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((short description|Regional state in northwestern Ethiopia))
((More citations needed|date=May 2021))
((Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Benishangul-Gumuz Region
| native_name        = በኒሸንጉል ጉሙዝ
| native_name_lang   = am
| settlement_type    = [[Regions of Ethiopia|Regional state]]
| image_skyline      = 
| image_alt          = A forest in Assosa, Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Ethiopia
| image_caption      = Wide view of a forest, as seen from [[Assosa]], Benishangul-Gumuz Region
| image_flag         = Flag of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region.svg
| flag_alt           = 
| image_seal         = Benishangul-Gumuz Region emblem.png
| seal_alt           = 
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| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| mottoeng           = 
| image_map          = Benishangul-Gumuz in Ethiopia.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Map of [[Ethiopia]] showing the Benishangul-Gumuz Region
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| coordinates        = 
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| subdivision_name   = [[Ethiopia]]
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| founder            = <!-- seat, smaller parts ------->
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| parts              = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
| p1                 = 
| p2                 = 
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Assosa]]
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia|Chief Administrator]]
| leader_name        = Ashadli Hassan
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 50,699
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_rank          = 7th
| area_note          = <ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330021225/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=421&format=raw&Itemid=606|url-status=dead|title=2011 National Statistics|archivedate=March 30, 2013))</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total   = 1,127,001<ref name=CSApop>((cite book |title=Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 – 2017 |publisher=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/ehioinfo-internal |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606103106/http://www.csa.gov.et/ehioinfo-internal |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank    = 9th
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| postal_code        = 
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| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:ET|ET-BE]]
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.476<ref name="GlobalDataLab">((Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live))</ref><br />((color|#900|low)) · [[List of Ethiopian regions by Human Development Index|7th of 11]]
| website            = <!-- ((URL|example.com)) -->
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))

'''Benishangul-Gumuz''' (((lang-am|በኒሸንጉል ጉሙዝ|Benšangul Gumuz))) is a [[Regions of Ethiopia|regional state]] in northwestern [[Ethiopia]] bordering [[Sudan]]. It was previously known as '''Region 6'''. The region's capital is [[Assosa]]. Following the adoption of the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia|1995 constitution]], the region was created from the westernmost portion of the [[Gojjam]] province (the part north of the [[Abay River]]), and the northwestern portion of the [[Welega Province]] (the part south of the Abay). The name of the region comes from two peoples – [[Berta people|Berta]] (also called Benishangul,which is its original name) and [[Gumuz people|Gumuz]].

The region has faced major challenges to economic development, due to lack of transportation and communications infrastructure. The Abay River (Blue Nile) divides Benishangul-Gumuz, and there was no bridge crossing it until 2012. The major road that connects the [[Metekel Zone]] and the [[Assosa Zone]] was built by the China Construction Company in 2012. The road has a 365-meter bridge that crosses the Abay. Nowadays it is simple to travel between the regional capital of Assosa and [[Gilgil Beles]], the capital of the Metekel Zone. Previously one had to travel through Wollega and Gojjam in the neighboring regions of [[Oromia]] and [[Amhara Region|Amhara]], a distance of 1,250 kilometers, but it is now around 378 kilometers on the new road and bridge. Conditions for travel within zones varies, but is often poor and subject to disruption by the [[rainy season]].<ref>John Young [https://www.jstor.org/stable/161849 "Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718032226/https://www.jstor.org/stable/161849 |date=2018-07-18 )), ''[[Journal of Modern African Studies]]'', 37 (1999), p.&nbsp;342</ref> On 28 July 2009, the Regional Rural Roads Authority reported that over the previous year almost 600 of the 800 kilometers of local all-weather roads had been upgraded at a cost of 11.5 million [[Ethiopian Birr|birr]], and an additional 447 kilometers of roads constructed.<ref>[http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2009/Jul/28Jul09/93391.htm "State repairs 600 km roads"]((Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )), [[Ethiopian News Agency]] 28 July 2009 (accessed 1 November 2009)</ref>

== Demographics ==
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Central Statistical Agency]] of Ethiopia (CSA), the Benishangul-Gumuz Region has a total population of 784,345, consisting of 398,655 men and 385,690 women; urban inhabitants number 105,926 or 13.51% of the population. With an estimated area of 49,289.46 square kilometers, this Region has an estimated density of 15.91 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 174,445 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 4.5 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.6 and rural households 4.7 people. The ethnic groups include the [[Benishangul people|Berta]] (25.41%), [[Amhara people|Amhara]] (21.69%), [[Gumuz people|Gumuz]] (20.88%), [[Oromo people|Oromo]] (13.55%), [[Shinasha people|Shinasha]] (7.73%) and [[Awi people|Agaw-Awi]] (4.22%). Main languages are the [[Benishangul language|before;Berta]] (25.15%), [[Amharic language|Amharic]] (22.46%), [[Gumuz language|Gumuz]] (20.59%), [[Oromo language|Oromo]] (17.69%), [[Shinasha language|Shinasha]] (4.58%) and [[Awngi]] (4.01%). Concerning religion, 44.98% of the population were [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslim]], 33.3% were [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox Christians]], 13.53% were [[P'ent'ay|Protestant]], and 7.09% practiced traditional beliefs.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=268&format=raw&Itemid=521 Census 2007 Tables: Benishangul-Gumuz Region] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130232741/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=268&format=raw&Itemid=521 |date=January 30, 2012 )), Tables 2.1, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4.</ref> It had a projected population of 1,127,001 in 2018.<ref name=CSApop/>

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 460,459 of which 233,013 were men and 227,446 were women. Rural population was 424,432, while the urban population was 36,027. The five largest ethnic groups in Benishangul-Gumuz were the Berta (27%), [[Gumuz people|Gumuz]] (23%), Amhara (22%), Oromo (13%) and Shinasha (7%). [[Benishangul language|before;Berta]] is spoken in the [[Sherkole]] woreda, [[Gumuz language|Gumuz]] is spoken along the western boundary of [[Guba (woreda)|Guba]] and [[Dangur]] woredas and in the [[Sirba Abbay]] woreda, and the [[Shinasha people|Shinasha]] are a displaced people of [[Kaffa Province|Kaffa]] scattered across [[Welega]] and [[Gojjam]]. The Berta, Gumuz and Shinasha tend to have more in common with the people of neighbouring [[Sudan]] than with other Ethiopian peoples, while the Amhara and [[Tigray-Tigrinya people|Tigrayans]], who are known as ''[[Habesha]]'' (or "highlanders") are recent arrivals, who began to settle in the region during the [[Derg]] era.<ref>According to an October 1996 [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/EUE/eue_ahrens1096.html situation report] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529192135/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/EUE/eue_ahrens1096.html |date=May 29, 2008 )) written by members of the United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, a significant number of the Amhara settlers relocated from the former [[Wollo]] Province.</ref> According to the 1994 census 44.1% of inhabitants were Muslim, 34.8% Orthodox Christians, 13.1% followers of traditional religions and 5.8% Protestants.

According to the CSA, ((As of|2004|lc=on)), 27.23% of the total population had access to [[Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia|safe drinking water]], of whom 22.35% were rural inhabitants and 58.53% were urban.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Basic_welfare_Indicator/Households%20by%20sources%20of%20drinking%20water.pdf "Households by sources of drinking water, safe water sources"] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305231527/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Basic_welfare_Indicator/Households%20by%20sources%20of%20drinking%20water.pdf |date=March 5, 2009 )) CSA Selected Basic Welfare Indicators (accessed 28 January 2009)</ref> Values for other reported common indicators of the [[standard of living]] for Benishangul-Gumuz ((As of|2005|lc=on)) include the following: 19.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 47.4% and for women 23.2%; and the regional [[infant mortality rate]] is 84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.<ref>Macro International Inc. [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM636.pdf "2008. Ethiopia Atlas of Key Demographic and Health Indicators, 2005." (Calverton: Macro International, 2008)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105121629/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM636.pdf |date=2010-11-05 )), pp. 2, 3, 10 (accessed 28 January 2009)</ref>

There are 2 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 36,440 refugees from Sudan and South Sudan, located in Benishangul-Gumuz region.<ref>((cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/Sudanese_Refugees_in_Ethiopia/region.php?id%3D23%26country%3D65 |title=Displaced Sudanese |access-date=2012-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020210/http://data.unhcr.org/Sudanese_Refugees_in_Ethiopia/region.php?id=23&country=65 |archive-date=2012-01-17 )), The UN Refugee Agency website</ref>

===Religion===

((Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Benishangul-Gumuz Region (2007)<ref>((Cite web |url=http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086 |title=FOREWORD |access-date=2021-08-29 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082550/http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086 |url-status=live ))</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam in Ethiopia |Muslim]]
|value1 = 33.4
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Ethiopian Orthodox church|Ethiopian Orthodox]]
|value2 = 33.4
|color2 = Orchid
|label3 = [[P'ent'ay]]
|value3 = 13.5
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Traditional African religion|Traditional faiths]]
|value4 = 7.1
|color4 = GreenYellow
|label5 = [[Catholic Church in Ethiopia|Catholic]]
|value5 = 0.6
|color5 = Yellow
|label6 = Other
|value6 = 0.5
|color6 = Red
))

===Ethnic groups===
Some of ethnic groups native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region are:
* [[Benishangul people|Benishangul]], mostly in [[Assosa Zone]]
* [[Gumuz people|Gumuz]], mostly in [[Kamashi Zone]]
* [[Kwama people|Kwama]], mostly in [[Mao-Komo special woreda]]
* [[Shinasha people|Shinasha]], mostly in [[Metekel Zone]]
* [[Amhara people]],mostly in [[Metekel Zone]]
* [[Agew people]], mostly in [[Metekel Zone]]
* [[Mao people|Mao]], mostly in [[Mao-Komo special woreda]]
* [[Bambashi people|Bambashi]], mostly in [[Bambashi (woreda)]]

Five of these ethnic groups (Benishangul, Gumuz, Shinasha, Mao and Kwama) are granted the exclusive right to [[Non-territorial autonomy|non-territorially]] functioning indigenous councils.<ref>Dessalegn, Beza. "Experimenting with Non-Territorial Autonomy: Indigenous Councils in Ethiopia". ''Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe'' 18, nr 2 (2019): 3–23. </ref>

== History ==
((expand section|date=February 2021))

Like the [[Gambela Region]], Benishangul-Gumuz is historically closely linked to neighbouring areas of Sudan, and to a lesser extent to the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]. These regions served as slave-hunting grounds since [[Kingdom_of_Aksum|Aksumite]] times, and their [[Nilosaharan]]-speaking inhabitants were pejoratively called Shanqella (Šanqəlla, also Shanqila, Shankella) by the highland Ethiopians.<ref name=YOUNG>John Young, "Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in Transition", ''Journal of Modern African Studies'', Vol. 37/2, June 1999</ref> Besides slaves, gold was traditionally an important export of Benishangul.<ref name="EA1">Alessandro Triulzi: "Beni Šangul" in: Siegbert Uhlig (Hrsg.), ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Band 1, 2003, ISBN 3-447-04746-1</ref>

Little is known about its history before the 19th century.<ref name=TRIULZI75>Alessandro Triulzi, "Trade, Islam, and the Mahdia in Northwestern Wallaggā, Ethiopia", ''[[Journal of African History]]'', 16 (1975), pp.&nbsp;55–71</ref> Archaeologists have found sites that they date to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium AD and assign them to the forerunners of today's Komuz-speaking ethnic groups. Finds attributing them to the Berta date from the 17th to 20th centuries and are mainly located on mountains, hills and in rocky areas that are easy to defend. It was not until the mid-20th century that Berta also settled in the lowlands, as slave hunts and armed conflict had ended.<ref>[[Alfredo González-Ruibal]], Víctor M. Fernández Martínez: [http://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/journal/04GonzalezFernandez.pdf "Exhibiting Cultures of Contact: A Museum for Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124202346/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/journal/04GonzalezFernandez.pdf|date=2011-01-24)) (PDF; 456&nbsp;kB), ''Stanford Journal of Archaeology'', 5 (2007), pp.&nbsp;61–90</ref>

The area lay as a "buffer zone" or "no man's land" between southern [[Sennar]] and [[Kingdom of Damot|Damot]] in the highlands. The Ethiopian Emperor [[Susenyos]] invaded the area in 1617/18, and it fell to the [[Funj Sultanate]] in 1685.<ref name=YOUNG/>

According to Negasso Gidada, [[Oromo people|Oromo]] penetration into the region began in the mid-18th century.<ref>Negasso Gidada: ''History of the Sayyoo Oromoo of Southwestern Wallaga, Ethiopia from about 1730 to 1886'', Addis Abeba 2001 (cited in González-Ruibal and Fernández Martínez)</ref>

In the first quarter of the 19th century, Arab traders arrived from [[Sennar]], which was occupied by Ottoman Egypt from 1821. These traders married into the Berta upper class and thus gained political influence. By the middle of the century, the ''waṭāwiṭ'', the descendants of Arabs and Berta, had become the new ruling class. They also began to spread Islam among the Berta. Various trade routes met in Benishangul, and local gold and Ethiopian ''amole'' (salt bars) were exchanged for slaves, cattle, horses, iron, civet, musk, coffee, ivory and honey (which also came from the Oromo areas of Sibu and Leeqaa). Luxury goods such as textiles and glass beads were imported via Sudan.<ref name=TRIULZI75/><ref name=EA1/>

Later in the 19th century, Benishangul was affected by the [[Mahdist War|Mahdi uprising]].<ref name=YOUNG/> In the late 19th century, Ethiopia, under Menelik II, annexed the Sultanates of Beni Shangul and Gubba (Qubba in Arabic) at the behest of [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]] of [[Sudan]] who feared the [[British people|British]] would occupy it.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Erlich |first1=Haggai |title=Ethiopia and the Mahdiyya – You Call Me a Chicken? |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |year=2007 |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies |page=247 |jstor=41988228 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988228 |access-date=2023-01-06 |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106062328/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988228 |url-status=live ))</ref> In 1898, Asosa became the political and economic capital.<ref name="EA2">Alessandro Triulzi, "Asosa", in: Siegbert Uhlig (Hrsg.), ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Band 1, 2003, ISBN 3-447-04746-1</ref> Until the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in the mid-1930s, the area supplied gold and slaves to the central government on a large scale. Slaves were also smuggled into Sudan across the border, which was established in 1902.<ref name=EA1/>

Under the regime of [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], who ruled Ethiopia from 1974, some 250,000 drought- and famine-stricken peasants from the highlands—mostly Amharas from Wollo province—were relocated to Benishangul-Gumuz from 1979 and especially in the mid-1980s.<ref name=EA1/><ref>Alex de Waal, Africa Watch: ''Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia'', 1991, ISBN 978-1-56432-038-4 (pp.&nbsp;317f., 322–324, 326, 328)</ref>

Resistance to the Mengistu regime here came mainly from the Berta. In addition, the [[Oromo Liberation Front]] (OLF) - supported by the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]], which in the meantime had advanced far south from Eritrea - also fought for the area in the [[Ethiopian Civil War|Ethiopian civil war]] in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The OLF tried to incorporate the local population as "black Oromo", but met with little support. The Berta rebels instead allied with the [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF), which overthrew the Mengistu regime in 1991 with the coalition [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]]. As the Berta People's Liberation Movement<ref name=CHANIE>Paulos Chanie, "Clientelism and Ethiopia's post-1991 decentralisation", ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' 45/3 (2007)</ref> or [[Benishangul People's Liberation Movement]] (BPLM), they - like the [[Gambella People’s Liberation Movement]] of the Anuak in Gambella - were not accepted as full members of the EPRDF, but became regional partners of the new ruling coalition.<ref name=YOUNG/>

In 2019, the [[Metekel conflict]] began. In December 2019, about 200 people were killed in the [[Metekel massacre]].

== Agriculture ==
The [[Central Statistical Agency|CSA]] of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in Benishangul-Gumuz had a total of 307,820 head of cattle (representing 0.79% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 65,800 sheep (0.38%), 244,570 goats (1.88%), 1,770 mules (1.2%), 37,520 asses (1.5%), 732,270 poultry of all species (2.37%), and 166,130 beehives (3.82%).<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/National%20statistics/national%20statistics%202005/Agriculture.pdf "CSA 2005 National Statistics"] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118225214/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/National%20statistics/national%20statistics%202005/Agriculture.pdf |date=November 18, 2008 )), Tables D.4 - D.7.</ref>

Over 60% of this region is covered with forest, including [[bamboo]], [[eucalyptus]] and rubber trees, incense and gum forests as well as the indigenous species. However, due to increased population which has led to the widespread destruction of the canopy, authorities announced a campaign on 8 June 2007 to plant 1.5 million seedlings over the next two months to replenish this resource.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72625 Ethiopia: Tackling environmental challenges with trees] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612003042/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72625 |date=2007-06-12 )) ([[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]])</ref>

==Chief Administrator of the Region==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Party !! Time period
|-
| [[Attom Mustapha]] || [[Benishangul People's Liberation Movement|BPLM]] ||  after 1991
|-
| [[Abdu Mohammad Ali]] || BPLM || 1990s
|-
| [[Ateyb Ahmed]] || BPLM || 1990s - 1995
|-
| [[Yaregal Aysheshum]] || [[Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front|B-GPDUF]] || July 1995 - November 2008
|-
| [[Ahmed Nasir Ahmed]] || B-GPDUF || November 2008 - May 2016
|-
| [[Ashadli Hasen]] || B-BGDP || June 2016 – present
|}

(This list is based on information from [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia_Regions.html Worldstatesmen.org], John Young,<ref>Young, "Along Ethiopia's Western Frontier", p.&nbsp;334</ref> and the [[Ethiopian News Agency]] website<ref>[http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2008/Nov/04Nov08/72186.htm "Benishangul Gumuz State Council appoints Ahmed Nasir as chief of state"]((dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )), Ethiopian News Agency, 4 November 2008</ref>)

==Administrative zones==
Like other regions in Ethiopia, Benishangul-Gumuz is subdivided into administrative zones.
*[[Assosa Zone|Assosa]]
*[[Kamashi Zone|Kamashi]]
*[[Metekel Zone|Metekel]]

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in the Benishangul-Gumuz region]]
* [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]]

== Notes ==
((Reflist|30em))

==External links==
* [http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docId=1273319 Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at UN-OCHA]((dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204111/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/administrative/Atlas_BSG.pdf Map of Benishangul-Gumuz Region at DPPA of Ethiopia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324085259/http://www.ethiopar.net/English/hofed/hofmemb.html House of Federation] Official Ethiopian Government List of Members

((First-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia))
((Districts of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region))

((coord|10|46|N|35|32|E|region:ET_type:adm1st_dim:500000|display=title))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Benishangul-Gumuz Region| ]]
[[Category:Ethiopian Highlands]]
[[Category:Regions of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1992]]

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Benishangul-Gumuz Region (edit)
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