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((short description|Fortification in Florence, Italy))
((More citations needed|date=September 2014))
[[File:Forte belvedere, edificio principale 07.JPG|thumb|Fort Belvedere]]
[[File:Forte di Belvedere, bastione.jpg|thumb|250px|Fortification]]

The '''Forte di Belvedere''' or '''Fortezza di Santa Maria in San Giorgio del Belvedere''' (often called simply '''Belvedere''') is a fortification in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].

==History==
Forte Belvedere is the second and largest fortress to be built in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].

It was designed and built by [[Bernardo Buontalenti]] over a five-year period, between 1590 and 1595, by order of Grand Duke [[Ferdinando I de' Medici]].

Fortifications were significant in the 16th century and a demonstration of a city's wealth and capabilities.<ref name=Parker1989>((cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Geoffrey |title=Review of Firearms and Fortifications: Military Architecture and Siege Warfare in Sixteenth-Century Siena |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1989 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.2307/1862182 |jstor=1862182 ))</ref>

The fortress is located in the southern hills of the [[Arno]] River and on the highest hill of the [[Boboli Gardens]]. It had long been considered one of the weakest spots in the city's defenses, a sensation that only increased with the invention of artillery in the early modern era.<ref>Forte di Belvedere. (2014). Retrieved July 19, 2014 from http://museicivicifiorentini.comune.fi.it/en/fortebelvedere/descrizione.htm</ref> From a military point of view, the fortress is located at the most strategic point, overlooking almost the entire city and surrounding area.<ref>Top Travel Service. (2013). Forte di Belvedere. Retrieved July 23, 2014 from ((cite web |url=http://www.toptravelservice.com.au/florence/forte-di-belvedere/ |title=Forte di Belvedere |access-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720143430/http://www.toptravelservice.com.au/florence/forte-di-belvedere/ |archive-date=2014-07-20 ))</ref> Due to the nature of Renaissance warfare, forts were paramount in a city's defensive strategy.<ref name=Parker1989/>

The Fort served several purposes. Most importantly it was designed to protect the centre of government in [[Florence]] and the [[Medici family]] if the city came under attack.<ref name=Leila2013>Leila. (2013). Fort Belvedere: giant sculptures and great views. Retrieved July 22, 2014 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130814100307/http://www.turismo.intoscana.it/allthingstuscany/tuscanyarts/forte-belvedere-florencereopensgiant-sculptures-and-great-views/]</ref> It was also constructed to protect the [[Pitti Palace]], [[Oltrarno]] district and south end of the city.<ref name=Zannoni2014>Zannoni, V. (2014, May 20). Florence’s Belvedere Fort From the Medics to the Wests. Swide. Retrieved from [https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232145/http://www.swide.com/celebrities/kim-and-kanye-s-wedding-location-in-florence-forte-belvedere/2014/05/20]</ref> In addition to this, the fort served as a garrison for troops for over 100 years after its completion.<ref name=Zannoni2014/>

[[Galileo Galilei]] used Forte Belvedere for his astronomical observations and after he was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633, he lived not far from the fort in Villa Arcetri.<ref>Historical Center of Florence – Forte Belvedere. (2007). Retrieved July 22, 2014 from http://www.florenceholidays.com/florence-vacation-historical_center-oltrarno-forte_belvedere.html</ref>

==Architecture==
The design of the fort reflects both Italian Renaissance and military architecture.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Tuttle |first1=Richard J. |title=Against Fortifications: The Defense of Renaissance Bologna |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |date=1982 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=189–201 |doi=10.2307/989873 |jstor=989873 ))</ref>

Buontalenti's application of contemporary fortification principles is evident throughout the design. The walls are built at angles that allow for all the walls to be seen by another wall, allowing for cross fire to assist in protecting the other walls.<ref name=Zannoni2014/>

The fort was connected to the [[Palazzo Vecchio]] via the [[Vasari Corridor]]. There were also passages connecting it to the [[Pitti Palace]] and paths leading through the [[Boboli Gardens]].<ref name=Leila2013/>
 
Frescos seen in the Palazzo Vecchio show an earlier version of the fort, built of earth and stone [[gabions]].<ref name=Zannoni2014/>

The design of the fort demonstrated the power and prestige of the [[Medici Family]].<ref name=Rothman2014>((cite news |last1=Rothman |first1=Michael |title=Kim Kardashian and Kanye West's Wedding: All About Italy's Belvedere Fort |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/kim-kardashian-kanye-wests-wedding-italys-belvedere-fort/story?id=23815667 |date=24 May 2014 ))</ref>

The opulent villa at the centre of the fortress, Palazzina di Belvedere, predates the fort and was designed by [[Bartolomeo Ammannati]] around 1570.<ref>Firenze Infectious Beauty – Forte Belvedere. (2010). Retrieved July 24, 2014 from http://www.firenzeturismo.it/en/search-museums/museums-details.html?table=musei_items&pk=mus_id&rowid=167&preview=y((dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> As the fort's secondary purpose was to house the Grand Duke in times of unrest or epidemic, it was built as a comfortable, luxurious palace. It did not adhere to military purposes, housing the Medici family's treasures in the bottom of a well inside the building.<ref>Firenze Infectious Beauty – Forte Belvedere. (2010). Retrieved July 24, 2014 from http://www.firenzeturismo.it/en/search-museums/museums-details.html?table=musei_items&pk=mus_id&rowid=167&preview=y((dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

==Contemporary use==
Today the Forte di Belvedere constitutes a monumental, historic, artistic and environmental focal point, offering visitors sweeping views of [[Florence]] and an insight to [[Renaissance architecture]] and military activity.

After five years of renovation to improve its safety features, the fort reopened to visitors in July 2013.<ref name=Rothman2014/>

It serves primarily as a tourist attraction and exhibition centre, hosting elite events and artistic exhibitions year round.<ref>Forte di Belvedere. (2014). Retrieved July 19, 2014 from http://museicivicifiorentini.comune.fi.it/en/fortebelvedere/descrizione.htm</ref>

On May 24, 2014, celebrity couple [[Kim Kardashian]] and [[Kanye West]] paid €300,000 to hire the fort as the venue for their lavish wedding.<ref name=Rothman2014/>

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

((Coord|43.763447|N|11.253519|E|type:landmark_region:IT|display=title))
((Florence landmarks))
((authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Belvedere (Fort)))
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1595]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Florence]]
[[Category:Forts in Italy]]
[[Category:1595 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Oltrarno]]

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