Battle of Kup
Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars, Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani and Vadda Ghalughara
Date5 February 1762[1]
Location
Kup
Result Afghan victory[2][3]
Belligerents
Sikh Confederacy Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (WIA)
Charat Singh (WIA)		 Ahmad Shah Durrani
Jahan Khan[4]
Shah Wali Khan[4]
Zain Khan Sirhindi[4]
Bhikhan Khan[4]
Murtaza Khan Baraich[4]
Qasim Khan Marhal[4]
Lachhmi Narayan[4]
Strength

30,000 Soldiers and Non Combatants (According to Tom Landsford)[2]

40,000 (According to Narendra Sinha)[5]

50,000 Soldiers and 5,000 Non Combatants (According to Hari Ram Gupta)[6]

Unknown believed to be larger (According to Khuswant Singh)[7]

30,000 (According to Narendra Sinha)[8]

150,000 excluding Local levies (According to Bhagat Lakshman Singh)[9][10][a]

Many Ranghar Villagers[4][12]
Casualties and losses
5,000 to 30,000[3][2][13][4][7][14][15] 10,000 to 17,000[16][7]

The Battle of Kup (part of the Vadda Ghalughara, meaning "greater massacre") was fought on 5 February 1762, between the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Sikhs, under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charat Singh.[1][7][17][12] Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Afghan forces reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind. Different sources give various estimates on how many sikhs were present. According to Tom Landsford, nearly 30,000 Sikh men, women, children, and elderly laid encamped.[12][2] According to Narendra Sinha, 40,000 Sikhs were present.[18] According to Hari Ram Gupta, 50,000 Sikh soldiers laid encamped at Kup while 5,000 non combatants laid encamped at Pind Garma.[19] Abdali's forces outnumbered the Sikhs in hand-to-hand combat and the Sikhs couldn't use their usual tactics of hit and run, but had to engage in battle while protecting the civilians at the same time.[7] With surprise attack, the Sikhs threw a human ring around civilians as protection and fought the battle killing several thousand Afghans.[7] Abdali was able to break the ring and carried out a full scale massacre of the Sikh civilians.[3] Ahmad Shah's forces killed several thousand Sikhs, and the surviving Sikhs fled to Barnala. According to various different estimates, as many as 5,000 to 30,000 Sikh men, women, elderly and children were killed in what is known as the second Sikh genocide (Vadda Ghalughara).[2][4][3][7][20][21]

Background

In 1758, Sikh Misls, Adina Beg and the Marathas,[22] conquered Lahore and captured Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amritsar Sarovar with debris a few months earlier. They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy tank).[23][24]

Adina Beg Khan

Ahmed Shah Abdali came again in October 1759 to crush the Maratha Empire. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers. Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The Dal Khalsa decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000 rupees to the Sikhs.

Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 after defeating Marathas in Third Battle of Panipat with much gold and more than 22,000 girls as prisoners who were to be sold to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and escorted them back to their homes. The Sikhs seized Lahore in September 1761, after Abdali returned to Kabul.

The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of Sultan-ul-Kaum (Authority of the Nation).[25]

Battle

When Ahmad Shah Durrani returned for his sixth campaign of conquest (his fifth being in 1759–1761), Sikh fighters were residing in the town of Jandiala, 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Amritsar. The place was the home of Aqil, the head of the Nirinjania sect, a friend of the Afghans, and an inveterate enemy of the Sikhs.[13]

Aqil sent messengers to Durrani pleading for his help against the Sikhs. The Afghan forces hurried to Jandiala, but by the time they arrived the siege had been lifted and the besiegers were gone.[13]

The Sikh fighters had retreated with the view of taking their families to safety in the Haryana desert east of their location before returning to confront the invader. When the Afghan leader came to know of the whereabouts of the Sikhs he sent word ahead to his allies in Malerkotla and Sirhind to stop their advance. Durrani then in less than 48 hours set about on a rapid march, covering the distance of 240 kilometres (150 mi) and including two river crossings.[13]

In twilight Durrani and his allies surprised the Sikhs who numbered about 30,000 with most of them noncombatants.[2] According to Hari Ram Gupta, 50,000 Sikh soldiers laid encamped at Kup while 5,000 non combatants laid encamped at Pind Garma.[19]With the Durrani forces outnumbering the Sikhs, the Sikh fighters decided that they would form a cordon around the slow-moving baggage train consisting of women, children and old men. Then they would make their way to the desert in the south-west by the town of Barnala, where they expected their ally Ala Singh of Patiala to come to their rescue.[26] Several Durrani fighters were killed by the Sikhs while trying to protect the cordon where Qasim Khan fled the battle with his troops to Malerkotla.[27] Many non-combatants upon reaching the village of Gahal, pleaded for shelter but the villagers in fear of the repercussion from the Durranis, did not open their door and so the non-combatants rushed to the villages of Qutba and Bahmani to seek shelter but the occupants of these villages were the hostile Malerkotla Afghans.[4] On the order of their leader, the Ranghar villagers surrounded and attacked the non-combatants, plundering and massacring them and then moved on to attack the non-combatants outside of their villages but Charat Singh immediately rushed back to protect the remaining non-combatants and drive away the Ranghars.[4]

A secondhand account by the son and nephew of two eyewitnesses describes the Sikhs. "Fighting while moving and moving while fighting, they kept the baggage train marching, covering it as a hen covers its chicks under its wings."[13] More than once, the troops of the invader broke the cordon and mercilessly butchered the women, children and elderly inside, but each time the Sikh warriors regrouped and managed to push back the attackers.[13]

By early afternoon, the fighting cavalcade reached a large pond, the first they had come across since morning. Suddenly the bloodshed ceased as the two forces went to the water to quench their thirst and relax their tired limbs.[13]

Aftermath

From that point on the two forces went their separate ways. The Sikhs suffered great losses where many of them were killed and wounded as they were exhausted having not had any rest in two days. The remainder of the Sikhs proceeded into the semi-desert toward Barnala. From the capital Lahore, Durrani returned to Amritsar and blew up the Harmandir Sahib which since 1757 the Sikhs had rebuilt. As a deliberate act of sacrilege, the pool around it was filled with cow carcasses.[28] It was estimated that 5,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were killed on 5 February 1762.[2][4][29][30][13]

Notes

  1. ^ G.S Chhabra states that Bhagat Lakshman Singh's account of the battle should be taken with caution.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b Bhatia, Sardar Singh. "Vadda Ghallurghara". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 21. ISBN 9781598847604.
  3. ^ a b c d Gupta, Hari Ram (2001). History of the Sikhs, Volume 1. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9788121505406.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. pp. 275–280.
  5. ^ Sinha, Narendra (1936). Rise of the Sikh Power. University of Calcutta. p. 66.
  6. ^ Gupta, Hari (2007). History of the Sikhs Volume II Evolution of the Sikh confederacies (1707-1769). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 180. ISBN 978-81-215-0248-1.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195673081.
  8. ^ Sinha, Narendra (1936). Rise of the Sikh Power. University of Calcutta. p. 66.
  9. ^ Chhabra, G.S (1960). The Advanced study in the History of Punjab Vol I (Guru and Post Guru period up to Ranjit Singh). Jalandhar: Sharanjit. p. 441.
  10. ^ Singh, Bhagat Lakshman (1923). Sikh Martyrs. Lahore Book Shop. p. 210.
  11. ^ Chhabra 1960, p. 441.
  12. ^ a b c Kalaswalia, Kartar Singh. Teg Khalsa (in Punjabi) (10th ed.). Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar: Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh Pustakan Wale. pp. 144–153. ISBN 9788176017831.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Sardar Singh Bhatia, "Vadda Ghalughara", The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV, Patiala, Punjabi University, 1998, pp. 396.
  14. ^ Shani, Giorgio (6 December 2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10188-7.
  15. ^ Sandhu, Gian Singh (28 March 2023). Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People. Archway Publishing. ISBN 978-1-6657-3953-5.
  16. ^ Khazan Singh (1914). History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion. p. 256.
  17. ^ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmed Shah Durrani Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. p. 279.
  18. ^ Sinha, Narendra (1936). Rise of the Sikh Power. University of Calcutta. p. 66.
  19. ^ a b Gupta, Hari (2007). History of the Sikhs Volume II Evolution of the Sikh confederacies (1707-1769). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 180. ISBN 978-81-215-0248-1.
  20. ^ Shani, Giorgio (6 December 2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10188-7.
  21. ^ Sandhu, Gian Singh (28 March 2023). Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People. Archway Publishing. ISBN 978-1-6657-3953-5.
  22. ^ A. H., Bingley (1970). Sikhs. The University of Michigan: Department of Languages, Punjab. p. 27.
  23. ^ "The Sikh Courier International". 25, 27 (60, 64). 1985. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ Sobati, Haracaran (1990). The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh. Eastern Book Linkers. p. 64. ISBN 9788185133423.
  25. ^ Singh, Patwant (2007). The Sikhs. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 9780307429339.
  26. ^ Syad Muhammad Latif, The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time, New Delhi, Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., 1964, p. 283; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154.
  27. ^ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House and online by Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–280.
  28. ^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154-55.
  29. ^ Shani, Giorgio (6 December 2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-10188-7.
  30. ^ Sandhu, Gian Singh (28 March 2023). Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People. Archway Publishing. ISBN 978-1-6657-3953-5.
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