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((Short description|October 1917 World War I battle))
((Use British English|date=August 2019))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Poelcappelle
| partof            = the [[Battle of Passchendaele]] in the [[First World War]]
| image             = File:YpernPoelcapelle1918.jpg
| image_size        = 250px
| caption           = Street corner in Poelcappelle
| date              = 9 October 1917
| place             = [[Langemark-Poelkapelle|Poelcappelle]], [[West Flanders]], Belgium
| coordinates       = ((coord|50.922|2.963|dim:20000_region:BE|display=inline,title))
| territory         = 
| result            = Inconclusive
| combatant1        = ((flag|British Empire))
* ((flag|Australia))
* ((flagcountry|UKGBI))
* ((flag|Newfoundland))
((flagcountry|French Third Republic))
| combatant2        = [[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|23px]] [[German Empire]]
| commander1        = [[Herbert Plumer]]<br/>[[Hubert Gough]]<br/>[[François Anthoine]]
| commander2        = [[Erich Ludendorff]]<br/>[[Crown Prince Rupprecht]]<br/>[[Friedrich Sixt von Armin|Sixt von Armin]]
| strength1         = 10+ divisions
| strength2         = 7 divisions, plus 6 divisions in reserve
| casualties1       = 9 October: Second Army:<br/>I Anzac Corps: 1,253<br/>II Anzac Corps: ~5,700<br/>Fifth Army: ~4,500
| casualties2       = 1–10 October: 35,000 including 13,000 missing
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = ((Campaignbox Passchendaele))
((Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)))
))
The '''Battle of Poelcappelle''' was fought in Flanders, Belgium, on 9 October 1917 by the British [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] and [[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|Fifth Army]] against the German [[4th Army (German Empire)|4th Army]], during the [[First World War]]. The battle marked the end of the string of highly successful British attacks in late September and early October, during the [[Third Battle of Ypres]]. Only the supporting attack in the north achieved a substantial advance. On the main front, the German defences withstood the limited amount of artillery fire achieved by the British after the attack of 4 October. The ground along the main ridges had been severely damaged by shelling and rapidly deteriorated in the rains, which began again on 3 October, turning some areas back into swamps.

Dreadful ground conditions had more effect on the British, who needed to move large amounts of artillery and ammunition to support the next attack. The battle was a defensive success for the 4th Army, although costly to both sides.((efn|In the worst weather conditions of the campaign, which occurred in the five weeks after the Battle of Broodseinde, the number of troops engaged by the British amounted to no more than those involved in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge on 31 July.((sfn|Davidson|2010|p=67)) British losses in October 1917 were the third-highest of the war after July 1916 and April 1917.((sfn|Bourne|Sheffield|2005|p=335)))) The weather and ground conditions put severe strain on all the infantry involved and led to many wounded being stranded on the battlefield. Early, misleading information and delays in communication led Plumer and Haig to plan the attack of 12 October (the [[First Battle of Passchendaele]]) under the impression that a substantial advance had taken place at Passchendaele ridge when most of the captured ground had been lost to German counter-attacks.

==Background==

===Strategic background===

It was important that the British kept the initiative; an attack was being prepared by the British [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]] at [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai]] for late November. The [[1917 French Army mutinies|troubles]] in the French Army stemming from the [[Nivelle Offensive]] in April and the forthcoming attack (the [[Battle of La Malmaison]]) on the Aisne, made it desirable that the large number of German divisions drawn from the French front should not return. At Verdun on 20 August, the French achieved a substantial success; there was no German counter-stroke or counter-offensive as the local ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)) had been sent to Flanders.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=231)) By October 1917, many German divisions on the rest of the Western Front had been engaged in Flanders, some more than once; maintaining the pressure also constrained German operations on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian]] and [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian fronts]]. After the [[Battle of Broodseinde]] on 4 October, the first of the ''Black Days'' of the German Army, [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] Sir [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]], [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] (C-in-C) of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF), believed that the 4th Army was close to collapse, due to the large number of Germans taken prisoner and encouraging intelligence gleaned from the battlefield.((sfnm|1a1=Edmonds|1y=1991|1pp=325–326, 316|2a1=Beach|2y=2005|2p=222))

===Tactical developments===

[[File:Ypres area, Autumn, 1917.jpg|thumb|((centre|Ypres area, Autumn, 1917))]]
On 28 September, Haig met [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Hubert Gough]] ([[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|Fifth Army]]) and General [[Herbert Plumer]] ([[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]]) to explain his intentions. After the victories of 20 and 26 September, the fine weather, the disarray of the German defenders and the limited prospect of German reinforcements from the Russian front, Haig decided that the attack on 4 October would conclude the period of strictly limited advances. The following step would be a deeper advance, with provision made for exploitation. Haig wanted reserve formations of infantry, artillery, cavalry and tanks to be ready to extend a successful attack.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=296))

Gough and Plumer replied over the next couple of days, that they felt that Haig's proposals were premature and that exploitation would not be feasible until Passchendaele ridge had been captured from Passchendaele northwards to Westroosebeke. Gough and Plumer thought that this would probably take two more steps at three-day intervals and then another four days to repair roads over the captured ground. Haig considered that although a collapse of the German defence was a condition for exploitation of the attack due on 10 October, which was not guaranteed, he desired that arrangements be made. If the German defences did not collapse, the preparations would be available for a later date.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=296))

At another conference on 2 October, Haig announced that operations at Ypres would continue for as long as the weather permitted, that six fresh divisions were being moved from quiet fronts to the Fifth Army and that the [[Canadian Corps]] was being moved to the Second Army. Immediate exploitation, should the attack intended for 10 October succeed, was to be accomplished by each attacking division keeping its reserve brigade lightly equipped, accompanied by two ((nowrap|60-pounder)) batteries, two ((nowrap|6-inch)) howitzer batteries and four field artillery brigades. If the infantry brigades conducting the morning attack reported a big success, their reserve brigades would continue the advance in the afternoon.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=297–298))

The reserve brigades of the attacking divisions of I and II Anzac corps were to reach Drogenbroodhoek in the south, ((cvt|3000|yd|mi+km)) beyond Broodseinde, Passchendaele station on the Morslede road in the centre and gain touch with the Fifth Army on the Westroosebeke road north of Passchendaele.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=297–298)) A reserve division of each corps was to be ready behind the front, which the Director-General of Transportation, Major-General [[Philip Nash]], undertook to have on the battlefield in 3½–((nowrap|4 hours,)) if given three hours' notice. The divisions in corps reserve would be ready by the following morning to advance beyond the reserve brigades if German resistance crumbled. A cavalry division was given to each army to operate with the reserve divisions, two tank battalions were attached to the Second Army and a tank brigade to the Fifth Army to exploit the firmer going, should the advances take place.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=297–298))

==Prelude==

===British preparations===

((main|Western Front tactics, 1917#The British set-piece attack, late 1917|l1=The British set-piece attack in late 1917))

[[File:Ypres1917-Poelcappelle-Setup+Objectives.jpg|thumb|((centre|Allied forces and objectives at the Battle of Poelcappelle))]]
In the early morning of 4 October, news arrived at British Headquarters (HQ) of the great success of the attack. Brigadier-General Charteris, Chief Intelligence Officer at General Headquarters, was sent from Haig's Advanced HQ to the Second Army HQ to discuss exploitation. Plumer did not agree that it was possible because eight more uncommitted German divisions were behind the battlefield and there were another six beyond them; Plumer preferred to wait until the expected German counter-attacks that day had been defeated. German artillery fire was still heavy and the ((lang|de|Flandern II)) and ((lang|de|Flandern III Stellungen)) (defensive positions) behind the attack front could be occupied by the fresh German divisions. An attack on these defensive lines would need close artillery support, which would be impossible because the British artillery was behind a severely battered strip of muddy ground ((cvt|2|mi)) wide. As the magnitude of the victory became apparent, Plumer had second thoughts but by ((nowrap|2:00 p.m.,)) accepted that the moment had passed. Gough ordered the Fifth Army to advance further and then cancelled the instruction, after a local German counter-attack was reported to have pushed the [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Division]] off ((nowrap|19 Metre Hill.))((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=315–317))

Rain fell again on 4 October, continued on 5 and 6 October then became a downpour on 7 October. On 5 October, General [[William Birdwood]], commander of [[I Anzac Corps]], told Plumer that the exploitation would not be possible as the Corps light railway and the Westhoek to Zonnebeke road could not carry forward all the artillery necessary. On 7 October, Haig cancelled the exploitation attack to the second objective (red line), intended for the afternoon of 9 October.((efn|At a meeting described by the Official Historian [[James Edward Edmonds|James Edmonds]] the existence of the meeting was questioned in 1996 by Prior and Wilson.((sfnm|1a1=Edmonds|1y=1991|1p=325|2a1=Prior|2a2=Wilson|2y=1996|2p=160)))) The rain stopped that night and the ground began to dry on 8 October, until late afternoon when another downpour began.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=325)) From 4 to 9 October, over ((cvt|30|mm)) of rain fell, during a month when average rainfall was ((cvt|75|mm|0)).((sfn|Prior|Wilson|1996|p=159)) According to James Edmonds, the official historian, the Corps Chief Engineers and divisional Commanders Royal Engineers (CRE), considered that the ground conditions did not create serious transport difficulties to the front line until 4 October. In some places the going was good enough up to 12 October, except in some areas where the ground became impassable. The area behind II Anzac Corps, near the Steenbeek and its tributaries, was called "a porridge of mud" (sic). Duck-board tracks were extended to ((cvt|1|mi)) short of the front line, beyond which was a taped row of stakes illuminated with lamps at night; pack animals trampled many of the tracks and stakes into the mud.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=327–329))

[[File:German defences east of Ypres mid-1917.jpg|thumb|((centre|British front line and the German defences east of Ypres, mid-1917))]]
Extension of the plank roads behind the two Anzac Corps proved impossible during the rain which began on 4 October, planks sinking or floating away. The field artillery of II Anzac Corps was not able to move forward as planned from west of the Steenbeek to the Zonnebeke–Winnipeg road. Platforms were improvised to keep them out of the mud but the failure to move left them ((cvt|6000|yd|mi+km)) from the morning objective, ((cvt|1000|yd)) out of range of the German field artillery beyond Passchendaele. The field batteries for the [[66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division]] were placed beyond Frezenburg, along the Zonnebeke road ((cvt|1|mi)) short of their intended positions. Conditions for the gunners deteriorated rapidly, with dugouts flooding in the rain. A sharp increase in illness led to breakdowns in the system of reliefs, just when the workload was at its highest. Instead of the usual ((nowrap|90 field)) pieces in the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, one field brigade only got ((nowrap|25 guns)) into action and the other was unable to fire until after the attack began.((sfn|Prior|Wilson|1996|p=161))((efn|A gun was "in action", when it was able to open fire on S.O.S. lines and had ((nowrap|200)) rounds at hand.((sfn|Stewart|2014|p=278))))

The field guns of the [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division|49th (West Riding) Division]] were still along the Wieltje–Gravenstafel road, west of the Steenbeek, with only a few forward on the other side behind Hill 35. Transport of ammunition by pack animal was only possible to guns kept within ((cvt|100|–|150|yd)) of roads. Journeys previously an hour-long took from 6 to 16 hours and the ammunition arrived coated with slime.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=327–328)) The effect of the rain was not uniform and further north, in the area of XIV Corps and the French First Army, the ground had not been damaged as much by shell-fire. Despite considerable difficulty, the field artillery was moved to within ((cvt|4000|yd|mi+km)) of the final objective and ample ammunition and field stores were brought forward. XIV Corps had ((nowrap|49 batteries)) of three hundred and twelve 18-pounder guns in groups, one for each division, the Guards group having ((nowrap|23 batteries)); the medium and heavy artillery being grouped similarly.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=327))

===Plan===

[[File:Battle of Poelcappelle - barrage map.jpg|thumb|((centre|The army level artillery barrage map for the battle))]]
The arrangements agreed by Haig, Gough and Plumer on 2 October, the effect of the victory of 4 October and the disarray of the German defenders, led to the attack planned for 10 October being advanced to 9 October, with a second attack being arranged for 12 October. Attacking a front of ((cvt|13500|yd|mi+km)), it was intended to capture Passchendaele ridge in two stages.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=885)) The first objective (red line) would be captured by a morning attack, which if successful and the cause of a general withdrawal by the Germans, would be followed-up by the reserve brigades of the attacking divisions, which would advance to the second objective (blue line) in the afternoon. On 7 October Haig cancelled the afternoon attack to the blue line due to the wet weather.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=323, 327))

On the southern flank of the attack, [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] was to attack to hold German reserves around Becelaere and Gheluvelt. To the north, I Anzac Corps was to advance on the right flank of the main attack, with the 1st and 2nd Australian divisions, the 4th and 5th Australian divisions being in reserve. Further north, II Anzac Corps with the New Zealand and 3rd Australian divisions in reserve, was to attack two objectives, the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, advancing along the main ridge, north of the Ypres–Roulers railway to just short of Passchendaele village and the 49th (West Riding) Division on either side of the Ravebeek stream, up Wallemolen spur to the Bellevue pillboxes. If the first objectives were reached, the reserve brigades were to attack the second objectives in the afternoon. The second objectives were ((cvt|800|–|1000|yd)) ahead of the red line, beyond the village and the main ridge, respectively. The reserve divisions were ready to move rapidly forward, by train from west of Ypres to continue the attack the next day.((sfn|Prior|Wilson|1996|p=163))

On the Fifth Army front, [[XVIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVIII Corps]] with a brigade each from the [[48th (South Midland) Division]] and [[11th (Northern) Division]], was to advance ((cvt|1200|yd)) up Poelcappelle spur and towards Westroosebeke on the main ridge. XIV Corps was to advance to the south edge of Houthoulst Forest with the 4th, 29th and Guards divisions, as the French First Army conformed on its left. Raids and artillery bombardments were arranged along the rest of the front to deceive the Germans as to the British objectives.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=323–325, 330–337))

===German preparations===

((main|Western Front tactics, 1917#German defensive changes, late 1917|l1=4th Army defensive changes: September–November 1917))

Opposite I Anzac Corps the 233rd Division held the line, with the 220th Division as its counter-attack (((lang|de|Eingreif))) division.((efn|The US Army Intelligence Department listed nine German Divisions, the [[4th Royal Bavarian Division|4th Bavarian Division]], [[15th Division (German Empire)|15th Division]], [[16th Division (German Empire)|16th Division]], [[18th Division (German Empire)|18th Division]], [[119th Infantry Division (German Empire)|119th Division]], 195th Division, 227th Division, 233rd Division and 240th Division in the battle.((sfn|US WD|1920)))) To the north against II Anzac Corps, were the 195th Division and part of [[16th Division (German Empire)|16th Division]], with the [[20th Division (German Empire)|20th Division]] and [[45th Reserve Division (German Empire)|45th Reserve Divisions]] as ((lang|de|[[Eingreif division|Eingreif]])) divisions; further north was the 227th Division.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=900)) The [[18th Division (German Empire)|18th Division]] held ((lang|de|Flandern I Stellung)) near Poelcappelle and the [[119th Infantry Division (German Empire)|119th Division]] held Houthoulst Forest.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=336)) The Germans were also hampered by the weather but as their positions were on the edge of the [[Field of fire|beaten zone]], routes to their front line were in better condition until closer to the front. A German soldier wrote,

((quote|The ground was unbelievably boggy, we just hardly got forward. The man to my front threatened to disappear in the darkness, so I moved quicker, only to get stuck up to my knees in the morass... but then the man behind me got stuck as well in the filthy mess.... At long last the two of us were extracted from the bog.|''Fähnrich'' Britten((sfn|Sheldon|2007|p=225))))

On 7 October, the 4th Army headquarters rescinded the policy of a reinforced front defence zone, to avoid another disaster like 4 October. Front line regiments were dispersed again, with their reserve battalions moved back behind the artillery protective line. More artillery was to be used against British artillery to protect the ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)) as they advanced. The ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)) were placed closer to the front line, to intervene as swiftly as possible once an attack commenced, despite the risk of being devastated by the British artillery.((sfn|Wynne|1976|p=309)) On 9 October, Ludendorff issued a memorandum to all Western Front divisions, complaining that ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)) were being misused. Dispersal, poorly timed attacks, disorganisation and poor co-ordination with the artillery had led to high casualties. Ludendorff emphasised that the reserve units of ground holding divisions, should conduct hasty attacks (((lang|de|Gegenstöße))) to push attackers out of their area. ((lang|de|Eingreif)) units should not be used to reinforce ground-holding divisions for hasty counter-attacks but were to be used only for properly organised counter-attacks (((lang|de|Gegenangriffe))). As far as possible the ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)) were to avoid casualties, unless lost ground was tactically important enough to recapture.((sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=226–227))

==Battle==

===Second Army===

((see also|Mystery of Celtic Wood|Action on the Polderhoek Spur|))

{|class="wikitable" align=right style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"
|+'''Weather'''<br><small>3–9 October 1917</small>((sfn|McCarthy|1995|pp=112–113))
|-
! Date
! Rain<br>mm
! [[°F]]
!
|-
| 3||1.2||64||dull
|-
| 4||4.6||60||dull
|-
| 5||3.1||52||dull
|-
| 6||2.1||47||dull
|-
| 7||10.4||53||dull
|-
| 8||14.6||54||dull
|-
| 9||0.0||53||fine
|}
In the X Corps area to the south, the [[15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|15th Brigade]] of the [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] attacked Polderhoek Château. The brigade reached the château ruins behind a creeping barrage and engaged the pillboxes in the vicinity but mud clogged many weapons. German machine-gun fire from Gheluvelt forced the brigade back to the start line and an attack that night was cancelled.((sfn|Hussey|Inman|1921|p=182)) Further north the [[95th Brigade (United Kingdom)|95th Brigade]] attacked astride the Reutelbeek, advanced past Cameron Covert and was then stopped by German machine-gun fire. (The [[21st Division (United Kingdom)|21st Division]], between the 5th and [[7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|7th Division]], was not part of the attack.)((sfn|McCarthy|1995|p=103)) Two battalions of the [[22nd Brigade (United Kingdom)|22nd Brigade]] of the 7th Division managed to assemble on time, despite the sodden ground and advanced at ((nowrap|5:20 a.m.)) to the blue line, which had been the final objective of the 21st Division in the attack of 4 October.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=334)) Within ((nowrap|30 minutes,)) green flares on the objective (blue line) showed that it had been captured. A report arrived that the commanding ground around Reutel had been captured and that many Germans had been shot while fleeing. The advance had been held up at Juniper Cottage and German guns in a gap near Judge Copse also held up the infantry; a reserve platoon was sent up but was also unable to clear the Copse. Eventually two companies captured the area by attacking from the south-east. The Germans shelled the area all night and all next day but no counter-attack was attempted.((sfn|Atkinson|2009|pp=419–420))

In the I Anzac Corps area north of X Corps, the [[1st Division (Australia)|1st Australian Division]] raided [[Mystery of Celtic Wood|Celtic Wood]] and only fourteen of ((nowrap|85 men)) returned unwounded.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=899)) The [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd Australian Division]] was to cover the right flank of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division south of the Ypres–Roulers railway, by pivoting to its right. The [[6th Brigade (Australia)|6th Australian Brigade]] on the right flank, attacked towards Daisy and Dairy woods on a ((convert|1200|yd|adj=on)) front but were quickly stopped by German machine-gun fire; later in the afternoon the woods were outflanked from the north and the objective was reached.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=333)) Two battalions of the [[5th Brigade (Australia)|5th Australian Brigade]] advanced ((cvt|1200|yd)) to the north-west end of the Keiberg Spur; the battalions were under strength and were unable properly to mop up German troops who had been by-passed. German reinforcements infiltrated behind the Australians, endangering them with encirclement. Before troops from the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division could come up, the Australian brigade withdrew ((cvt|800|yd)) with many casualties; during the withdrawal, British troops were seen advancing north of the railway. By the time reinforcements were ready to attempt another advance to support them, the British troops had also retired and the 5th Australian Brigade consolidated on the first objective.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=886))

The main attack was conducted by the [[II Anzac Corps]]. Two brigades each from 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and the 49th (West Riding) Division, assembled behind Frezenberg and Potijze, about ((cvt|2.5|mi||0)) from the jumping off line. The brigades were expected to cover the distance in five hours but the dark, rain, state of the ground and fitful German artillery fire caused serious delays. Both divisions reported at ((nowrap|2:30 a.m.)) that some battalions would not be ready for zero hour at ((nowrap|5:20 a.m.)) and that all of the 197th Brigade on the right flank would be late. Staff officers were sent out to hurry on every man capable of going faster, rather than keeping units together.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=886)) When the creeping barrage began, the troops who had arrived spread out and followed the barrage. The creeper was difficult to follow, because much of the field artillery was out of action, some of the rest fired inaccurately from unstable platforms and many high-explosive shells were smothered by the mud.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=330))

The battalions of the [[197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade|197th Brigade]], 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division on the right, advanced quickly on sandy going, despite lagging far behind the creeping barrage. German infantry from the [[195th Division (German Empire)|195th Division]] were found in shell holes and many were taken prisoner as the British reached the final objective (blue line) at ((nowrap|10:00 a.m.,)) a patrol finding Passchendaele village empty. Soon after arriving at the final objective, the rain stopped and in the better visibility, German machine guns and field artillery began to fire from the right flank. At noon, both flanks of the brigade were swung back to find neighbouring units, which the troops in the centre followed, under the impression that it was a general withdrawal and the brigade ended up at the red line. After stopping a German counter-attack in the late afternoon, the division withdrew slightly to gain touch with the 49th (West Riding) Division on the left and find cover from machine guns on the Bellevue Spur. The [[198th (East Lancashire) Brigade|198th Brigade]] on the left had to struggle through mud and flooded trenches, north of the Ravebeek. German machine-gun fire from the pillboxes at Bellevue ((cvt|500|–|800|yd)) away, stopped the infantry half way to the red line, despite a further attempt to advance by the supporting battalions.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=332, 334))

[[File:Map showing wet areas near Passchendaele village.png|thumb|((centre|Map showing wet areas near Passchendaele village – blue shading marks waterlogging near Passchendaele, which began with the rains of early October.))]]
The German pillboxes at Bellevue were able to fire on the 198th Brigade, because the attack by the [[148th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|148th Brigade]] on the right of the 49th (West Riding) Division stalled in the swamp astride the Ravebeek, only a few parties getting across. The creeping barrage was thin and moved at ((cvt|100|yd)) in six minutes, far too fast for the infantry. The barrage was lost on the right flank at the marshy edges of the Stroombeek and German riflemen and machine-gunners fired through the British barrage, particularly from Bellevue and the Yetta Slopes. Peter Pan on the left was captured by the [[146th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|146th Brigade]] and by ((nowrap|6:40 a.m.,)) the first objective (red line) had been reached.((sfn|Magnus|2004|p=141)) An attempt by following waves to leap-frog through the troops on the red line failed, due to the volume of fire from the Bellevue pillboxes. One attack got to within ((cvt|40|yd)) of Bellevue and a later attempt at a flanking attack was stopped by machine-gun fire. The attack on the Yetta Houses, was also raked by machine-gun fire and on the left stopped ((cvt|100|yd)) short of the objective.((sfn|Wyrall|2002|pp=122–124))

The [[147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|147th Brigade]] was alerted and put on one hour's notice by ((nowrap|7:30 a.m.)) and during the morning and troops from the supporting battalions of the attacking brigades filled gaps in the line.((sfn|Magnus|2004|p=141)) The final position reached was ((cvt|100|–|200|yd)) beyond the first objective, from which a line of posts ran from south of Wolf Farm to the eastern edge of Wolf Copse and from there to the south-east of Wolf Copse, with an advanced post ((cvt|150|yd)) south-east of the Copse. A support line was dug along the first objective and several small counter-attacks were seen off.((sfn|Wyrall|2002|pp=122–124)) Troops from a reserve battalion were sent up to the vicinity of Peter Pan and more troops occupied the old British front line. Around ((nowrap|9:00 a.m.,)) a company managed to work around Peter Pan and capture the pillboxes, which allowed the advance to continue up to a field of barbed wire, ((cvt|150|yd)) from Bellevue. More wire had been spread around the pillboxes, which were part of ((lang|de|Flandern I Stellung)). More German machine guns had been hidden in shell-holes and after several attempts to advance, the troops dug in half-way up the slope.((sfn|Wyrall|2002|pp=126–130))

The 146th Brigade found a bridge on the Gravenstafel road and got forward several hundred yards up the Wallemolen spur beyond the Ravebeek, before being stopped at ((nowrap|9:30 a.m.,)) by the machine guns in the Bellevue pillboxes and a field of uncut wire ((cvt|25|–|40|yd)) wide in front of the pillboxes, which obstructed all of the divisional front. At about ((nowrap|1:00 p.m.)) a reconnaissance report from a contact patrol aircraft crew had the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and 49th (West Riding) Division at the final objective. Despite the scepticism of the brigade staff officers, both divisions were ordered to push forward reserves to consolidate the line.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=888)) In ignorance of the cause of the check, the divisional HQ sent forward the 147th Brigade and the rest of the supporting battalions of the attacking brigades, which were either pinned down or held back on Gravenstafel spur, as the cause of the check was realised. In the afternoon the 148th and 146th brigades were near the red line, having had ((nowrap|2,500 casualties.))((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=332)) The right of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division rested on the railway beyond Keerselaarhoek below the main ridge, then north past Augustus Wood to the Ravebeek. The 49th (West Riding) Division line began in the valley at Marsh Bottom, then along the bottom of the Bellevue slopes above the Ravebeek, to Peter Pan and Yetta Houses, then on to the XVIII Corps boundary of the [[144th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|144th Brigade]] of the 48th (South Midland) Division at Adler Farm. Small groups were isolated further up the Bellevue slopes, on the western edge of Wolf Copse, Wolf Farm and a cemetery on the northern boundary.((sfn|Stewart|2014|p=276))

===Fifth Army===
[[File:18PounderInMudLangemarckThirdYpres16Oct1917.jpg|thumb|((centre|Manhandling an 18-pounder field gun through mud (Langemarck, 16 October 1917)))]]
In the XVIII Corps area, a brigade each of the 48th (South Midland) Division and 11th (Northern) Division, took 14½ hours on the night of ((nowrap|7/8 October)) to reach the front line through mud and rain. When the brigades attacked, they were swept by machine-gun fire from the fresh German 16th Division, which had crept forward in the dark and occupied shell-hole positions so close to the British jumping-off line, that the British barrage overshot them. The British infantry lost the barrage, which was as ineffective as elsewhere due to shells being smothered and moving at ((cvt|100|yd)) in four minutes, too fast for the conditions. The German counter-barrage arrived after seven minutes and was equally ineffective. The British destructive bombardment on German positions was much more damaging than the creeping bombardment and caused the Germans considerable casualties.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=334–335))

The German pillboxes were mostly untouched and a great amount of small-arms fire from them caused many British casualties from cross-fire and traversing fire. Positions dug into the ruins of Poelcappelle were used to fire in [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilade]] against the attackers. The British advance was stopped ((cvt|100|–|200|yd)) beyond the front line on the left, at the Brewery near Polcappelle, from where the troops withdrew to their jumping-off trenches to reorganise.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=334–335)) As this retirement was seen, the survivors of other units on the left flank and in the centre conformed. On the right flank, the German defence had been far less determined and more ground could have been taken but for the failure on the left. The ground was consolidated and reinforcements were brought up between Pheasant Farm and Retour Crossroads. Prisoners reported many casualties in the German division opposite, due to it being fresh and willing to fight to hold its ground. After the fighting ended, both sides recovered wounded during a local truce.((sfn|Wyrall|2002|pp=130–131))

In the [[XIV Corps (United Kingdom)|XIV Corps]] area, the 4th Division attacked with one brigade on an ((cvt|800|yd)) front. The limited progress of the XVIII Corps attack to the south restricted the advance to just beyond Poelcappelle and a new line was consolidated beyond the Poelcappelle–Houthoulst road.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=335–336)) On the left flank to the north, the final objective of the [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] was ((cvt|1650|yd)) forward on the right and ((cvt|2500|yd|mi+km)) on the left. The attacking troops had moved up the night before in torrential rain, the [[Royal Newfoundland Regiment|Newfoundland Battalion]] on the left flank, taking 4½ hours, to travel ((cvt|6|mi|0)) to the front line. The advance was made in three stages, with an hour to consolidate behind standing and smoke barrages at the first and intermediate objectives. The rain stopped at midnight and the attack began at ((nowrap|5:20 a.m.)) On the right, German machine guns at Olga Farm caused many casualties and a delay but the first objective was reached on time. The surviving troops advanced on Condé House by rushes from shell-holes and took ((nowrap|200 prisoners)) when they reached it.((sfn|Gillon|2002|pp=139–140))

Fire from two German pillboxes stopped the advance and a German counter-attack began from the pillboxes. German infantry attacked in eight waves and the British engaged them with rifle and machine-gun fire. At ((nowrap|8:55 a.m.,)) the barrage for the advance to the third (final) objective began and smothered the remaining German infantry; German resistance collapsed and the final objective was reached at ((nowrap|10:00 a.m.)) The left brigade advanced to the right of Bear Copse, which was specially bombarded by [[Stokes mortar]]s, which induced the German garrison to surrender. The Broembeek was crossed by the Newfoundland Battalion, which advanced up the Ypres–Staden railway, captured German dugouts in the embankment and reached the first objective on time. The advance to the second objective found much reduced German resistance and the final objective ((cvt|700|yd)) further on was reached. A counter-attack was defeated at noon and then a retirement of ((cvt|200|yd)) was made, in the face of another counter-attack later in the afternoon; German infantry left the area vacant.((sfn|Gillon|2002|pp=141–142))((sfn|Headlam|2010|p=276))

The [[Guards Division (United Kingdom)|Guards Division]] was to cross the Broembeek and close up to Houthoulst Forest, on a front from the Ypres–Staden railway, to the junction with the French army near Craonne Farm. Before the attack ((nowrap|355 mats,)) ((nowrap|180 footbridges)) and enough wire to cover ((cvt|3000|yd|mi+km)) of front was carried forward by the pioneer battalion; much digging was done but the rain destroyed trenches as they were built. The two attacking brigades moved up late on 7 October in torrential rain, which stopped at midnight on ((nowrap|8/9 October)) and the morning dawned fine with a drying wind. The barrage came down prompt at ((nowrap|5:30 a.m.)) and after four minutes began to creep forward at a rate of ((cvt|100|yd)) in eight minutes. Crossing the Broembeek was easier than expected, as the German infantry nearby surrendered readily.((sfn|Headlam|2010|pp=271–276))

Little German resistance was encountered on the right, except from a German pillbox at Egypt House, whence the Guards pulled their right flank back under sniper fire, as they waited for Newfoundland troops of 29th Division to come up. The left brigade bypassed a German strongpoint and reached the final objective, taking the strongpoint later in the afternoon. Consolidation was hampered by German snipers in Houthoulst Forest and German aircraft appeared over the new front line, which was ((cvt|2500|yd|mi+km)) forward on the Veldhoek–Vijwegen spur. No counter-attack was made until the evening, beyond the right flank on the 29th Division front, which withdrew a short distance. On the left of the Guards Division, German troops massing at the junction with the French 2nd Division to the north were dispersed by machine-gun fire from gunners, who had advanced to the final objective with the infantry and by British artillery fire.((sfn|Headlam|2010|pp=271–276))

===I<sup>re</sup> Armée===
[[File:Merckem peninsula, Flanders, 1917(2).jpg|thumb|((centre|French zone; Merckem peninsula, Flanders, 1917))]]
The French First Army, between the British Fifth Army to the south and the Belgian Army further north, attacked on 31 July, south of the inundations and advanced to the west of Wijdendreft and Bixschoote. On 1 August, the 51st Division on the left flank had captured ground from the Martjevaart and St Jansbeek to Drie Grachten. The axis of the French advance was along the banks of the Corverbeek, towards the south and south-eastern fringes of Houthulst Forest, the villages of Koekuit, Mangelaere, blockhouses and pillboxes, which connected the forest with the German line southwards towards Poelcappelle. On the left flank, the French were covered by the Belgian Army, which held the ground about [[Knokke|Knocke]] and the Yser inundations. On 9 October, the French [[2nd Infantry Division (France)|2nd Division]] of [[1st Army Corps (France)|I Corps]], was to attack towards Houthulst Forest with the British XIV Corps attack on Poelcappelle. The French artillery subjected the German defences east and south-east of Houthulst Forest to a three-day bombardment.((sfn|The Times|1918|p=121)) At ((nowrap|5:30 a.m.,)) a creeping-barrage began to move very slowly forwards over a "sea" of mud. The artillery-fire was so effective, that despite an extremely slow infantry advance, the French objectives were reached by ((nowrap|10:00 a.m.)) with few casualties.((sfn|The Times|1918|p=121))

After crossing the flooded Broembeek at its confluence with the Steenbeek near St Jean, just before the point where the Steenbeek becomes the St Jansbeek, through a wide and shallow depression filled with mud, the 2nd Division captured the villages of St Jean, Veldhoek and Mangelaere on the outskirts of the forest and drove back the Germans from several fortified farms and pillboxes.((sfn|The Times|1918|p=121)) The average depth of the advance was ((cvt|1.25|mi|0)) and was accomplished in four hours, despite the ground conditions, with fewer than ((nowrap|500 casualties;)) I Corps took ((nowrap|300 prisoners.)) Despite rain, low cloud and high winds, French airmen had flown low, [[strafe]]d German infantry and carried out tactical reconnaissance. On the right of the French, the Guards Division co-operated in the capture of Koekuit, having also crossed the mud of the Broembeek. German counter-attacks recovered a strongpoint at the north end of the French attack front, until expelled in by a local counter-attack. On the left flank of the Franco-British offensive, the attack was a complete success.((sfn|The Times|1918|pp=122–123))

===Air operations===

[[File:Battle of Poelcappelle – message map showing troop disposition around Broodseinde at 6am 10 October 1917.jpg|thumb|((centre|Message map showing troop dispositions around Broodseinde at 6:00 a.m., 10 October))]]
The bright dry weather at Ypres during September ended and high winds, rain and low cloud obscured the battlefield on 4 October. Heavy rain fell on 7 and 8 October and severely hampered air operations and no artillery observation was achieved by the British from ((nowrap|5–9 October.))((sfnm|1a1=Jones|1y=2002a|1pp=203–204|2a1=Prior|2a2=Wilson|2y=1996|2p=161)) German artillery behind the Passchendaele Ridge and Gheluvelt Plateau was not detected and very little British counter-battery fire was achieved.((sfn|Groom|2002|p=213)) Wire cutting by the artillery which did get into action was inadequate, in the areas where there was no ground observation.((sfn|Prior|Wilson|1996|p=163)) Little flying was attempted during 9 October but II and V brigade aircrews, managed fifteen contact and seventeen counter-attack patrols at very low level. The progress of the attack was reported with some accuracy and ((nowrap|354 zone)) calls were made against German artillery and parties of infantry, ((nowrap|21 German)) artillery batteries were engaged for destruction and ((nowrap|33 for)) neutralisation.((efn|"Zones" were based on lettered squares of the army ((nowrap|1:40,000 map;)) each map square was divided into four sections ((cvt|3000|yd2)). The observer used a call sign of the map square letter then the zone letter to signal to the artillery. All guns and howitzers up to ((cvt|6|in)) able to bear on the target, opened rapid fire using corrections of aim from the air observer.((sfn|Jones|2002|pp=175–176)))) Over the XIV Corps area, aircraft from [[No. 9 Squadron RAF|9 Squadron]] flew through the barrage to observe the infantry advance and had five aircrew casualties. Aircraft of the army wing made reconnaissance flights over the German lines and shot down four German fighters, for one aircraft lost and one pilot wounded.((sfn|Jones|2002a|pp=204–205))((efn|From 30 January 1916, each British army had a Royal Flying Corps [[Royal Flying Corps#Brigades|brigade]] attached, which was divided into [[Royal Flying Corps#Wings|wings]], the "corps wing" with squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front of each army corps and an "army wing", which by 1917 conducted long-range reconnaissance and bombing, using the aircraft types with the highest performance.((sfn|Jones|2002|pp=147–148))))

===German 4th Army===

The 233rd Division, opposite I Anzac Corps, did not need the support of the 220th (((lang|de|Eingreif))) Division. To counter-attack the II Anzac Corps, the 16th Division and 195th Division in the front line were supported by parts of the 20th Division and 45th Reserve Division.((sfn|Bean|1941|p=900)) The 240th (((lang|de|Eingreif))) Division was sent forward at noon to support the [[6th Royal Bavarian Division|6th Bavarian Division]] near Polecappelle.((sfn|Sheldon|2007|p=214)) The division moved forward on approach routes which were under an "enormous" weight of fire and managed to regain some captured ground. At ((nowrap|7:00 p.m.)) the British attacked again, the battle eventually subsiding with minor gains of ground by each side.((sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=214–215)) After numerous German counter-attacks during the night, except near Reutel in the south, opposite Passchendaele and near Houthoulst Forest in the north, the British were back on their start lines. The writers of ((lang|de|Der Weltkrieg)), the German Official History, considered that the battle was a costly defensive success.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=337))

==Aftermath==

===Analysis===

[[File:Front line after Poelcapelle and 1st Passchendaele 9-12 October 1917.jpg|thumb|((centre|Front line after Battle of Poelcappelle, 9 October 1917))]]
On Passchendaele Ridge and the Wallemolen Spur, inadequate artillery support, the German pillboxes and extensive uncut barbed wire of the ((lang|de|Flandern I Stellung)) (Flanders I Position), rain, mud, shell-hole machine-gun nests and counter-attacks, led the attackers being forced back towards their start lines. The brigades from the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and 49th (West Riding) Division of the II Anzac Corps began the attack exhausted from the conditions of the approach march and some units had not arrived when the attack began, although on the right of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, German troops surrendered readily to the depleted British battalions. In I Anzac Corps, the Australian divisions were understrength after the attack of 4 October and the strain of holding the front until the attack. From 30 September to 14 October, BEF shell consumption (most being fired at Ypres) fell from 2.5 million to 1.6 million by the field artillery, ((nowrap|510,000 to 350,000)) shells by the medium artillery and ((nowrap|153,000 to 119,000 shells)) by the heavy artillery, although German accounts mention "heavy", "indescribably heavy" and "drumfire" bombardments.((sfn|Brown|1996|pp=241–243))((sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=208–226))

The attacking troops were subjected to more German artillery fire than in recent battles, due to the reduced amount of counter-battery fire from the British artillery and inadequate air observation during the poor weather from 4 to 8 October. It places the rain had helped mask the advance but when it stopped, German machine-gunners and field artillery could see British and Australian infantry and inflicted many casualties. Many wounded soldiers were left stranded on the battlefield, under sniper fire, in the mud and rain.((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=332)) The battle was also costly for the Germans and Crown Prince Rupprecht wrote of the "oppressive superiority" of the British artillery, even though the 4th Army had fired ((nowrap|27 trainloads)) of ammunition during the attack. Units had become mixed up, suffered "very high wastage" and "confusion reigns". Rupprecht and Kuhl feared that ground would have to be conceded, to delay the British by making them redeploy their artillery.((sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=228–229)) In the north near Houthoulst Forest, the attack had forced back the German line up to ((cvt|2500|yd)) and ((nowrap|2,100 German)) soldiers had been taken prisoner.((sfn|Boraston|1920|p=129))

The strain was reflected in a 4th Army order by General Sixt von Armin on 11 October, acknowledging that although fresh ground holding divisions had defeated attacks, some British troops had advanced a considerable distance and ground had been lost, despite the intervention of ((lang|de|Eingreifdivisionen)). Armin noted that more German troops were trickling to the rear, even on quiet days and ordered that "the sternest measures" should be taken against them and be made public. Despite the difficulties and the cost, the German defenders had obtained a considerable defensive success but with the attack on 12 October (the First Battle of Passchendaele), the Battle of Poelcappelle caused a "crisis in command".((sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=241–243)) German losses had risen ((nowrap|to 159,000 men,)) which jeopardised the front and "mentally shocked" the survivors. With operations pending in Italy and an offensive expected from the French on the Aisne front, fresh divisions were not available for the 4th Army.((sfn|Liddle|1997|p=327))

===Casualties===
The 7th Division had ((nowrap|3,877 casualties)) from 1 to 10 October.((sfn|Atkinson|2009|p=422)) Edmonds noted ((nowrap|6,957 casualties)) in the 66th, 49th and 2nd Australian divisions and ((nowrap|10,973 casualties)) in the Fifth Army from 9 to 14 October (including the First Battle of Passchendaele on 12 October).((sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=345, 334, 337)) In the Ravebeek valley in the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division area, some of the wounded drowned in shell-holes, which had filled with rain.((sfn|MacDonald|1993|p=200)) On 12 October an Australian officer found,

((quote|The slope .... was littered with dead, both theirs and ours.... Here I found about fifty men alive, of the Manchesters.... Some had been there four days already...|Lieutenant W. G. Fisher((sfn|Bean|1941|pp=906–907))))

The next day he reported that

((quote|... some of the Manchesters were there yet, seven days wounded and not looked to.... Our men gave all their food and water away, but that was all they could do.|Lieutenant W. G. Fisher (13 October)((sfn|Bean|1941|p=927))))

The [[New Zealand Division]] found wounded of the 49th (West Riding) Division,

((quote|... famished and untended on the battlefield.... Those that could not be brought back were dressed in the muddy shell holes.... On the morning of the 12th many of these unfortunate men were still lying upon the battlefield, and not a few had meantime died of exposure in the wet and cold weather.... Even before the attack, dressing stations and regimental aid posts as well as the battlefield itself were crowded with the wounded of the 49th (West Riding) Division.|Colonel [[Hugh Stewart (classical scholar)|Hugh Stewart]]((sfn|Stewart|2014|pp=279–280, 293))))

In 2014, Robert Perry wrote that Second Army casualties in the attack had been ((nowrap|1,253 in)) the 2nd Australian Division (I Anzac Corps) and about ((nowrap|5,700 men)) in the II Anzac Corps, ((nowrap|3,119 losses)) in the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and ((nowrap|2,585 casualties)) in the 49th (West Riding) Division.((sfn|Perry|2014|p=431)) [[James Edward Edmonds|James Edmonds]], the British official historian, quoted from the German Official History that German losses were very ((lang|de|recht)) (considerable) and that the ordeal "bore no relation to the advantage obtained".((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=337)) Calculations of German losses by Edmonds have been severely criticised ever since.((sfn|McRandle|Quirk|2006|pp=667–701)) In volume XIII of ((lang|de|Der Weltkrieg)) (1942), the German official historians recorded ((nowrap|35,000 casualties,)) including ((nowrap|13,000 missing)) for the ten-day reporting period 1–10 October.((sfn|Foerster|1956|p=96))

===Subsequent operations===

((main|First Battle of Passchendaele))

The 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division repulsed a counter-attack on 10 October. Numerous British divisional reliefs took place before 12 October and a dummy German raid was reported that morning.((sfn|McCarthy|1995|pp=112–113)) The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October. The attack took ground in the north but early gains around Passchendaele were mostly lost to German counter-attacks. The battle was a German defensive success, although costly to both sides. British attacks were postponed until the weather improved and communications behind the front had been restored. Two German divisions intended for Italy were diverted to Flanders, to replace "extraordinarily high" losses.((sfn|Terraine|1977|p=301))

===Victoria Cross===
* Corporal [[William Clamp]], 6th [[Green Howards]]((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=335))
* Private [[Frederick George Dancox|Frederick Dancox]], 4th [[Worcestershire Regiment|Worcesters]]((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=336))
* Sergeant [[Joseph Lister (VC)|Joseph Lister]], 1st [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=336))
* Sergeant [[John Molyneux (VC)|John Molyneux]], 2nd [[Royal Fusiliers]]((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=336))
* Lance-Sergeant [[John Harold Rhodes|John Rhodes]], 3rd [[Grenadier Guards]]((sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=337))

==Notes==
((notelist))

==Footnotes==
((reflist|20em))

==References==
((Refbegin))
'''Books'''
* ((cite book |title=The Seventh Division 1914–1918 |last=Atkinson |first=C. T. |year=2009 |orig-year=1927 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84342-119-1))
* ((cite book |title=The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917 |series=[[Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918]] |volume=IV |last=Bean |first=C. E. W. |authorlink=Charles Bean |year=1941 |orig-year=1933 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |edition=11th |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069753/ |access-date=23 March 2014 |isbn=978-0-7022-1710-4))
* ((cite book |title=Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches |last=Boraston |first=J. H. |year=1920 |orig-year=1919 |publisher=Dent |location=London |oclc=633614212))
* ((cite book |title=Haig: War Diaries and Letters |last1=Bourne |first1=J. M. |last2=Sheffield |first2=G. |year=2005 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-84702-1))
* ((cite book |title=Haig: Master of the Field |last=Davidson |first=J. H. |authorlink=John Humphrey Davidson |year=2010 |orig-year=1953 |publisher=Peter Nevill |location=London |edition=Pen & Sword |isbn=978-1-84884-362-2))
* ((cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title= Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June–10 November Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) |volume=II |last=Edmonds |first=J. E. |authorlink=James Edward Edmonds |year=1991 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=HMSO |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-89839-166-4))
* ((cite book |title=Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Dreizehnter Band, Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917 |language=de |trans-title=The World War 1914 to 1918 Military Land Operations Volume Thirteen, The Warfare in the Summer and Autumn of 1917 |volume=XIII |editor-last=Foerster |editor-first=Wolfgang |year=1956 |orig-year=1942 |publisher=Mittler |location=Berlin |url=https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC03617667/1/LOG_0003/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |edition=online scan |via=Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek |oclc=257129831))
* ((cite book |title=The Story of 29th Division A Record of Gallant Deeds |last=Gillon |first=S. |year=2002 |orig-year=1925 |publisher=Thos Nelson & Sons |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84342-265-5))
* ((cite book |title=A Storm in Flanders: The Ypres Salient, 1914–1918 Tragedy and Triumph on the Western Front |last=Groom |first=W. |year=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87113-842-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/storminflandersy0000groo))
* ((cite book |title=History of the Guards Division in the Great War 1915–1918 |volume=I |last=Headlam |first=C. |authorlink=Sir Cuthbert Headlam, 1st Baronet |year=2010 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84342-124-5))
* ((cite book |ref=((harvid|US WD|1920))
|series=Document (United States. War Department) number 905 |title=Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1920 |publisher=United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section |location=Washington D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/historiestwohun00stafgoog |access-date=22 July 2017 |oclc=565067054))
* ((cite book |title=The Fifth Division in the Great War |last1=Hussey |first1=A. H. |last2=Inman |first2=D. S. |year=1921 |publisher=Nisbet |location=London |edition=online |url= https://archive.org/details/fifthdivisioning00huss |access-date=8 September 2013 |oclc=565246540))
* ((cite book |title=The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force |volume=II |last=Jones |first=H. A. |year=2002 |orig-year=1928 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press |url=https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto02rale |access-date=23 August 2015 |isbn=978-1-84342-413-0))
* ((cite book |title=The War in the Air Being the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force |volume=IV |last=Jones |first=H. A. |year=2002a |orig-year=1934 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press |url=https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto04rale |access-date=23 August 2015 |isbn=978-1-84342-415-4))
* ((cite book |title=Passchendaele in Perspective: The 3rd Battle of Ypres |last=Liddle |first=P. |year=1997 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-0-85052-588-5))
* ((cite book |title=They Called it Passchendaele |last=MacDonald |first=L. |authorlink=Lyn MacDonald |year=1993 |orig-year=1978 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=London |edition=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-016509-8))
* ((cite book |title=The Third Ypres: Passchendaele, the Day-By-Day Account |last=McCarthy |first=C. |year=1995 |publisher=Arms & Armour Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85409-217-5))
* ((cite book |title=The West Riding Territorials in the Great War |last=Magnus |first=L. |year=2004 |orig-year=1920 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84574-077-1))
* ((cite book |title=To Play a Giant's Part: The Role of the British Army at Passchendaele |last=Perry |first=R. A. |year=2014 |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield |isbn=978-1-78331-146-0))
* ((cite book |last1=Prior |first1=R. |last2=Wilson |first2=T. |title=Passchendaele: The Untold Story |year=1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06692-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/passchendaeleunt0000prio ))
* ((cite book |title=The German Army at Passchendaele |last=Sheldon |first=J. |year=2007 |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=London |isbn=978-1-84415-564-4))
* ((cite book |series=Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War |volume=II |title=The New Zealand Division 1916–1919: A Popular History Based on Official Records |last=Stewart |first=H. |authorlink=Hugh Stewart (classical scholar) |year=2014 |orig-year=1921 |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs |location=Auckland |edition=Online: New Zealand Electronic text Collection |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH1-Fran.html |access-date=21 July 2017 |oclc=904059689))
* ((cite book |title=The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability |last=Terraine |first=J. |authorlink=John Terraine |year=1977 |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |isbn=978-0-436-51732-7))
* ((cite book |title=If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West |last=Wynne |first=G. C. |year=1976 |orig-year=1939 |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |edition=Greenwood Press, NY |isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1))
* ((cite book |title=The West Yorkshire Regiment in the War, 1914–1918 |volume=II |last=Wyrall |first=E. |year=2002 |orig-year=1924 |publisher=J. Lane |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=978-1-84342-210-5))

'''Encyclopaedias'''
* ((cite encyclopaedia |ref=((harvid|The Times|1918))
|title=The Times History of the War |volume=XVI |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1914–1921 |work=The Times |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa16londuoft |access-date=14 November 2013 |edition=online |oclc=642276))

'''Journals'''
* ((cite journal |title=The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I |last1=McRandle |first1=J. |last2=Quirk |first2=J. |year=2006 |location=Lexington, Va |edition=July 2006 |issn=0899-3718 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0180 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=667–701|s2cid=159930725 ))

'''Theses'''
* ((cite thesis |title=British Intelligence and the German Army 1914–1918 |last=Beach |first=J. |year=2005 |publisher=London University |type=PhD |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.416459 |access-date=19 July 2014 |oclc=500051492))
* ((cite thesis |title=The Evolution of the British Army's Logistical and Administrative Infrastructure and its Influence on GHQ's Operational and Strategic Decision-Making on the Western Front, 1914–1918 |last=Brown |first=I. M. |year=1996 |publisher=King's College London (University of London) |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.321769 |access-date=19 July 2014 |isbn=0-27595-894-9))
((Refend))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |title=Tanks in the Great War, 1914–1918 |last=Fuller |first=J. F. C. |year=1920 |publisher=E. P. Dutton |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027835168 |access-date=27 March 2014 |oclc=559096645))
* ((cite book |last=Martin |first=D. |title=Londoners on the Western Front: The 58th (2/1st London) Division in the Great War |year=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |edition=illus. |isbn=978-1-78159-180-2))
* ((cite book |last=Mitchinson |first=K. W. |title=The 48th (South Midland) Division 1908–1919 |year=2017 |publisher=Helion |location=Solihull |edition=hbk. |isbn=978-1-911512-54-7))
* ((cite book |last=Simpson |first=Andy |title=Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-86227-292-7))

==External links==
((Commons category|Battle of Poelcappelle))

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010609/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_poelcappelle.html A brief description of the battle] – Australian War Memorial
* [https://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_123.asp A brief description of the main attack] – Australian War Memorial
* [https://www.cwgc.org/ypres/content.asp?menuid=36&submenuid=38&id=26&menuname=Poelcapelle&menu=subsub The Ypres Salient – Battle of Poelcappelle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214181953/http://www.ordersofbattle.darkscape.net/site/warpath/battles_ff/1917.htm Order of Battle – France and Flanders 1917, Battle # 98 – Order of Battle for the Battle of Poelcappelle]

((World War I))

((DEFAULTSORT:Poelcappelle, Battle of))
[[Category:Conflicts in 1917]]
[[Category:1917 in Belgium]]
[[Category:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Australia]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
[[Category:October 1917 events]]

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