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((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battles of Oltu
| partof            = [[Turkish-Armenian War]]
| date              = 25 June 1920, 5 September 1920
| place             = [[Oltu]], [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] (present-day [[Oltu|Oltu District]] of [[Turkey]])
| coordinates       = ((Coord|40.5497|41.9997|display=inline,title))
| result            = First Battle: Armenian Victory<ref>THE DECEIVED COMMUNITY Rebel Armenians. N.p., Gürbüz Mızrak, 2024.</ref><ref>Allen, William Edward David, and Muratoff, Paul. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2011.</ref>
Second Battle: Turkish victory
| territory         = First Battle: Armenia captures the eastern part of Oltu in July 16
Second Battle: Turkish capture of [[Olti Okrug|Oltu]] and [[Kars Oblast]] and it's surroundings
| combatant1        = ((flagicon|First Republic of Armenia)) [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]]
| combatant2        = First Battle: ((flagicon|Ottoman Empire)) [[Turkish National Movement]]<br>Second Battle: ((flagicon|Ottoman Empire)) [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]]
| commander1        = ((flagicon|First Republic of Armenia)) Harutyun Hovsepian<br />((flagicon|First Republic of Armenia)) Hovhannes Mazmanian<br />((flagicon|First Republic of Armenia)) Colonel Shahbudaghian<br />((flagicon|First Republic of Armenia)) Nesterovskii
| commander2        = ((flagicon|Ottoman Empire)) [[Kâzım Karabekir]]<br />((flagicon|Ottoman Empire)) [[Halit Karsıalan]]<br />((flagicon|Ottoman Empire)) Ali Riza Bey|
))
((Campaignbox Turkish-Armenian War))

The '''Battles of Oltu''' were two armed conflicts; the first (18–25 June 1920) took place between [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish militias]] in the [[Oltu]] region, which at this time was part of Armenia.<ref name="Hewsen-237">Hewsen, Robert H. and Salvatico, Christopher C. (2001) ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas'' University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 237. ((ISBN|0-226-33228-4))</ref> The second battle was fought on 3–5 September 1920, marking the beginning of the [[Turkish-Armenian War]], and consisted of Turkish forces driving the Armenians out of Oltu.

==Background==
After the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878]], according to the [[Treaty of San Stefano]]<ref>((cite journal |date=October 1908 |title=Preliminary Treaty of Peace between Russia and Turkey: Signed at San Stefano, February 19/ March 3, 1878 (Translation) |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=II |issue=4, Supplement, Official Documents |pages=387–401 |doi=10.2307/2212669 |jstor=2212669 |s2cid=246010753))</ref> and the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]],<ref>((cite journal |title= Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878 (Translation) |journal= The American Journal of International Law |volume= II |issue= 4, Supplement, Official Documents |date= October 1908 |pages= 401–424 |jstor= 2212670   |doi= 10.2307/2212670  |s2cid= 246011615 ))</ref> the surroundings of Oltu were annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] in 1878, forming the [[Olti okrug]] of the [[Kars oblast]]. At the beginning of [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] briefly occupied these lands, but at the by the beginning of 1915, Russia regained control of them.<ref>((Cite book |last=Zayonchkovsky |first=A. M. |title=Первая мировая война |publisher=OOO Издательство «Полигон» [Polygon Publishing House] |year=2002 |location=Санкт-Петербург |language=ru |trans-title=The First World War))</ref>

After [[World War I]] ended with [[Ottoman Empire]] defeat and the [[Russian Empire]] had come apart in the [[Russian Civil War]], separate governments formed in [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]].  The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] which established the new boundaries for the Ottoman Empire had not yet been signed. The district of Oltu, known then as Ardahan-Olty,<ref>((Cite book |title=The New York Times Current History: The European war |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |year=1919 |volume=19 |location=New York City |pages=40 |language=en))</ref> was disputed by Georgia, Armenia and Turkey.  Georgia assumed [[de jure]] authority over it when they claimed independence on May 26, 1918. The Republic of Armenia also assumed [[de jure]] authority over this region on May 28, 1918.((Citation needed|date=November 2023))

==First battle of Oltu==
The conflict arose when the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]] failed to maintain control over the district of Oltu, and local [[Muslim]] warlords<ref name="Andersen">((Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Andrew |title=TURKISH-ARMENIAN WAR: SEP.24 – DEC.2, 1920 |url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/turkarwar.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.conflicts.rem33.com))</ref>((Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2023)) assumed control in their stead. The local Turkish tribes had skirmished with Armenian border troops, and as a result the local Armenian commander initiated a [[punitive expedition]] into the Oltu district. On 16 June 1920 Armenian forces invaded the eastern half of the Oltu district, annexing it to Armenia. Meanwhile, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed. Under the terms of the treaty, portions of northeastern Ottoman Empire were allotted to the Republic of Armenia and subsequently came to be known as [[Wilsonian Armenia]], after the US President [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |title=The Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-520-08804-2 |volume=4 |location=Los Angeles |pages=40–44))</ref>

==Second battle of Oltu==
In August, the Armenian government attempted to occupy the remainder of the Oltu district as well as the city of Oltu. ((Citation needed|date=August 2020)) In response, General [[Kâzım Karabekir]] led four Turkish battalions into the district on 3 September and drove the Armenians out. Karabekir then invaded the Republic of Armenia on 20 September<ref name="Andersen" /> prompting the Armenian government to declare war on [[Turkey]] four days later,<ref name="Ru-TuArm">[http://safety.spbstu.ru/book/hrono/hrono/sobyt/1920arm.html Turkish-Armenian War of 1920] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312224428/http://safety.spbstu.ru/book/hrono/hrono/sobyt/1920arm.html |date=2007-03-12 )) in Russian</ref> thus beginning the [[Turkish–Armenian War]].

==References==
((Reflist))

((Turkish War of Independence))

((DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Oltu))
[[Category:Conflicts in 1920|Oltu]]
[[Category:Battles of the Turkish–Armenian War|Oltu]]
[[Category:1920 in Armenia]]
[[Category:1920 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:History of Erzurum Province]]
[[Category:June 1920 events]]
[[Category:September 1920 events]]

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