humerus, radius, and ulna which are flattened into a plane to which the elbow joint was restricted, effectively making pronation and supination impossible. Because of a shortage of forelimb fossils from other archaeocetes, it is not known if this arrangement is unique to basilosaurids, as some of the characteristics are also seen in Georgiacetus.[3]
As archaeocetes, Basilosaurids lacked the telescoping skull of present whales. Their jaws were powerful,[9] with a dentition easily distinguishable from that of other archaeocetes: they lack upper third molars and the upper molars lack protocones, trigon basins, and lingual third roots. The cheek teeth have well-developed accessory denticles.
Unlike modern whales, basilosaurids possessed small hindlimbs with well defined femur, lower leg and feet. They were, however, very small and did not articulate with the vertebral column, which also lack true sacral vertebrae.[3] While they were unable to support body weight on land, they might have assisted as claspers during copulation.[10] Analysis of tail vertebrate from Basilosaurus and Dorudon indicate they possessed small flukes.[11]
Taxonomy
Basilosaurinae was proposed as a subfamily containing two genera: Basilosaurus and Basiloterus.[12] They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the subfamily are larger than their relatives of the Dorudontinae subfamily except Cynthiacetus.
Size
Basilosaurids have a diverse range of sizes. Tutcetus rayanensis, the smallest member, is about 2.51-2.55 meters (8 feet 3 inches - 8 feet 4 inches) long and weighs around 180.4-187.1 kilograms (398-412 pounds).[13] On the other hand, Basilosaurus cetoides is impressively long, reaching approximately 18 meters.[14] The largest known basilosaurid, Perucetus colossus, is believed to be even bigger, with a length of over 17.0-20.1 meters (55.8-65.9 feet) and a weight ranging from 85-340 metric tons (84-335 long tons; 94-375 short tons). Interestingly, Perucetus may have been comparable to, if not larger than, the modern blue whale in terms of weight.[15]
^Buono M, Fordyce R.E., Marx F.G., Fernández M.S. & Reguero M. (2019). "Eocene Antarctica: a window into the earliest history of modern whales". Advances in Polar Science30(3): p. 293-302. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0005
^Lloyd, G. T.; Slater, G. J. (2021). "A total-group phylogenetic metatree for Cetacea and the importance of fossil data in diversification analyses". Systematic Biology. 70 (5): 922–939. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syab002. PMID33507304.
^Davydenko, S.; Shevchenko, T.; Ryabokon, T.; Tretiakov, R.; Gol’din, P. (2021). "A Giant Eocene Whale from Ukraine Uncovers Early Cetacean Adaptations to the Fully Aquatic Life". Evolutionary Biology. 48 (1): 67–80. doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09524-8. S2CID230110031.
^Oceans of Kansas: a Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press. 2005. ISBN9780253345479.
^Snively E, Fahlke J.M. & Welsh R.C. (2015). "Bone-Breaking Bite Force of Basilosaurus isis (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Eocene of Egypt Estimated by Finite Element Analysis". PLOS ONE10(2): e0118380
^Gingerich P.D., Smith B.H., Simons E.L. (1990). "Hind limbs of eocene basilosaurus: evidence of feet in whales". Science249(4965): p. 154–157. doi:10.1126/science.249.4965.154
^Philip D. Gingerich, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar und Iyad S. Zalmot: "Aegicetus gehennae, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whales". PLoS ONE14(12): e0225391 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225391
Cope, Edward Drinker (1868). "An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 19 (4): 138–57. JSTOR4059641. OCLC4909181381.
Uhen, Mark D (2002). "Basilosaurids". In Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J G M (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 78–81. ISBN978-0-12-551340-1.
Uhen, Mark D. (2013). "A review of North American Basilosauridae". Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 31 (2): 1–45.
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