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((Short description|Battle in the Palestine campaign of WWI))
((for|the battle with [[Richard the Lionhart]]|Battle of Jaffa (1192)))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict   = Battle of Jaffa
| image      = [[File:Surrender of Jaffa to New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade November 1917.jpg|200px|New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade accept surrender of Jaffa at town hall]]
| caption    = Jaffa surrenders to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade on 16 November 1917 in front of the Town Hall
| coordinates =((coord|32|5|0|N|34|48|0|E|))
| partof     = the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
| date       = 20–21 December 1917
| place      = [[Auju River]], [[Jaffa]]
| result     = British victory
| combatant1 =((flag|British Empire))
| combatant2  = ((flag|Ottoman Empire))<br />((flag|German Empire))
| commander1  =[[Lieutenant General]] [[Edward Bulfin]]
|commander2   =[[Cevat Çobanlı|Jawad Pasha]]<ref name="Grainger">Grainger 2006, p.221</ref>
| units1   = [[XXI Corps (United Kingdom)|XXI Corps]]
| units2   = [[Eighth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Eighth Army]]
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox = ((Campaignbox Sinai and Palestine))
))

The '''Battle of Jaffa''' was an engagement fought during the [[Southern Palestine Offensive]] of the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] in [[World War I]], between the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] of the [[British Empire]] on one side and the [[Yildirim Army Group]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[German Empire]] on the other.

The port of [[Jaffa]] had been occupied by the [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]] on the 16 November, as a result of the victory gained by that brigade and the [[1st Light Horse Brigade]] at the [[Battle of Mughar Ridge|Ayun Kara]] two days before, but the Ottoman forces were only ((convert|3|mi)) away across the [[Auju River]] (now better known in [[Arabic]] as 'Auja River, and in [[Hebrew]] as Yarkon River). The closeness of the Ottoman army made the port and town unusable to shipping, still being within range of Ottoman artillery.

Over the night of the 20–21 December 1917, the [[52nd (Lowland) Division]] carried out an assault river crossing. With the far side of the river taken, the other divisions of the [[XXI Corps (United Kingdom)|XXI Corps]] with their supporting artillery crossed and forced the Ottoman defenders to withdraw ((convert|5|mi)). With the Ottoman forces pushed back, Jaffa and communications between it and Jerusalem were made secure. The night crossing of the river has been regarded as one of the most remarkable feats of the Palestine campaign.

==Background==
((see also|Battle of Jerusalem (1917)#24 November: First attack across the Nahr el Auja))

On 16 November 1917 the British forces occupied the port of Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast. However, the Ottoman forces forced out of the town were still able to interdict shipping and stop troop movements from their positions on the northern bank of the [[Yarkon River]]—the Nahr el Auja as it was called in Arabic.<ref>Tucker and Roberts 2005, p.1394</ref>

The British commander General [[Edmund Allenby]] needed to establish a defensive line running from the Mediterranean Sea which could be held with reasonable security once his right flank was secured on the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>Hughes 2004, pp. 102–3</ref> In order to consolidate a strong British line, it was necessary to push the [[3rd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|3rd]] and [[7th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|7th Divisions]], part of the [[XXII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|XXII Corps]], of the [[Ottoman Eighth Army]] away from the Nahr el Auja ((convert|4|mi|km)) north of Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast.<ref>Erickson 2001 p.173</ref>
The river was defended on the northern bank, by a trench system, from [[Mulebbis]] and [[Fejja]] to Bald Hill.<ref name=allenby/>

From Mulebbis to the sea the river is between ((convert|40|and|50|ft|m)) wide and ((convert|10|ft|m)) deep except for the ford.<ref name=rickard/> The first attack across the Nahr el Auja, was little more than a raid, on the night of 24/25 November by two infantry battalions from the [[54th (East Anglian) Division]] and the [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]].<ref>Kinloch 2007, pp. 229-231</ref><ref>Bruce 2002, pp. 158–9</ref><ref>Moore 1920, p. 95</ref> The outnumbered battalions, were driven back by the Ottoman defenders, as they recaptured the bridgeheads and restored the tactical situation.<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 173</ref>

==British attack==
===Build up===

Three infantry divisions of the British [[XXI Corps (United Kingdom)|XXI Corps]], under the command of [[Lieutenant General]] [[Edward Bulfin]], began moving their units into position on the coastal plain on 7 December. The [[75th Division (United Kingdom)|75th Division]] was on the right with the 54th (East Anglian) Division in the centre and the [[52nd (Lowland) Division]] on the left at the coast.<ref name="Bruce166">Bruce 2002, p. 166</ref> The [[162nd (East Midland) Brigade]], relieved the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in the front line on 11 December and the mounted riflemen, who had been heavily involved in the earlier attempt to capture the Nahr el Auja, moved back to bivouac near Ayun Kara.<ref>Powles 1922, p. 170</ref>
On 14 December Major General  [[John Hill (Indian Army officer)|John Hill]], the [[commanding officer]] of the Lowland Division, submitted a plan for a surprise assault across the river by his division. Artillery was concentrated behind the lines, while the division's [[Royal Engineers]], formed pontoons and canvas [[coracle]] boats, that were large enough to accommodate twenty men.<ref name=allenby/><ref name=gull527>Gullett, p.527</ref>

It had initially been planned for a heavy artillery bombardment to proceed the attack, however Hill suggested they instead try a surprise attack without the artillery bombardment. Then in the days preceding the attack, the artillery batteries conducted several engagements, mostly to suppress Ottoman patrol activity and registrar the guns on targets, in case they were needed in the coming assault.<ref name=grainger219/>

Over the night of 18/19 December, the [[161st (Essex) Brigade]] from the 54th (East Anglian) Division and the [[Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment|Auckland]] and [[Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment]]s, from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, moved into the front line replacing the 52nd (Lowland) Division. To cover the gap in the line left by the redeployment of the 161st Brigade the 75th Division extended its front westwards to include [[Lod|Ludd]].<ref name=allenby/>

The preparations for the attack were hindered by the sodden state of the low and swampy ground on the southern banks of the Nahr el Auja where the attack would be launched, made worse by three days of rain.<ref name=allenby/><ref name=rickard/>

===Assault===
Over the night of 20/21 December in heavy rain the division carried out an assault river crossing, using [[pontoon bridge]]s and boats.<ref name=gull527/> The [[155th (South Scottish) Brigade]] crossed the river east of [[Jerisheh]], and then turned right attacking the Turkish position. The [[156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade]] and the [[157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade]] both crossed the river west of Jerisheh.<ref name=gull527/>

The first unit to cross about a ((convert|1|mi)) from the river mouth was a company of the 7th Battalion, [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]], of the 156th Brigade.<ref>Grainger 2006, p.218</ref> Several of the flimsy boats collapsed, and the men were forced to wade across the chest deep river.<ref name=gull527/> Once across they established a bridgehead on the Ottoman bank of the river. When they were secure the engineers started building a pontoon bridge, for the main force to cross.<ref>Grainger 2006, pp.218–219</ref> By 23:00 almost three of the division's battalions had crossed the river. The 8th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and the 4th Battalion, [[Royal Scots]], from the 156th Brigade and the [[Blythswood Rifles|7th (Blythswood) Battalion]], [[Highland Light Infantry]], from the 157th Brigade.<ref name=grainger219>Grainger 2006, p.219</ref>

[[File:Pontoon type bridge over the Wady el Auja four miles north east of Jaffa Palestine AWM H10619 1917.jpg|thumb|[[Pontoon bridge]] built by British engineers]]

By midnight all the 156th Brigade had crossed over attacked the Ottoman position on a hill at [[Sheikh Muannis]], which overlooked the river and all the other positions in the area.<ref name=grainger219/>

The rest of the 157th Brigade were not as fortunate, when they were crossing the river, being targeted by an Ottoman artillery barrage. However, by 01:30 two other battalions—the 6th Highland Light Infantry and the 5th [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]]—had crossed the river and secured the high ground overlooking the crossing point by 03:30.<ref name=grainger220>Grainger 2006, p.220</ref> The 157th also secured the northern bank of a ford to assist the crossing.<ref name=rickard/>

The 155th Brigade mounted two distraction attacks to cover their real attempt by the 5th Battalion [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]] who, using rafts, crossed the river. By dawn the whole brigade had crossed the river and secured the heights at Khirbet Hadra.<ref name=grainger220/>

The whole division had crossed the river in darkness, and all Ottoman resistance was overcome by British troops using their [[bayonet]]s and no shots were fired.<ref name=bruce167>Bruce 2002, p.167</ref> The attack completely surprised the Ottoman defenders and their front line were forced back ((convert|5|mi)).<ref name=rickard>((cite web|access-date=19 January 2012|last=Rickard|first=J|date=3 September 2007|title=Battle of Jaffa, 21–22 December 1917|publisher=History of War|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jaffa.html))</ref><ref>((cite web|access-date=19 January 2012|publisher=The Long Long Trail|title=52nd (Lowland) Division|last=Baker|first=Chris|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/52div.htm))</ref> By dawn the British held a line from Hadrah to Tel el Rekkeit, around ((convert|2|mi)) north of the river.<ref name=gull527/> It had been intended for the [[ANZAC Mounted Division]], to cross over and pursue the retreating Ottomans. However the rainfall over the preceding days and the damp boggy ground, prevented them from following the retreating Ottoman survivors, who escaped unhindered.<ref name="Grainger" />

With the northern river bank in British hands, the engineers constructed bridges to allow their artillery to cross the river. The next day, 22 December, the British position was made even more secure when the 54th (East Anglian) Division captured Bald Hill to the right of the 52nd.<ref name=gull527/> In doing so the Ottoman defenders lost fifty-two killed and forty-four more were taken prisoner. By dawn the 54th Division had advanced further north occupying Mulebbis and Fejja; later in the day they also captured [[Rantieh]].<ref name=allenby/>

The 52nd Division continued the advance on the left, supported by [[naval gunfire]] from a [[Royal Navy]] flotilla. Three [[destroyer]]s [[HMS Grafton (1892)|''Grafton'']], [[HMS Lapwing (1911)|''Lapwing'']] and [[HMS Lizard (1911)|''Lizard'']] and three [[Monitor (warship)|monitors]] [[HMS M29|M29]], [[HMS M30|M30]] and [[HMS M32|M32]].<ref name=allenby/> By the end of the day they had secured [[Tel el Mukhmar]] the Wadi Ishkar and the [[Arsurf|Auja-Sheikh el Ballutah-Arsuf]], on the cliffs above the sea ((convert|8|mi)) north of Jaffa. During the battle of Jaffa the attacks by the two British divisions had forced the Ottoman forces back ((convert|5|mi)).<ref name=allenby/><ref>Bruce 2002, p. 167–168</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:A pillar erected near the place where the British Army 155th Brigade crossed the Wady el Auja.jpeg|thumb|Memorial to the [[155th (South Scottish) Brigade]], with the river in the background]]

The battle was a success for the British, with 316 Ottoman prisoners taken and ten [[machine gun]]s captured.<ref name=allenby/><ref name=bruce167/> The battle was mentioned in General Sir [[Edmund Allenby]]'s despatch;<blockquote> "The successful crossing of the Nahr el Auja reflects great credit on the 52nd (Lowland) Division. It involved considerable preparation, the details of which were thought out with care and precision. The sodden state of the ground, and, on the night of the crossing, the swollen state of the river, added to the difficulties, yet by dawn the whole of the infantry had crossed. The fact that the enemy were taken by surprise, and, that all resistance was overcome with the bayonet without a shot being fired, bears testimony to the discipline of this division....The operation, by increasing the distance between the enemy and Jaffa from three to eight miles, rendered Jaffa and its harbour secure, and gained elbow-room for the troops covering Ludd and Ramleh and the main Jaffa-Jerusalem road."<ref name=allenby>((cite web|access-date=6 February 2012|author-link=Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|last=Allenby|first=Edmund|title=A brief record of the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force|publisher=[[HMSO]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/briefrecordofadv00grearich/briefrecordofadv00grearich_djvu.txt))</ref></blockquote>

The [[History of the Great War|British official history]] described the battle;<blockquote>The passage of the Auja has always been regarded as one of the most remarkable feats of the Palestine campaign...its chief merits were its boldness&nbsp;— justifiable against troops known to be sluggish and slack in outpost work and already shaken by defeat&nbsp;— its planning, the skill of the engineers;the promptitude with which unexpected difficulties in the bridging the river were met; finally, the combined discipline and dash of the infantry which carried out the operation without a shot being fired and won the works on the right with the bayonet.<ref>Bruce 2002, p. 168</ref></blockquote>

This was one of the last actions the 52nd (Lowland) Division fought in this campaign. In March 1918, they were ordered to move to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in France.<ref>Chappell 1994, p.17</ref> The 54th (East Anglian) Division remained in Palestine taking part in operations at [[Action of Berukin (1918)|Berukin]] in April 1918 and the [[battle of Sharon (1918)|battle of Sharon]] in September.<ref>((cite web|access-date=13 February 2012|last=Baker|first=Chris|title=54th (East Anglian) Division|publisher=The Long Long Trail|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/54div.htm))</ref>

The British units involved in the battle were awarded the distinct [[battle honour]] '''Jaffa'''.<ref>((cite web|access-date=19 January 2012|publisher=Western Front Association|title=Battle honours of the Scottish regiments|url=http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/general-interest/89-battle-scottish-1914.html|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227181832/http://westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/general-interest/89-battle-scottish-1914.html|url-status=dead))</ref>

==References==
;Citations
((reflist|2))

;Bibliography
((refbegin))
*((cite book |last=Bruce |first=Anthony |date=2002 |title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War |location=London |publisher=John Murray|isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2))
*((cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|title=Scottish Divisions in the World Wars|series=Elite # 56|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1994|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85532-469-5))
*((cite book |last=Erickson |first=Edward J |date=2001 |title=Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War: Foreword by General Hüseyiln Kivrikoglu. |series=Contributions in Military Studies # 201 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |oclc=43481698))
*((cite book|last=Grainger|first=John D|title=The Battle for Palestine 1917|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-263-8))
*((cite book |last=Gullett |first=H. S. |series=Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 |volume=VII |title=The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914–1918 |edition=10th |date=1941 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney, New South Wales |oclc=271462411 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069924/ ))
* ((cite book |editor=Hughes, Matthew |year=2004 |title=Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917&nbsp;– October 1919|volume= Army Records Society # 22 |location=Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire |publisher= Sutton Publishing |isbn=978-0-7509-3841-9))
*((cite book |last=Powles |first=C. Guy |author2=A. Wilkie |date=1922 |title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War |volume=III |location=Auckland |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |oclc=2959465))
*((cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|year=2005|title=World War I: Encyclopedia|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-85109-420-2))
* ((cite book |chapter=The Palestine Campaigns |last=Wavell |first=Field Marshal Earl |editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William |edition=4th |title=A Short History of the British Army |year=1968|orig-year=1933|publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London|oclc=35621223))
((refend))

((Ottoman battles in the 20th century))

((Use dmy dates|date=June 2017))

((DEFAULTSORT:Jaffa, Battle of 1917))
[[Category:Military history of Jaffa|Jaffa 1917]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1917]]
[[Category:1917 in British-administered Palestine]]
[[Category:Battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]]
[[Category:December 1917 events]]

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