Battle of Chmielnik
Part of the Mongol invasion of Poland
Date18 March 1241[1][2]
Location
Chmielnik
(between Kraków and Kielce, Poland)
Result Mongol victory
Belligerents
Mongol Empire Kingdom of Poland
Commanders and leaders
Baidar Włodzimierz of Cracow  †
Pakosław of Sandomierz  †
Klement of Brzeźnica  †
Casualties and losses
Unknown Heavy

The Battle of Chmielnik occurred on 18 March 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Poland. It ended in the defeat of the Polish armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces. The Mongols were able to move unimpeded, and plunder the abandoned city of Kraków.

Background

Further information: First Mongol invasion of Poland

The Mongols invaded Poland in late 1240, and were advancing westwards; they crossed the frozen Vistula river and defeated the Poles in Tursko and Sandomierz on February 13, 1241.[1] Then, the Mongol forces split into two or three armies, the main of which, under Baidar, was heading towards Kraków (Cracow), a large city (and capital of the fragmented Polish Kingdom) in central-southern Poland. Two other Mongol commanders, Kadan and Orda Khan, were advancing more to the north.[citation needed]

Battle

Details of the battle were recorded in the chronicles of Jan Długosz.[3] Incidentally, the oldest mention of the town Chmielnik dates to the battle.[3] In 1241, it was a village (Chmielnik would gain city rights only in the mid-16th century).[4]

Polish forces were commanded by Włodzimierz, voivode (palatine) of Kraków, and Pakosław, voivode of Sandomierz, and represented most of Polish knights from these two provinces (the Kraków Province, also known as the Seniorate Province, and the Sandomierz Province) of fragmented Poland.[3][5] The Mongols were commanded by Baidar.[3] The Duke of Kraków. Bolesław V the Chaste, withdrew prior to the battle and did not participate.[6] Bolesław's escape damaged the morale of the army, and caused many others to withdraw as well, weakening the forces available to Włodzimierz and Pakosław.[6]

While the Polish forces had the advantage in the first phase of the battle, the Mongols, seeing that they would not defeat the Poles in straight combat, feigned a retreat. When the Polish forces began to pursue them, they were hit by the Mongols' reinforcements and defeated comprehensively.[5] Polish casualties were very heavy (Norman Davies wrote: "At Chmielnik, the assembled nobility of Malopolska perished to a man"[7]); Włodzimierz and Pakosław were slain, as were Castellan of Kraków Klement of Brzeźnica and Castellan of Sandormierz Jakub Raciborowicz.[3][8]

Aftermath

Having withdrawn from the fighting, Bolesław escaped to Moravia.[1][2] With the defeat of the Polish army, panic spread through the nearby Polish lands. Kraków, one of the largest and most prosperous cities of Poland, was abandoned, as inhabitants fled, and the Mongols spent several days pillaging it and the neighboring hamlets (accounts vary on how soon after the battle Mongols entered the city, but it is certain they burned it by 24 March).[5][6]

In the modern town of Chmielnik there is a monument dedicated to this battle.[3]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b Saunders, J. J. (29 March 2001). The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f (in Polish) Historia Chmielnika (History of Chmielnik) from the town's official pages
  4. ^ (in Polish) Miasto I Gmina Chmielnik W Publikacjach. Bibliografia. Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c Bitwa pod Leginicą Chwała Oręża Polskiego Nr 3. Rzeczpospolita and Mówią Wieki. Primary author Rafał Jaworski. 12 August 2006, p. 9 (in Polish)
  6. ^ a b c Richard A. Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 0275975827, Google Print, p. 112
  7. ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground, Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0231128177, Google Print, p. 71
  8. ^ Chwalczewski, Stanislaw (1829). Kronika polska ... starosty kobrynskiego etc. (Polnische Chronik, geschrieben im J. 1549.) pol (in Polish). Galeczowski.

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