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((Short description|1602 Anglo-Dutch naval victory over Spain))
((Good article))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2020))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of the Narrow Seas
| image             = File:Andries-van-Eertvelt-The-battle-in-the-strait-between-Calais-and-Dover-on-3-4-October-1602-between-the-Spanish-galleys-of-Federico-Spinola-and-Dutch-and-English-warships.jpg
| caption           = ''The Battle in the Strait Between Calais and Dover on 3 and 4 October 1602 Between the Spanish Galleys of Federico Spinola and Dutch and English Warships''<br>Painting by [[Andries van Eertvelt]]
| partof            = the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)]] & the [[Eighty Years' War]]
| date              = 3–4 October 1602
| place             = [[Strait of Dover]] in the [[English Channel]]
| coordinates       = ((Coord|51|00|N|1|27|E|type:waterbody_dim:300000|display=inline,title))
| result            = Anglo-Dutch victory<ref name=autogenerated>Wernham pp. 400–401</ref><ref name=autogenerated0>Graham p. 270</ref>
| combatant1        = ((flagicon|Spain|1506)) Spain
| combatant2        = ((flagicon|England)) England<br>((flagdeco|Dutch Republic|1581)) United Provinces
| commander1        = ((flagicon|Spain|1506)) [[Federico Spinola]]
| commander2        = ((flagicon|England)) [[Robert Mansell]]<br>((flagdeco|Dutch Republic|1581)) [[Jan Adriaanszoon Cant]]
| strength1         = 6 [[galley]]s
* 1,600 troops,<br>600 sailors,<br>1,000 [[galley slave]]s
| strength2         = 9 [[galleon]]s, [[carrack]]s, & [[galiot]]s
| casualties1       = 2 galleys sunk,<br>1 galley burnt, crew [[interned]]<br>2,000 killed, wounded, or captured<ref name=autogenerated6>Motley pp. 114–116</ref>
| casualties2       = Light
| campaignbox       = ((Campaignbox Dutch Revolt))
((Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War))
))

The '''Battle of the Narrow Seas''', also known as the '''Battle of the Goodwin Sands''' or '''Battle of the Dover Straits''' was a naval engagement that took place on 3–4 October 1602 during the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War of 1585]] and part of the [[Dutch Revolt]]. An English fleet under Sir [[Robert Mansell]] intercepted and attacked six Spanish [[galley]]s under the command of [[Federico Spinola]] in the Dover Straits. The battle was fought initially off the coast of England and finally off the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. The English were soon joined by a Dutch fleet under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant, and they completed the destruction.<ref name=autogenerated4>((DNB Cite|wstitle=Mansell, Robert))</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>Jaques p. 714</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Federico-Spinola.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Federico Spinola]]

In 1602 Frederico Spinola, younger brother of [[Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases|Ambrogio Spinola]], had distinguished himself greatly as a soldier in the [[Army of Flanders]] and had succeeded in 1599 going through the English Channel and passing the straits of Dover unmolested; this led to a panic called the ''[[invisible armada]]'', as it encouraged suspicions that the attempt might be renewed and on a larger scale.<ref>Wernham pp. 269–72</ref> Buoyed by this achievement, he had indulged [[Philip III of Spain]], the [[Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma|Duke of Lerma]] and [[Martín de Padilla y Manrique, 1st Count of Santa Gadea|Martín de Padilla]], in a vision of a massive galley-borne invasion of England from Flanders. However, the council brought him down to a mere eight galleys, provided at Spinola's expense.<ref name=autogenerated /> He was on his way from [[San Lucar]] to [[Lisbon]] but he was defeated by Sir [[Richard Leveson (died 1605)|Richard Leveson]] [[Battle of Sesimbra Bay|at Sesimbra Bay]], which cost him two galleys.<ref name=autogenerated9>((cite journal|last=Gray|first=Randal|title=Spinola's Galleys in the Narrow Seas 1599–1603|journal=[[The Mariner's Mirror]]|year=1978|volume=64|issue=1|pages=79–81|doi=10.1080/00253359.1978.10659067))</ref>

After this defeat Spinola took his remaining six galleys back to Lisbon and filled his vessels with pay chests for Flanders. During the sailing to Flanders he captured an English merchant ship, which he left at [[A Coruña]].<ref name="FDuro2">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo: ''El Gran Duque de Osuna y su marina: jornadas contra turcos y venecianos''. Spain: Renacimiento, 2006. ((ISBN|84-8472-126-4)), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JLTA2t_73vQC&pg=PA205 p. 296]</ref> At [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] he took on a further 400 troops to complete the [[tercio]] complement of 1,600 men. In England word had spread that Spinola was on his way in an attempt to run the English Channel again. The heading of the six galleys was for [[Sluis]]. [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Robert Cecil]] was well informed of their approach, even already when they arrived at [[Blavet]], in Brittany, at the beginning of October.<ref name=autogenerated3>Bicheno pp. 298–99</ref><ref name=autogenerated11 />((rp|386–387)) [[Queen Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] decided to act, so she appointed Sir Robert Mansell to join with a States fleet before [[Dunkirk]] and Sluis, to see what they could do to impede them.<ref>((cite book|last=Lemon|first=Robert|title=Calendar of State Papers: Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. Reign of Elizabeth: 1601–1603 |year=1870 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6tSAAAAcAAJ&q=mansell+spinola+1602&pg=PA243))</ref> Meanwhile, the [[States of Holland|States of Holland and West Frisia]] had sent a flotilla of nine ships under Vice-Admiral [[Jacob van Duyvenvoorde]] to intercept Spinola, but when this force arrived near Spain, Spinola had already escaped to the north. Van Duyvenvoorde, coping with an outbreak of [[smallpox]] by which he was himself afflicted, sent four of his ships back north under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant, known by the English as Jan van Cant.<ref>J. P. Sigmond, 2013, ''Zeemacht in Holland en Zeeland in de zestiende eeuw'', Hilversum, Verloren, pp. 301–303</ref>

==Engagement==
Mansell, with three ships (the 30-gun [[English ship Hope (1559)|''Hope'']] along with the 42-gun ''Victory'' and the ''Answer''), departed and patrolled about [[Dungeness (headland)|Dungeness]]. Mansell's flag captain came up with the strategy on how to tackle Spinola; he predicted that Spinola would try to sail close to the English coast. Acting on this hunch, Mansell set each ship a good distance from the next using [[flyboat]]s so that a good communication system was erected between themselves and the Dutch fleet off the Flemish coast under acting Vice-Admiral Jan Cant.<ref name=autogenerated9 /> On the 3rd, Mansell was soon joined by two Dutch flyboats, ''Samson'' and the ''Moon'' to improve communication, and now Spinola was effectively sailing into a trap.<ref name=autogenerated11>Corbett pp. 386–95</ref>((rp|388))

===Action with the English===
[[File:Mansell.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Sir Robert Mansell]]
In the moonlight of 3 October, just before midnight, Mansell was on the lookout for Spinola's galleys, which were soon sighted. Mansell ordered an attack, and off Dungeness ''Moon'', ''Samson'', and the ''Answer'' charged at the galleys.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /> Spinola, seeing this, decided to swing his galleys round to face to the southeast, the direction of the Flanders coast, but in so doing the lead ship, ''San Felipe'' (''St. Philip''), ran straight into the ''Victory'' and ''Hope'', forcing the galleys inadvertently further east.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

Sources differ on what happened when the Spanish galleys came under fire from the English ships: the English side asserted that the ''San Felipe'' was nearly battered into submission by ''Victory's'' guns and that she was able to escape only when the other galleys came up in support, drawing ''Victory's'' and ''Hope's'' fire.<ref name=autogenerated11 />((rp|392)) In contrast, the Spanish have claimed that Spinola's galleys succeeded in passing almost unscathed between the English ships by rowing at full strength.<ref name="Villa">Rodríguez Villa, Antonio: ''Ambrosio Spínola, Primer Marqués de los balbases''. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortanet, 1905, [https://archive.org/stream/ambrosiospnolap00villgoog#page/n50/mode/2up pp.&nbsp;36–37]</ref> Mansell decided on creating as much damage as possible; instead of concentrating on one galley, he ordered his gunners to blaze away at anything they saw in the moonlight and as a result he believed that damage was inflicted on most of the galleys.<ref name="Archibald">((cite book|last1=Archibald|first1=Edward H. H.|title=The wooden fighting ship in the Royal Navy, A.D. 897–1860|date=1968|publisher=Blandford P|pages=17 & 96|isbn=9780713704921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_4LAQAAIAAJ))</ref> A number of galley slaves leapt into the sea from the damaged ships – a few even made it to shore where they were captured and interrogated at [[Dover Castle]].<ref>((cite web|title=Sir Thomas Mansell routing of 6 Spanish galleys. 1602|url=http://catalogue.stmargaretshistory.org.uk/items/show/1601|website=Margaret's History Catalogue|access-date=30 April 2017))</ref> By the time both fleets reached [[Goodwin Sands]] the Spanish galleys started to retreat in desperation for the Flemish coast.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> A gale was now blowing strongly from the west which favoured the pursuing English ships and soon the gunfire was a signal for the Dutch to engage.<ref name=autogenerated4 />

===Dutch join the attack===
The action continued across the Narrow Seas towards [[Dunkirk]], [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]], [[Gravelines]], and [[Sluis]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The Dutch Admiral Jan Cant soon cut off the Spanish and the English waited outside of the Flemish [[Roadstead|road stead]] in case any tried to escape elsewhere. The States' ship ''Makreel'' came in sight and attacked the already damaged ''San Felipe'', pouring in a broadside. Drawing off from this assailant, the galley found herself close to Vice-Admiral Cant's ''Halve Maene''. The galley tried to evade discovery by remaining immobile in the darkness but this had disastrous results. The ''Halve Maene'' bore straight down upon the galley and struck at her amidships carrying off her [[mainmast]] and her [[Poop deck|poop]].<ref name=autogenerated6 /> Whilst extricating itself with difficulty from the wreck, ''Halve Maene'' sent a tremendous volley of cannon fire straight into the waist. Another State's galliot bore down to complete the work; ''San Felipe'' sank quickly, carrying with her all the galley slaves, sailors, and soldiers.<ref name=autogenerated9 /><ref name=autogenerated6 />

The ''Lucera'', trying the same evasive tactic, was the next galley attacked; a Dutch [[galiot]], which drove under full sail, managed to ram her. The galley was struck between the mainmast and stern, with a blow which carried away the assailant's own [[bowsprit]], but in return completely demolished the stern of the galley. Vice-Admiral Cant came up once more in the ''Halve Maene'' and finished ''Lucera'' (''Morning Star'') off by ramming, tearing the galley apart.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> Meanwhile, ''Victory'' and two States' galiots were chasing two galleys: ''San Juan'' and ''Jacinto'', which were already in a sinking state. With nowhere to escape and the gale blowing against them, the only option was for the commanders to run them aground near Nieuwpoort. In the end, both galleys succeeded in reaching the safety of this port.<ref name="Villa"/> Another galley managed to evade the Dutch and English long enough but it too ended up being wrecked on the French coast near [[Calais]].<ref name=autogenerated11/>((rp|393)) The galley ''San Luis'', which bore Spinola himself and his thirty-six pay chests, attempted to reach Dunkirk, but as the tide was low, she was forced to wait beyond a sandbank. Ten Dutch ships fell upon ''San Luis'', but Spinola succeeded in sailing between the Dutch vessels and reached Dunkirk.<ref name="Villa"/> With this the battle had ended and a Dutch blockade formed to prevent Spinola's escape.<ref name=autogenerated /><ref name=autogenerated11 />((rp|395))
<gallery class="center" widths="250px" heights="200px">
File:Vroom Hendrick Cornelisz Dutch Ships Ramming Spanish Galleys off the Flemish Coast in October 1602.jpg|''Dutch Ships Ramming Spanish Galleys off the Flemish Coast in October 1602'', [[Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom]]
File:Narrow Seas map.jpg|Map of the battle 
</gallery>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Battle of Goodwin Sands Medal 1602.jpg|thumb|Medal commemorating the "action off the Goodwin Sands, 1602". [[National Maritime Museum]].]]
Casualties were exceptionally heavy for the Spanish; as two galleys sank with all hands, with perhaps over 2,000 killed, wounded, or captured. At Calais the wrecked galley was chopped up and used as firewood by the French, the Spanish crew were interned and the galley slaves freed.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Casualties for the Dutch and English were light with some ships suffering no casualties at all. Two Dutch ships were damaged in the ramming that took place but the rest of the Dutch ships suffered only minor damage.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The English ships suffered no damage at all except for a broken mast on ''Samson'' due to the gale.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The battle clearly showed the difference between galleons and galleys, in particular the uselessness of a Mediterranean-type galley in northern waters.<ref name="Archibald"/> The transition in warfare, along with the introduction of much cheaper cast iron guns in the 1580s, proved the "death knell" for the war galley as a significant military vessel.<ref name=autogenerated11/>((rp|395))<ref name=autogenerated7>Guilmartin p. 254</ref>

Mansell was rewarded for his part in the victory and was named [[Admiral of the Narrow Seas|Vice-Admiral of the Narrow Seas]] in commemoration of the name of the battle.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Van Duyvenvoorde and Cant both received honorary golden chains from the States of Holland. As for Spinola, he managed to save half of the galleys, as the two which had reached Nieuwpoort were soon able to join ''San Luis'' in Dunkirk.<ref name="Villa"/><ref name="FDuro">[[Cesáreo Fernández Duro|Fernández Duro, Cesáreo]]: ''Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de Aragón''. Vol. III. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, [http://www.armada.mde.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo3/tomo_03_05.pdf p. 222]</ref> From there, the three ships sailed unmolested to [[Sluis]], where Spinola with his five galleys still represented a threat to the English and Dutch shipping.<ref name="FDuro2"/><ref name="Villa"/> Both the English and the Dutch were gradually able to gain supremacy in the seas not just in and around the English Channel but in all the European waters.<ref name=autogenerated /> As a result, Spinola would be defeated again and mortally wounded at the [[Battle of Sluis (1603)|Battle of Sluis]] by the blockading Dutch forces in an attempt to escape.<ref name=autogenerated9 /><ref name=autogenerated11/>((rp|395)) Spinola's death and the subsequent [[Siege of Sluis (1604)|surrender of Sluis]] to the Dutch in 1604 ended his and Philip III's dreams, and English fears, of a galley-borne invasion of England from Flanders.<ref name=autogenerated />

==See also==
* [[Battle of Sesimbra Bay]]
* [[Battle of Sluis (1603)]]

==References==
===Citations===
((Reflist))

===Bibliography===
* ((cite book |last= Bicheno|first= Hugh.|title= Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas|year= 2012|publisher=  Conway|isbn= 978-1-84486-174-3))
* ((cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian Stafford|title=The Successors of Drake|year=2012|publisher=HardPress|isbn=9781290266758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG1JuAAACAAJ&q=mansell+spinola))
* ((cite book |last= Graham|first= Winston|title= The Spanish Armadas|year= 1976|publisher= Fontana|isbn= 978-0-88029-168-2))
* ((cite book|last=Guilmartin|first=John Francis|title=Galleons and Galleys|year=2002|publisher=Cassell|isbn=978-0-304-35263-0))
* ((cite book |last=Jaques|first=Tony |title= Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |volume=2|year= 2006|publisher=  Greenwood Press|isbn= 978-0-313-33536-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&q=%22jan+van+cant%22&pg=PA714))
* ((cite book|last=Motley|first=John Lothrop|title=History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce, 1602–03|pages=114–16|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheunit04875gut/jm75v10.txt))
* ((cite book |last=Wernham |first= R.B. |year=1994 |title=The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mapur4SwDiAC&q=invisible+armada&pg=PA447 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-820443-5))

==External links==
((Commons category|Battle of the Narrow Seas (1602)))
* [http://wmshakespeare.com/federigospinola.htm ''Debasing Shakespeare – An exercise in logic, open-mindedness, and Shakespeare – Federigo Spinola'']
* ((cite web|title=BATTLE OF THE GOODWIN SANDS 1602 |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1572890 |website=Historic England |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316091501/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1572890 |archive-date=16 March 2016))

((DEFAULTSORT:Narrow Seas, Battle of the 1602))
[[Category:1602 in Europe]]
[[Category:1602 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1602 in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Kent]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1602]]
[[Category:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Eighty Years' War]]

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