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((Short description|Large low-pitched flute an octave below the standard flute))
((more citations needed|date=January 2017))
((Infobox instrument
|name= Bass Flute
|image=File:Yamaha Bass Flute YFL-B441S.tif
|image_capt=
|background=woodwind
|classification=((hlist
  | [[Woodwind]]
  | [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
  | [[Aerophone]]
 ))
|hornbostel_sachs=421.121.12-71
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Side-blown [[Aerophone]] with [[tone hole]]s and [[key (instrument)|keys]]
|range=<div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;">
  <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      c'1 ^ \markup "written" \glissando a'''1
      \tweak font-size #-2 \ottava #+1 c''''1 \finger \markup \text "poss."
      \ottava #0 \hide r1
      c1 ^ \markup "sounds" \glissando a''1
      \tweak font-size #-2 c'''1 \finger \markup \text "poss."
    }
  </score></div>Tessitura of the bass flute is C((sub|3))–A((sub|5)), sounding one octave lower than written.
|related = [[Flute]]s: ((hlist
  | [[Piccolo]]
  | [[Treble flute|Treble]]
  | [[Soprano flute|Soprano]]
  | [[Western concert flute|C flute]]
  | [[Flûte d'amour]]
  | [[Alto flute|Alto]]
  | '''Bass'''
  | [[Contra-alto flute|Contra-alto]]
  | [[Contrabass flute|Contrabass]]
  | [[Subcontrabass flute|Subcontrabass]]
  | [[Double contrabass flute|Double Contrabass]]
  | [[Hyperbass flute|Hyperbass]]
 ))
))

The '''bass flute''' is a member of the [[Members of the western concert flute family|flute family]]. It is in the key of C, pitched one octave below the [[concert flute]]. Despite its name, its playing range makes it the tenor member of the flute family. Because of the length of its tube (approximately ((cvt|146|cm))), it is usually made with a J-shaped head joint, which brings the [[embouchure]] hole within reach of the player. Its soft dynamic range means in large ensembles it is easily obscured unless amplified or lightly scored; however its unique [[timbre]] in the low register can be very effective, especially in solo works, small ensembles, and [[flute choir]]s.<ref>((Cite Q|Q115258889|last=Adler |first=Samuel |page=203–4 ))</ref>
The "bass flute in F" produced by Kotato & Fukushima is a [[contra-alto flute]].

==Alternative terminology==
Prior to the mid-20th century, the term "bass flute" was sometimes used, especially in Great Britain, to refer to the [[alto flute]]; for example, the part for "bass flute in G" in [[Gustav Holst|Holst]]'s ''[[The Planets]]'', and many works by [[Benjamin Britten|Britten]].<ref>((Cite Q|Q115155619|last=Baines |first=Anthony |page=58–9))</ref> In 1910, [[Abelardo Albisi]] invented a bass flute known as the albisiphone which was used in scores by [[Pietro Mascagni|Mascagni]] and [[Riccardo Zandonai|Zandonai]] among other composers during the first half of the 20th century.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwENAG82r24C&q=%22Abelardo+Albisi%22&pg=PA73|title=The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers|author=Nancy Toff|page=73|publisher=[[Oxford University Press USA]]|year=2012|isbn=9780195373080))</ref>

==Range and construction==
The instrument's sounding range is from C<sub>3</sub>, one octave below middle C, to C<sub>6</sub>, two octaves above middle C. Bass flute music sounds an octave lower than it is written, which is the typical concert flute range (C<sub>4</sub> to C<sub>7</sub>). Notes written above A<sub>6</sub> are not often used as they are difficult to produce and have inferior tone. Because manufacturers do not taper the flute body through the curve,<!-- MRC01: Brass instruments are made with tapers through curves, so the problem has been solved. The question is why don't flutemakers do it? --> intonation of all notes beginning with written D<sub>6</sub> and higher tends to be sharp. The player can bend them in tune with the embouchure, or use alternative fingerings.

<!-- MRC01: It's instructive to mention some of the acoustic reasons for the C foot, not only length & weight reduction. -->
Bass flutes often have a C foot rather than the B foot common to other flutes. The shorter tube reduces acoustic resistance, which quickens the response and makes the tone brighter, livelier, and more resonant. The shorter tube also makes the instrument somewhat lighter and less fatiguing for the player to hold.

Bass flutes are most often made with silver-plated bodies and head joints. Most basses come with trill keys which allow the player to stabilize some otherwise unstable middle register notes as well as trill between otherwise impossible notes. Kotato basses have addressed the weight problem of bass flutes by designing a graphite rod that screws onto the underside of the instrument and then rests on the chair seat between the player's legs. Adjustable rods have also been developed by Jeff Amos. Other manufacturers have added a left hand thumb support called a ''crutch'', which helps some players with physical control of the instrument. Dutch flute maker Eva Kingma has created a vertical design for the bass flute which allows the weight of the instrument to be supported by the floor.

==Repertoire==
[[Image:Paas floote.jpg|thumb|An upright bass flute being played by Carla Rees]]
Many composers are beginning to write more pieces for the bass flute. These include [[Katherine Hoover]]'s ''Two for Two'', [[Bill Douglas (musician)|Bill Douglas]]'s ''Karuna'', [[Sophie Lacaze]]'s ''Archelogos II'', Mike Mower's ''Obstinato'' and ''Scareso'', [[Gary Schocker]]'s ''A Small Sonata for a Large Flute'', [[Lorenzo Ferrero]]'s ''Ellipse'' and ''Shadow Lines'', Sonny Burnett's ''Stone Suite'', Catherine McMichael's ''Baikal Journey'' and [[Ennio Morricone]]'s ''Secrets of the Sahara''. Other important works include [[Tristan Murail]]'s ''Ethers'' for solo bass flute and small ensemble, [[Brian Ferneyhough]]'s ''Mnemosyne'' for bass flute and tape, [[Mario Lavista]]'s ''Lamento a la muerte de Raúl Lavista'' for solo bass flute, [[Michael Oliva]]'s ''Moss Garden'' also for bass flute and tape, [[John Palmer (composer)|John Palmer]]'s ''[http://composersedition.com/ce-jp1i1 Inwards]'' for bass flute and live-electronics, ''She Cried'' by [[Shiva Feshareki]], and Marc Tweedie's ''Zoli'', written for renowned flautist Carla Rees. Studies and concert etudes are beginning to appear that address the instrument's many challenges (physical balance, finger technique, air stream, overblowing, etc.). Low flute specialist Peter Sheridan has commissioned and arranged new compositions in this area, including a set of 'Etudes for Low Flutes' by Hilary Taggart. The sixth movement of [[Claude Bolling]]'s ''[[Suite for Flute and Jazz Piano Trio]]'', 'Versatile' has the soloist playing the opening melody on a bass flute. [[Morton Feldman]]'s composition "Crippled Symmetry" has a part for the bass flute, as does [[John Cage]]'s late work "Seven2". [[Hans Pfitzner]]'s 1917 opera ''[[Palestrina (opera)|Palestrina]]'' features an early (true) C bass flute part. Another piece featuring the bass flute is [[John Mackey (composer)|John Mackey's]] "The Frozen Cathedral" (2013) in two separate sections of the piece.

For an extensive list of repertoire for bass flute and contrabass flute see ''Repertoire Catalogue for [[Piccolo]], [[Alto flute|Alto Flute]] and Bass [[Flute]]'' (2004) by Peter van Munster (Roma: Riverberi Sonori). Selected repertoire graded into ability levels with short descriptions and information about basses can be found in ''The Alto and Bass Flute Resource Guide'' published by Falls House Press, and specialist low flutes publishing company Tetractys has a growing catalogue of works for bass flute.

==Other use==
A handful of jazz musicians have used the bass flute, including flutist [[Jeremy Steig]], beginning with his 1975 album [[Temple of Birth]], saxophonists [[Henry Threadgill]], [[Brian Landrus]], and [[James Carter (saxophonist)|James Carter]], and drummer [[Ronald Shannon Jackson]] who occasionally played bass flute as a second instrument. [[Hubert Laws]] features the bass flute on his recording of "Amazing Grace," in which he plays the first verse on bass flute, the second on alto, and the third on soprano. Steig later took up the Kotato & Fukushima bass flute in F.

In electronic music, [[Jack Dangers]] has sometimes used bass flute as the leader of the [[Meat Beat Manifesto]].

A bass flute is heard throughout [[George Bruns]]' score for ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and the original [[Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] attraction.

Perhaps the best-known work to feature the bass flute is the album [[Wave (Antonio Carlos Jobim album)|''Wave'']] by [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]].

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* http://Lowflutes.com
* https://web.archive.org/web/20101104012435/http://www.hogenhuis-flutes.com/pages/bassflute.html Bassflute Jelle Hogenhuis

((Western concert flutes))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Side-blown flutes]]
[[Category:C instruments]]
[[Category:Bass (sound)]]

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