Benzyl alcohol (also known as α-cresol) is an aromaticalcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful as a solvent for its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.
Natural occurrences
Benzyl alcohol is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas. It is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang.[2] It is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.[3] Benzyl esters also occur naturally.[4]
Preparation
Benzyl alcohol is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:
C6H5CH2Cl + H2O → C6H5CH2OH + HCl
Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.[5]
Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. Thus it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.[8]
It can be used as a local anesthetic, especially with epinephrine.[9]
As a dye solvent, it enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.[10]
Use in health care
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.[11] Some caution is necessary if a high percent of benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.[11][12]
Benzyl alcohol, sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older.[13] It affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.[13] These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.[13]
Benzyl alcohol is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.[13]
Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. It is a common ingredient in a variety of household products.
Safety
Sensitization to benzyl alcohol occurs very rarely, mainly in patients with stasis dermatitis.[14]
Benzyl alcohol is not considered to be a carcinogen, and no data are available regarding teratogenic or reproductive effects.[5]
Benzyl alcohol has low acute toxicity with an LD50 of 1.2 g/kg in rats.[5] It oxidizes rapidly in healthy individuals to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver, and excreted as hippuric acid. Very high concentrations can result in toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis.
^Wilson, L.; Martin, S. (May 1999). "Benzyl alcohol as an alternative local anesthetic". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 33 (5): 495–499. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70335-5. PMID10216324.
^N. N. Sudareva; E. V. Chubarova (2006). "Time-dependent conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and benzoic acid in aqueous solutions". J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41 (4): 1380–1385. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.028. PMID16564153.
^Carl R. Baum (2008), "Examples of mass exposures involving the pediatric population", in Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek (eds.), Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, p. 726.
