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((Short description|1861 battle of the American Civil War))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Battle of Santa Rosa Island
| partof      = the [[American Civil War]]
| image       = Fort-pickens.jpg
| image_size  = 250
| caption     = ''Fort Pickens, the site of the Battle of Santa Rosa Island''
| date        = ((Start date|1861|10|9))
| place       = [[Santa Rosa Island (Florida)]]
| result      = [[United States|Union]] victory
| combatant1  = ((flagicon|USA|1861)) [[United States]] ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
| combatant2  = ((flagicon|CSA|1861c)) [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]
| commander1  = [[Harvey Brown (officer)|Harvey Brown]]
| commander2  = [[Richard H. Anderson (general)|Richard H. Anderson]]
| strength1   = 600
| strength2   = 1,200
| casualties1 = 67 total <br/>14 killed <br/> 29 wounded <br/> 24 captured or missing
| casualties2 = 87 total <br/>30-40 killed
| campaignbox =
((Campaignbox Pensacola))
))
[[File:Pensacola-harbor-florida.jpg|305px|thumb|right|The harbor of Pensacola, Florida in 1861.]]
[[File:Santa Rosa Island Battlefield Florida.jpg|305px|thumb|right|Map of Santa Rosa Island Battlefield core and study areas by the [[American Battlefield Protection Program]].]]

The '''Battle of Santa Rosa Island''' (October 9, 1861) was an unsuccessful Confederate attempt to take Union-held [[Fort Pickens]] on [[Santa Rosa Island, Florida]].

== Background ==
Santa Rosa Island is a 40-mile barrier island in the U.S. state of Florida, thirty miles from the [[Alabama]] state border. At the western end stands [[Fort Pickens]], which in the first week of January 1861 had a garrison of only one company, Company G of the 1st Regiment, US Artillery. The fort was commanded by Major [[John H. Winder]], a secessionist who would have likely turned the fort over to the rebel government. Instead, Winder and his senior lieutenant were absent from the fort and so the garrison was commanded by Lieutenant [[Adam J. Slemmer]]. Slemmer immediately began to collect armaments from the nearby military posts and prepared to hold out against the growing rebellion.((efn|Florida seceded on January 10, 1861))((sfn|Bearss|1957|pages=125-131))

By the fall of 1861, it was reinforced by more men from the 1st, as well as the 2nd and 5th U. S. artillery, and the [[3rd U.S. Infantry]], under command of Col. [[Harvey Brown (officer)|Harvey Brown]], of the 5th artillery. The [[6th New York Volunteer Infantry]], commanded by Col. William Wilson, was encamped outside the fort, a short distance east of it.((sfn|Bearss|1957|pages=125-126))

== Battle ==
After midnight on October 9, Brig. Gen. Richard Anderson crossed from the mainland to Santa Rosa Island with 1,200 men in two small steamers to surprise the Union troops at Camp Brown and if possible capture Fort Pickens. He landed on the north beach about four miles east of Fort Pickens and divided his command into three columns. After proceeding about three miles, the Confederates surprised the 6th Regiment, New York Volunteers, in Camp Brown and routed the regiment. Gen. Anderson then adopted a defensive stance to entice the Federals to leave the fort and attack. Receiving reinforcements, Col. Harvey Brown sallied against the Confederates, who reembarked and returned to the mainland.

The Union loss was 14 killed, 29 wounded and 24 captured or missing. [[Braxton Bragg|General Braxton Bragg]] and Lieutenant Hamel, commanding the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces at [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], reported their loss as "30 or 40 killed and wounded," but an undocumented Confederate newspaper, found by Lieut. Seeley a few days after the occurrence, gave the total casualties as 175. This claim was likely an exaggeration. Maj. [[Israel Vogdes]], of the 1st artillery, was captured, and on the Confederate side Gen. Anderson was severely wounded. The camp of the 6th N. Y., which was the main objective of the raid, was largely destroyed, meaning the raid could be deemed a success.

[[Fort Pickens]] and the battle site are preserved within the [[Gulf Islands National Seashore]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/ABPP/BATTLES/fl001.htm Santa Rosa Island, FL NPS] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825045212/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/fl001.htm |date=2009-08-25 ))</ref>

== Order of battle ==
((More citations needed section|date=August 2007))

===Union Forces===
'''Department of Florida: Col. [[Harvey Brown (officer)|Harvey Brown]]'''
*[[6th New York Volunteer Infantry|6th New York Zouave Infantry]], Col. [[William Wilson (Zouave)|William Wilson]]<ref name="Reid">((cite book|last1=Reid|first1=Thomas|title=America's Fortress|year=2006|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville|isbn=9780813030197|page=49))</ref>
**Company C – Captain R. H. Hazeltine
**Company D – Captain Duffy
**Company F – Lieutenant Jacob Silloway
**Company H – Captain Charles E. Heuberer
**Company K – Captain H.L. Hoelzle((sfn|Morris|1891|page=57))
*Vodges' Command – Major [[Israel Vogdes]] ('''c'''), Capt. John McL. Hildt
**Company A, 1st Artillery – Lieutenant Frank E. Taylor
**Company E, 3rd Infantry – Captain John McL. Hildt
**Company G, [[3rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment|3rd New York Infantry]] – Captain Dobie
*Arnold’s Command – Major [[Lewis Golding Arnold]]
**Company C, 3rd Infantry – Lieutenant Alexander Shipley
**Company H, 2nd Artillery – Captain [[James M. Robertson]]

===Confederate Forces===
'''Brig. Gen. [[Richard Heron Anderson]]'''

:*Demolition Team --- Lieutenant James H. Hallonquist
:*1st Battalion – Colonel [[James R. Chalmers]]
::Detachment, [[10th Mississippi Infantry]]
::Detachment, 1st Alabama Infantry
:*2nd Battalion – Colonel [[J. Patton Anderson]]
::3 Companies, [[7th Alabama Infantry Regiment|7th Alabama Infantry]]
::2 Companies, [[1st Louisiana Regulars|1st Louisiana Infantry (Regulars)]]
::2 Companies, [[1st Florida Infantry]]
:*3rd Battalion - Colonel [[John K. Jackson]]
::Detachment, [[5th Georgia Volunteer Infantry|5th Georgia Infantry]]
::Detachment, Georgia Infantry Battalion
:*Artillery
::Homer’s Artillery Company - Lieutenant Hollonquist
:*Confederate Naval Forces
::''CSS Neaffie''

==See also==
* [[History of Pensacola, Florida]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/90709979/?sid=734bf4f222c81ea401aff732673d8530 The Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division] (The Battle of Santa Rosa Island)

==Notes==
((Notelist))

==Citations==
((reflist))

===References===
* ((Cite journal |last1=Bearss |first1=Edwin S. |date=October 1957 |title=Civil War Operations in and around Pensacola |journal=Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=125–165 |issn=0015-4113 |jstor=30139783))
*((cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Gouverneur |title=The History of a Volunteer Regiment: Being a Succinct Account of the Organization, Services and Adventures of the Sixth Regiment New York Volunteers |date=1891 |publisher=Veteran Volunteer Publishing Company |location=New York, NY |pages=57-65 |url=https://archive.org/details/succinctaccountvol00morrrich/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=29 December 2023))
* [http://www.navarrebeach.org/History/History%20in%20Acrobat.PDF Santa Rosa Island - A History]
* [http://www.nps.gov/abpp/CWSII/CWSACReportFloridaUpdate.pdf CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles]

((Florida in the Civil War))

((Coord|30.3242|-87.2817|type:event_region:US-FL|display=title))

((authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Santa Rosa Island))
[[Category:Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War|Santa Rosa Island]]
[[Category:Union victories of the American Civil War|Santa Rosa Island]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Florida|Santa Rosa]]
[[Category:Events in Escambia County, Florida]]
[[Category:1861 in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:1861 in Florida]]
[[Category:Gulf Islands National Seashore]]
[[Category:Santa Rosa Island (Florida)]]
[[Category:October 1861 events]]

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