BFC Dynamo was founded in 1966 from the football department of SC Dynamo Berlin and became one of the most successful clubs in East German football, with numerous appearances in international football in the 1970s and 1980s. The club is the record champion of East Germany with ten consecutive league championships from 1979 through 1988.
SC Dynamo Berlin had some success in the first seasons of the 1960s. The team finished runners-up in the 1960 DDR-Oberliga and reached the final of the 1961-62 FDGB-Pokal. However, SC Dynamo Berlin found itself overshadowed in the capital by the army-sponsored ASK Vorwärts Berlin.[21] The team of SC Dynamo Berlin during the 1960s would eventually prove relatively weak.[21] By the end of the 1962–63 DDR-Oberliga, SC Dynamo Berlin had become a lower-table side.[18]
East German football was reorganized in 1965–1966 when the football departments of ten sports clubs (SC) were made into ten designated football clubs (FC). The football department of SC Dynamo Berlin became Berliner FC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo was founded on 15 January 1966.[22] Manfred Kirste was elected club president and the SV Dynamo President Erich Mielke was made honorary president.[23][22]
The new designated football clubs were formed as centers of excellence in East German football, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[4][24] BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of East Berlin as catchment area.[25][26] BFC Dynamo was officially a club of the Ministry of the Interior and the club's official sponsor was the Volkspolizei.[27][28] However, Honorary chairman Mielke was the head of the Stasi. BFC Dynamo would eventually come to receive personal, organizational and financial support from the Stasi.[28][29]
BFC Dynamo was relegated to the second-tier DDR-Liga in 1967 and consequently began a rejuvenation of the team.[30] The team eventually dominated the DDR-Liga and immediately won promotion back to the DDR-Oberliga. One of the talented players from the youth department who were integrated into the first team in the late 1960s and early 1970s was midfielderFrank Terletzki. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the final 1–2 in overtime to SG Dynamo Dresden, but qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup as runner-up.[31]
The Ministry of Defense decided to relocate FC Vortwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder ahead of the 1971–72 season.[32] BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin.[26] BFC Dynamo was allowed to take over the catchment area in East Berlin that had previously belonged to FC Vorwärts Berlin.[33][26] The team would also get the opportunity to play more matches at the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers.[34]
BFC Dynamo stood out among other teams within SV Dynamo. The team was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the East German capital. This meant that the club had to be well equipped.[35] BFC Dynamo would eventually get access to a nationwide scouting network, which included numerous training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) of SV Dynamo across Easty Germany.[36][nb 3] BFC Dynamo would eventually be able to recruit young talented players from 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany. By comparison, 1. FC Union Berlin only had access to 6 training centers (TZ) in the Berlin area.[38]
Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (right) scores a header in the match against BSG Wismut Aue in 1974.
Harry Nippert became the new coach in 1973. BFC Dynamo also recruited midfielder Reinhard Lauck from relegated 1. FC Union Berlin the same year. BFC Dynamo had the youngest team in the league in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga, with an average age of 22.5 years.[41] Talented players from the youth department were continuously integrated into the first team in the 1970s, such as forward Hans-Jürgen Riediger, midfielder Lutz Eigendorf, defender Norbert Trieloff and goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit. BFC Dynamo established itself as a top team in the DDR-Oberliga in the mid-1970s. 30-year-old Jürgen Bogs became the new coach in 1977.[42]
BFC Dynamo had developed a very successful youth academy.[43] Numerous players from the youth department were integrated in the first team during the 1970s. The average age in the team was only 22.8 years at the start of the 1978–79 season.[44] BFC Dynamo under Jürgen Bogs played an aggressive football that focused on attacking.[45]
The team of BFC Dynamo after winning its first title in the DDR-Oberliga in 1979.
BFC Dynamo had a very successful start in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga and became Herbstmeister. The team reached the 1979 FDGB-Pokal final, but was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg. Midfielder Lutz Eigendorfdefected to West Germany on 20 March 1979 in connection with a friendly match in Kaiserslautern.[46] His defection was considered a slap in the face of the East German regime; Eigendorf had been one of the most promising players in East Germany.[47][48] BFC Dynamo eventually won its first DDR-Oberliga title in 1979.[49] The team broke several league records during the 1978–79 season, such as: most number of matches won since the start of a season (10), most number of unbeaten matches since the start of a season (22), most goals scored in one season under the current format (75) and the biggest win in the DDR-Oberliga in the last 30 years (10–0 against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau on the 17th matchday).[50][51] Hans-Jürgen Riediger became second best goalscorer in the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[52]
More talented players from the youth department were integrated into the first team in the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as midfielder Rainer Ernst, forward Bernd Schulz, defender Frank Rohde and midfielder Christian Backs. BFC Dynamo won the league again in 1981, after defeating second-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2-1 in a deciding match on the final matchday.[57][58] BFC Dynamo reached the 1982 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresen in a penalty shoot-out.[59] The team won its fourth consecutive league title in 1982, after defeating 1. FC Magdeburg 4-0 on the 23rd matchday. Supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in celebration of the league title. It was the first pitch invasion by the supporters of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga.[60] BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German championHamburger SV in the first round of the 1982-83 European Cup. The Stasi feated riots, political demonstrations and supporters who might express sympathy for West German stars. Only 2,000 tickets were allowed for ordinary fans. The rest was instead allocated to a politically hand-picked audience.[61][62]
Hans-Jürgen Riediger in the match against Hamburger SV in the 1982-83 European Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.
BFC Dynamo was drawn against FK Partizan Belgrade in the second round of the 1983-84 European Cup. Players Falko Götz and Dirk Schlegel defected to West Germany during a shopping tour in Belgrade the day before the second leg.[66] The talented 18-year old forward Andreas Thom from the youth department was given the chance to make his international debut in the match as a replacement for Götz.[67] BFC Dynamo was eventually elminated by AS Roma in the quarter finals of 1983-84 European Cup. It was the fourth time in five seasons that BFC Dynamo had been eliminated in the European Cup by an eventual finalist; three times had BFC Dynamo been eliminated by the champion: Nottingham Forrest in 1979, Aston Villa in 1981 and Hamburger SV in 1982. BFC Dynamo captured its sixth consecutive league in 1984. Rainer Ernst became the best goal scorer in the 1983-84 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[68] BFC Dynamo reached the 1984 FDGB-Pokal final, but lost to SG Dynamo Dresden.[69]
The team of BFC Dynamo celebrates its sixth DDR-Oberlig title in 1985.
BFC Dynamo recruited striker Frank Pastor from relegated HFC Chemie in 1984.[70] The team was drawn against Aberdeen FC under Alex Ferguson in the first round of the 1984–85 European Cup.[71] BFC Dynamo eventually won the round after dramatic penalty shoot-out at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the return leg. Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit saved the last two penalty kicks for Aberdeen FC.[72][71] BFC Dynamo finished the 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga in first place, six points ahead of SG Dynamo Dresden. The team had scored a total of 90 goals in 1984-85 DDR-Oberliga, which set a new record.[73] No team would ever score more goals in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. With 24 goals, Rainer Ernst was once again the best goal scorer in the league. Frank Pastor was the second best goal scorer in the league with 22 goals.[73] BFC Dynamo reached the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final, but was again defeated by SC Dynamo Dresden in the final.[74]
BFC Dynamo was in first place in the league before the winter break 1985–1986.[75] The team faced 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig on the 18th matchday of the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. 1. FC Lokomotiv Leipzig led the match 1–0 in overtime. BFC Dynamo was then awarded a penalty in the 95th minute.[76][77] Frank Pastor converted the penalty and the match ended in a 1–1 draw.[78] The penalty was highly controversial and would later become known as the "Shame penalty of Leipzig".[77] BFC Dynamo won the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga. The team finished just two points ahead of runner-up 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.
BFC Dynamo had the best material conditions in the league and the best team by far.[79] But controversial refereeing decisions in favor of BFC Dynamo gave rise to speculation that the dominance of BFC Dynamo was not solely due to athletic performance, but also due to help from referees.[80] BFC Dynamo was a representative of both the Stasi and the capital. The team was therefore viewed with more suspicion than affection.[81][80] The overbearing success of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s made fans of opposing teams easily aroused as to what they saw as manipulation by bent referees.[79] The team was met with aggression and shouts such as "Bent champions!" (German: Schiebermeister) and "Jews Berlin!" (German: Juden Berlin) at away matches.[82][4][83][84]
Complaints of alleged referee bias accumulated into the hundreds in the mid-1980s.[79][4][85] The East German Football Association (DFV) eventually conducted an internal analysis of the 1984–85 season.[79][77][86] Among other things, the analysis found that BFC Dynamo had earned only one third of the yellow cards incurred by rival SG Dynamo Dresden.[87][86] A review was also made of the final of the 1985 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. This analysis concluded that 30 percent of the referee decisions were wrong, and found that 80 percent of those had been of disadvantage to SG Dynamo Dresden.[88][89][90][86] A number of referees were sanctioned for their performances in matches involving BFC Dynamo in the following months, including the referees involved in the 1985 cup final.[4][90][86]
A particularly controversial episode was the penalty awarded to BFC Dynamo by referee Bernd Stumpf in extra time in the match between 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in March 1986.[77][91] The penalty caused a wave of protests. SED General Secretary Erich Honecker Erich Honecker and the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport of the SED Central CommitteeEgon Krenz were fed up with the "football question" and the "BFC-discussion".[77] Honecker wanted quiet.[76] An example was consequently made out of referee Stumpf. He was permanently banned from refereeing by the DFV.[76] The sanctions against Stumpf were approved by Honecker and Krenz in the SED Central Committee.[92][93] However, a previously unknown video recording of the match was published by Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) in 2000. The video recording showed that the penalty was correctly awarded and that the sanctions against Stumpf were unjustified.[76][83][94] In an interview in 2000, Stumpf said: "The people have never understood, how this Leipzig game was used by the highest officials in the party and government."[76]
The benefit of controlling important matches in Western Europe might have put indirect pressure on the referees to take preventive measures, in so-called preventive obedience.[95][96][97][98][81] In order pursue an international career, a referee would need a travel permit, confirmed by the Stasi.[92][86][99] It became known after the German reunification that several referees had also been Unofficial collaborators (IM) of the Stasi.[77][100][101][85] However, there is no evidence to show that referees were under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees.[100][97][98]
"I can imagine there was referee manipulation due to the immense pressure from the government and Ministry for State Security. That could have made some referees nervous and influenced their decisions. But we were the strongest team at the time. We didn't need their help."
The picture that the success of BFC Dynamo relied upon referee bias is dismissed by former BFC Dynamo players and coaches. Some of them admit that there might have been cases of referee bias, but they all insist that it was the thoroughness of their youth work and the quality of their play that earned them their titles.[103][80][102][104] Former coach Jürgen Bogs has said: "You cannot postpone 26 matches in one season in the DDR-Oberliga. At that time we had the best football team".[105][94] German author Steffen Karas claims that BFC Dynamo only scored nine match-deciding goals in the 86th minute or later, in the 218 matches it won or drew during its ten championship years.[nb 4]
Supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of the SV Dynamo sports association, BFC Dynamo was able to filter the best talents through nationwide screening and train them in its youth academy. The youth academy had full-time trainers employed for every age group.[43][107] As the coach of the DDR-Oberliga team, Bogs worked with modern training methods, such as video evalutations, which was not yet common in East Germany. The club also applied heart rate and lactate measurements during training, which only came to the Bundesliga many years later.[108][94] Former referee Bernd Heynemann has concluded: "The BFC is not ten times champions because the referees only whistled for Dynamo. They were already strong as a bear."[109]
Andreas Thom during a match against SG Dynamo Dresden in 1988.
BFC Dynamo recruited 20-year-old attacking midfielder Thomas Doll from relegated F.C. Hansa Rostock in 1986.[110] Doll and Andreas Thom would form one of the most effective attacking duos in East German football in the late 1980s. The 1986–87 and 1987-88 seasons saw renewed competition in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo eventually won its tenth consecutive league title in 1988. The 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga was won on goal difference in the final matchday.[111][112] Andreas Thom became the best goalscorer in 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga with 20 goals.[113] The team then defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 1988 FDGB-Pokal final and finally completed the Double.[113]
Thom was voted the 1988 East German footballer of the year.[113]
The team celebrates the victory in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final at the Stadion der Weltjugend.
BFC Dynamo was drawn against West German champion SV Werder Bremen in the first round of the 1988-89 European Cup. BFC Dynamo sensationally won the first leg 3–0 at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[114] However, the team lost the return leg at the Weser-Stadion with 0–5. The return leg would become known as the second "Miracle on the Weser".[115][114] BFC Dynamo defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the 1989 FDGB-Pokal final and won its second consecutive cup title.[116] SG Dynamo Dresden eventually broke the dominance of BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the 1988-89 season. BFC Dynamo finished the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga as runner-up, and SG Dynamo Dresden became the new champion. Coach Bogs was replaced by Helmut Jäschke after the 1988-89 season.[117] As the cup winner, BFC Dynamo was set to play the new league champion SG Dynamo Dresden in the first edition of the DFV-Supercup. BFC Dynamo won the match 4-1 and became the first and, eventually, only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.[117]
The team of FC Berlin at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in 1990.
The 1989-90 season was marked by the political change in East Germany. The Berlin Wall was opened on 9 November 1989 and people in East Berlin could now travel freely to West Berlin.[118]Andreas Thom was signed to Bayer Leverkusen. He left the team during the winter break 1989–1990 and became the first player in the DDR-Oberliga to be transferred to the West German Bundesliga after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[119] The Stasi was definitively dissolved on 13 January 1990 and thus BFC Dynamo lost a major sponsor.[118] The East German Ministry of the Interior announced that it was only prepared to support the club until the end of the 1989–90 season and the fate of the club was uncertain.[120][121] BFC Dynamo was eventually rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990.[122][123] The team finished the 1989-90 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place and failed for the first time in a long time to qualify for an UEFA competition.[124]Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde left for Hamburger SV and Rainer Ernst for 1. FC Kaiserslautern after the season.[125][126]
After failing to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991 and 1992, FC Berlin had to continue at amateur level. The club now had to rely heavily on its youth department to supply the team with new players.[133] Coach Bogs resigned in September 1993 and was replaced by Helmut Koch.[134] FC Berlin managed to qualify for the new Regionalliga Nordost in 1994. The reinstated Regionalliga formed the new third tier. The 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost involved new derbies against 1. FC Union Berlin and new matches against several other well-known opponents.[135] FC Berlin struggled in the 1994-95 Regionalliga Nordost but managed to retain is place in the league. The highlight of the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost were then new duels with 1. FC Dynamo Dresden. The two teams had not met since 1991.[136]
Due to an imminent risk of relegation, coach Koch was dismissed in October 1995. He was succeeded by former player and youth coach Werner Voigt.[137][138] Defender Mario Maek also returned to the team at the same time. FC Berlin finished the 1995-96 Regionaliga Nordost in ninth place. Club President Volkmar Wanski announced in November 1996 that the financial reserves had been used up; the millions of Deutsche Mark that the club had made from player transfers in the early 1990s were now gone. Defender Jörn Lenz returned to the team during the winter break 1997–1998. [139] Lenz would be a key player for several seasons to come.[140] The successes in the Regionalliga had not materialized and FC Berlin remained a lower-table side. Coach Voigt eventually left for 1. FC Dynamo Dresden in March 1998.[141]
Henry Häusler became new coach in the summer of 1998.[142][143] Among the key players in the team in the 1998-99 season were Heiko Brestrich, Jörn Lenz, Mario Kallnik and Mario Maek.[142][144] The club took back its old club name of BFC Dynamo on 8 May 1999.[145] Due to repeated public criticism of the team, coach Häusler was already dismissed in April 1999.[143] BFC Dynamo defeated Berlin Turkspor 1965 4-1 in the final of the 1998-99 Berlin Cup and finally won its first Berlin Cup title.[146] Brestrich scored two goals, Ayhan Gezen one goal and Maek one goal for BFC Dynamo in the final. Former FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt-player and coach Klaus Goldbach became new coach at the end of the season.[143]
BFC Dynamo recruited goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski from 1. FC Union Berlin in 1999.[147][148] BFC Dynamo suffered a period of crisis during the autumn of 1999; the club had run into financial difficulties, and the team had plummeted down the league after several matches without a single win.[149][150] Heiko Brestrich was sacked after a protest against coach Goldbach.[150] Eventally, Jürgen Bogs returned for his third stint as coach in December 1999.[151][150] Hans Reker became the new sports director in January 2000. Through Reker, BFC Dynamo finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of the software company Lipro AG.[152][153] However, the struggle in the league continued and BFC Dynamo finished the 1999-2000 Regionalliga in 17th place.[153] The team was thus relegated to NOFV-Oberliga Nord; for the first time, BFC Dynamo was a fourth-tier team.[154] After six years in office, Club President Wanski resigned in June 2000, in protest against Lipro AG's demand for influence.[155]
About a dozen new players were signed in the summer of 2000, including five Romanian players, four of whom were former national team players.[156][157]SPD-politician Karin Halsch became the new president in September 2000.[158][nb 5] BFC Dynamo finished the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in first place.[159] Striker Dennis Kozlov became the top scorer in the league with 29 goals.[159] The team faced 1. FC Magdeburg in the play-off for the Regionalliga Nord. However, two weeks before the first leg, it had become clear that the club was in major financial trouble.[160][161][162] Players had not received their salaries for months and the club was behind on insurance payments. BFC Dynamo lost the play-off after a 5-2 defeat away in the second leg. Several players left the team immediately after the season.[159][163]
The insurance company AOK eventually filed for insolvency against BFC Dynamo in June 2001.[164] Shortly afterwards, Halsch resigned as club president and Reker took over as acting president.[164][165] The club's total debts were now estimated at 5.5 millions Deutsche Mark.[166] BFC Dynamo tried to initiate a partnership with FC Dynamo Moscow, but the plans led nowhere.[167][168] BFC Dynamo needed 30,000 Deutsche Mark by 31 October 2001 to open insolvency proceedings, but the club did not have the money.[169][170][171] If insolvency proceedings could not be opened, the club would go bankcrupt.[168][171][169] Supporters of BFC Dynamo staged a demonstration march from Sportforum Hohenschönhausen to Rotes Rathaus to save the club. Also former players such as Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Rainer Troppa, Waldemar Ksienzyk and Heiko Brestrich, planned to participate.[170][172] A sponsor group around former club president Wanski eventually came forward at the last second and offered the money.[173][174]
FC Berlin was said to have made millions from player sales after Die Wende.[165][175] The club was for a time considered the richest amateur club in Germany.[176] But not all the money had gone to the club. Some had also gone to SV Dynamo, the East German Football Association (DFV) and agents.[177][178] The club's reputation as a former Stasi club made it difficult to win new sponsors.[179][180][165][181] The club was also plagued by hooliganism which repeatedly made negative headlines.[181][182] FC Berlin failed to qualify for the 2. Bundesliga and never progressed beyond third tier.[183] Average attendance was only a couple of hundreds in the beginning of the 1990s.[181][183] FC Berlin ran a large youth department which at one point cost 400,000 Deutsche Marks a year.[181] At the end of 1996, the club had no money left in its bank accounts and Club President Volkmar Wanski would need to support the club with annual personal financial contributions. [179] In 2000, the club finally got a promising main sponsor in the form of Lipro AG and made a bid to reach the third tier.[184] However, the millions from Lipro AG later turned out to be loans.[184]
Insolvency proceedings were opened on 1 November 2001. BFC Dynamo was automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin and had to continue under amateur conditions.[185][186] Only three players from the former squad remained for the first mandatory friendly match, including new team captain Piotr Rowicki.[187] Jörn Lenz left for VfB Leipzig and Nico Thomaschewski for SV Babelsberg 03.[188] Also coach Bogs left.[187][72] Mario Maek took over as new coach on a voluntary basis assisted by goalkeeping coach Bodo Rudwaleit.[72] Entrepreneur Mike Peters was elected as the new club president in May 2022.[189] BFC Dynamo was estimated to have debts of around 2,2 million Euros.[190] The preferential claims of about 200,000 Euros seemed insurmountable, but supporters negotiated with creditors and received numerous waivers, and also raised thousands of Euros themselves.[191][192][189] In addition, the new presidium around Peters gave a large financial contribution to the insolvency plan. Peters also committed to funding a large part of the budget for the upcoming season.[191][192][189]
BFC Dynamo had to start over in the sixth-tier Verbandsliga Berlin in 2002. Nico Tomaschewski returned to the team.[189][193][194] The team was also joined by young defender Robert Rudwaleit from the reserve team. Robert Rudwaleit was the son of Bodo Rudwaleit.[195] BFC Dynamo finished its first season in the Verbandsliga Berlin in third place. Jörn Lenz returned to the team in 2003.[196] BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Danny Kukulies from SC Pfullendorf.[197] The insolvency situation was complex. The club had 170 creditors and it was uncertain whether the insolvency proceedings would end successfully. BFC Dynamo finished the 2003-04 Verbandsliga Berlin in first place. The team won all 17 matches in the second half of the league season, which set new league record.[198] Kukulies became the top scorer in the league with 32 goals.[199] BFC Dynamo had thus made it back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Finally, the insolvency proceedings also came to a positive conclusion after a meeting with the creditors at the CharlottenburgDistrict Court on 8 June 2004.[200]
Mario Weinkauf was elected as the new club president in June 2004.[201] Former player Christian Backs became the new coach for NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Key players on the team in the 2004–05 season were Robert Rudwaleit, Nico Thomaschewski, Dennis Kutrieb, Jörn Lenz and Danny Kukulies.[202][203] Coach Backs left for Berliner AK 07 in April 2005, due to financial disagreements with the club.[204] Former FC Vorwärts Berlin player Jürgen Piepenburg became the new coach in the summer of 2005.[205] The 2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord involved new derbies with 1. FC Union Berlin. BFC Dynamo lost the first meeting with 1. FC Union Berlin 8–0.[206] Coach Piepenberg was dismissed immediately after the match.[207]Israeli fashion brand JetLag became the new main sponsor at the beginning of 2006.[208] The return match against 1. FC Union Berlin was played at the Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006. The score was 1-1 when supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch to storm the away block.[209] The match was abandoned and 1. FC Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory.[210]
The Stadion im Sportforum in May 2006.
The riots in the match aginst 1. FC Union Berlin in May 2006 threw the club into a new financial crisis.[211][212] The club's finances were eventually saved by the sponsor Infinity-Net Telekom GmbH.[212] The company's owner Peter Meyer became the new strong man in the club.[212] A power struggle developed between main sponsor Meyer and President Weinkauf.[213] Weinkauf was eventually dismissed in a vote of no confidence at the annual meeting in June 2007.[214] Meyer became the new chairman of the Economic Council and practically club manager.[214] The Turkish company Gökis Getränkegroßhandel became the new shirt sponsor for the 2007-08 season.[215][216] The company's manager Gökhan Kazan also became member of the Economic Council.[216] BFC Dynamo played a friendly match against Hertha BSC in July 2007. The match was played under the motto "Against violence and racism".[217][218] Before the match, Meyer publicly declared that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium".[219]
BFC Dynamo recruited midfielder Christian Preiß in 2008.[220] Norbert Uhlig was elected as the new club president in October 2008.[221] BFC Dynamo was undefeated in the first ten matches of the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.[222] However, all hopes of promotion were dashed after a 2–4 loss against first-placed Tennis Borussia Berlin before the winter break.[223] BFC Dynamo finished the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up.[222] Christian Backs returned as coach in the summer of 2009.[224] BFC Dynamo also recruited forward Nico Patschinski from 1. FC Union Berlin.[225] The team had a successful start to the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.[225] BFC Dynamo lost only one match in the first 14 matchdays, but failed to keep pace with first-placed FC Energie Cottbus II in the second half of the league season.[226] Coach Backs was dismissed before Easter 2010 and former player Heiko Bonan took over as coach.[227] BFC Dynamo also finished the 2009-10 NOFV-Oberliga Nord as runner-up. The team reached the final of the 2009-10 Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo lost the final 2–1 against Berliner AK 07. 100-150 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch after the final whistle.[228][229]
Forward Matthias Steinborn from the youth department became a regular player in the team in 2010. The results in the 2010-11 NOFV-Oberliga Nord were mediocre, but the team had more success in the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated SFC Stern 1900 2–0 in the final of the 2010–11 Berlin Cup.[230][225] BFC Dynamo had thus won its first Berlin Cup title in 12 years and was qualified for the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal; the victory in the cup was also worth 100,000 Euros in bonuses from the German Football Association (DFB).[203][230] BFC Dynamo was drawn against 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal. The match was played in front of 10,104 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–3.[231] Serious riots broke out among supporters of BFC Dynamo after the match.[229] The club was subsequently fined 12,000 Euros by the DFB Sports Court.[232] BFC Dynamo saw a decline in the league and finished the 2011-12 NOFV-Oberliga Nord in 13th place.
The highly popular Turkish-born Volkan Uluc returned as coach in 2012. Uluc had previously coached BFC Dynamo from 2007 to 2009.[233] BFC Dynamo conceded just one loss in the first 14 matchdays in the 2012-13 NOFV-Oberliga Nord and was a top team in the league.[234] The team finished the season in third place in the league. BFC Dynamo then defeated SV Lichtenberg 47 1–0 in the final of the 2012–13 Berlin Cup in front of 6,381 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludig-Jahn-Sportpark.[235][225] The attendance set a new record for a Berlin Cup final since German reunification.[236] BFC Dynamo recruited Senegalese striker Djibril N'Diaye in 2013.[237]
N'Diaye quickly became a crowd favourite, known as "Dieter".[238][237][239] BFC Dynamo came to dominate the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The league title was secured on the 22nd matchday and the team would go through the entire league season undefeated. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 2013-14 NOFV-Oberliga Nord 34 points ahead of second-placed Brandenburger SC Süd 05.[240][241] Christian Preiß had scored 15 goals and N'Diaye 12 goals in the league.[242] BFC Dynamo had thus finally won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost after 10 years in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.
René Rydlewicz became the new coach in the summer of 2016. The team defeated FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin 3–1 in the final of the 2016-17 Berlin Cup. Pröger decided the match with two goals in extra time.[251] BFC Dynamo signed Azerbaijani striker and national team playerRufat Dadashov as well as midfielder Philip Schulz in 2017.[252] The team drew FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2017-18 DFB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–2 in front of 14,114 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The attendance was the highest for BFC Dynamo since the match between BFC Dynamo and AS Monaco in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup in November 1989.[253][252] BFC Dynamo finished the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost in 4th place. Dadashov became the top scorer in the league with 25 goals in 25 games.[254] The team again reached the final of the Berlin Cup. BFC Dynamo defeated Berliner SC 2–1 in the final of the 2017–18 Berlin Cup to claim its second consecutive Berlin Cup title.[255] Dadashov scored both goals for BFC Dynamo in the final.[256]
Chris Reher with the ball during the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Köln in the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal.
BFC Dynamo recruited forward Christian Beck in 2021.[267] Key players in the team in the 2021–22 season were Christian Beck, Dmitri Stajila, Chris Reher, Alexander Siebeck, Michael Blum, Andreas Pollasch, Joey Breitfeld, Darryl Geurts, Andor Bolyki, Niklas Brandt and Philip Schulz. BFC Dynamo drew VfB Stuttgart in the first round of the 2021-22 DFB-Pokal. The match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum. It was the first DFB-Pokal match at the Stadion im Sportforum since FC Berlin played SC Freiburg at the stadium in the 1991–92 DFB-Pokal.[268] BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–6. BFC Dynamo had great success in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost and became Herbstmeister.[269] The club saw the biggest increase in membership of any club in Berlin in 2021, apart from Hertha BSC and1. FC Union Berlin; membership increased by 51 percent in 2021.[270] BFC Dynamo finished the 2021–22 Regionalliga Nordost in first place and had finally claimed its first ever Regionalliga title.[271] Christian Beck became the top scorer in the league with 23 goals.[272] BFC Dynamo faced VfB Oldenburg from the Regionalliga Nord in the play-off for the 3. Liga.[271] BFC Dynamo eventually lost the play-off on goal difference, having lost the first leg at home and won the second leg away.[273][274][275]
Colours and crest
The colours of BFC Dynamo are claret and white.[276] The colours were inherited from SC Dynamo Berlin and followed the claret colour scheme of SV Dynamo. BFC Dynamo has been playing in claret and white since the club's founding, with the exception of a period in the 1990s. The BFC Dynamo home kit has traditionally been a claret shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. The team is occasionally nicknamed "die Weinroten", which means "the Clarets".[277][278]
The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. A pure white was set as the new match colour with immediate effect.[279] FC Berlin then adopted a red and white colour scheme.[280] In the eyes of the supporters, the red and white kit looked a lot like 1. FC Union Berlin.[280] The club played in red and white home kits for most of the FC Berlin era, but wore a black and red striped home shirt, paired with black shorts and socks from the 1996–97 season through the 1998–99 season. The club eventually returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999 and consequently also later returned to its traditional colour scheme.[281]
The BFC Dynamo away kit has traditionally been a white shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. However, a variety of away kits have been used at different times. The team used green away shirts from the end of the 1960s until the mid-1970s.[282][283] Green was the colour of the Volkspolizei, which was the official sponsor of BFC Dynamo during the East German era. The green away shirt was then exchanged for a white away shirt, paired with red or white shorts and socks.[284][42] The team used entirely red away kits during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons.[285][286] The red away kit was then exchanged for an entirely claret away kit.[287] The team again used white away shirts from the 1985–86 season.[288] The 1985–86 season also saw the instruction of an alternative claret and white diagonally striped away shirt.[288] The diagonally striped away shirt would be used for the rest of the 1980s.[289]
1966-1990, 1999–2009, 2023-
2009-2023
The crest of BFC Dynamo during the East German era featured a stylized "D" for SV Dynamo and the lettering "BFC" in red and yellow on a white background, surrounded by a yellow wreath.[290][291] BFC Dynamo abandoned its East German crest when the club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990.[292][293][290] The club used two different crests during the FC Berlin era. The first crest featured a stylized image of the roof of the Brandenburg Gate with the lettering "FCB" underneath and the club name "Fussballclub Berlin" in capital letters at the bottom, in white on a red background. It was only briefly used at the beginning of the FC Berlin era in 1990.[294] The second crest featured a stylized image of a football with the Brandenburg Gate in front, the lettering "FCB" at the top and the club name "FC Berlin" at the bottom, in red on a white background. This crest was used from the spring of 1990 until the end of the FC Berlin era.[294][295]
BFC Dynamo reclaimed its East German crest when the club returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999.[293] But the club was no longer in possession of the crest.[293] The club had neglected to seek legal protection for its East German crest after German reunification. The neglect was likely due to managerial inexperience. Protection of trademarks was neither necessary nor common in East Germany.[290] The crest was now owned by Peter Klaus-Dieter Mager, commonly known as "Pepe". Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and a fan merchandise dealer.[296] The club tried to recover the crest from Mager though court action, without success.[293][290] The ownership of the crest was instead passed on to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[297][298][299]
BFC Dynamo continued to use the disputed crest on its kits and webpage. But the club would have to ask the owner of the crest every time it wanted to have a pennant made and was unable to exploit the commercial value of the crest for its own benefit.[297][300] The legal situation around the crest would also have caused problems in the event of an advance to the Regionalliga, as the German football Association (DFB) required clubs to own their crests.[301] In order establish independence, the club finally decided to adopt a new crest in 2009.[302]
The new crest abandoned the traditional stylized "D" and the lettering "BFC", as they would have met legal obstacles.[299] The new crest featured a black Berlin bear on claret and white stripes, together with the club name and the founding year.[299] The first version of the new crest sparked controversy. The word "fußball" in the club name had been written in lower case with a double "s" instead of the graphene "ß".[299] This was contrary to German spelling rules, where it is only permissible to write "fußball" with a double "s" when the word is written in upper case. Club President Norbert Uhlig ensured that there was absolutely no ulterior motive behind the spelling and claimed that the word had always been spelled like that on club pennants and scarfs.[299] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer later claimed that the spelling was a deliberate marketing ploy, in order to have new crest immediately known across Germany.[299] A second version of the crest was soon made public, where the club name was written in upper case. The new crest was used by BFC Dynamo from the 2009–10 season.[300]
BFC Dynamo finally managed to win back the traditional crest in 2022, through the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer. Meyer had acquired the rights to the crest through one of his companies.[303] From the 2023–24 season, BFC Dynamo is once again playing with its traditional crest. The traditional crest was displayed for the first time since its reintroduction in a friendly match against Hertha BSC in front of more than 10,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 July 2023.[304][305]
Ownership of the traditional crest
Many clubs in East Germany rushed to drop their East German names during the Peaceful revolution. BFC Dynamo was among the clubs to do so, in an attempt to distance the club from the Stasi.[293][306] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and consequently abandoned its East German crest.
Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and fan merchandise dealer.[296] Mager had organized away trips for the fans Hertha in the early 1960s and was one of the founders of the notorious supporter group "Hertha-Frösche". He now sold his own fan merchandise from a mobile stand outside the Olympiastadion.[296][307][308] Mager inquired with the register of associations in Charlottenburg in 1991 about all deleted names of East German clubs.[296] He immediately found BFC Dynamo and saw business opportunities.[296][293] Mager claimed that he first secured the former crest of BFC Dynamo for 80 D-Marks in 1992.[180][299]
The name FC Berlin never became popular with the fans.[306] Fans continued to identify themselves with the former name and crest.[293] An overwhelming majority voted for the club to take back its original club name at the club's general meeting on 3 May 1999.[281] Of the 135 present, 125 voted in favor, three against and seven abstained.[145] BFC Dynamo thus reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to Mager.[293] Mager had registered the crest in his name at the German Patent and Trademark Office on 13 May 1997.[293][309][290]
BFC Dynamo contacted Mager for a co-operation, but an agreement could not be reached.[296][309] Mager held the opinion that the club should buy its merchandise from him, or simply buy the rights to the crest.[293] He later informed the club that he had received interest from foreign buyers and offered the club to buy the rights.[309] He claimed that the crest was worth 200,000 D-Marks.[293] BFC Dynamo on the other hand claimed that the crest should legally belong to the club. The club sued Mager in court on 20 November 2000, but eventually lost the case.[293][290] The club decided to suspend the legal dispute with Mager in the summer of 2001 and instead wanted to find a solution outside court.[310] Mager was repeatedly exposed to minor threats from the environment around BFC Dynamo and eventually sold the crest to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH for a price of 50,000 D-Marks in June 2002.[297][298][301][311]
Bernt was a close associate of André Sommer.[312] Bernt and Sommer had assisted the club at the opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002.[312][208][297] Both were long time fans of BFC Dynamo.[313][297][298] But the duo was controversial for their connections to Hells Angels.[313][312] Bernt and Sommer were almost as restrictive towards the club when it came to the crest as Mager had been. Bernt organized the production of fan merchandise in his own regime.[298] The club would have to ask his company every time it wanted to have a pennant made.[297] Bernt and Sommer usually agreed, manufactured the pennant and then sold it at their own fan merchandise stand at the stadium.[297] BFC Dynamo continued to use the crest and would at times be given ten percent of the revenues from their sales.[208][297][298][299] The club eventually offered 5,000 Euros for the crest, but was turned down.[208] Sponsor Peter Meyer was also said to have offered 150,000 Euros for the buyback.[314] Bernt demanded a seven-digit sum, according to former Club President Mario Weinkauf.[208] The lawyer representing RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH allegedly claimed the crest was worth around 600,000 Euros at the time.[315]
The traditional crest of BFC Dynamo at the back of the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.
President Weinkauf planned to recover the rights to the former crest with the help of Thomas Thiel and the company Treasure AG before the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Thiel was a co-owner of Treasure AG, which was intended as a new major sponsor.[297] Bernt sold parts of the rights to the former crest to Thiel.[316] The price was allegedly a six-digit sum.[297][299] According to the plan, the club would be given the rights of use to the crest. The profits would thus go to the club. The club would pay a symbolic sum of 1 Euro per month for the rights of use. BFC Dynamo would then have a right of first refusal after the ten-year contract had expired and thus have the opportunity to eventually acquire ownership of the crest.[297][317] However, Weinkauf was ultimately rejected by club members in a vote of no-confidence at the general meeting on 23 June 2007.[214] Weinkauf would then be contacted by the former president of Tennis Borussia Berlin Peter Antony. Treasure AG became a sponsor of Tennis Borussia Berlin instead and Weinkauf would later become president of the club.[318]
Thiel sold his rights to the crest back to Bernt and his company BFC Dynamo Vermarktungsgesellschaft m.b.H in 2009.[319] The rights to the old crest where subsequently controlled again by the company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[320][321] The company is controlled by Bernt, who sold occasional items with the former crest at his own webpage.[292] However, RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH transferred its rights to company AXXON AG in 2022.[322][323] In connection with the club's 57th anniversary in 2023, the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer revealed in an exclusive interview with Berliner Kurier that he had acquired the rights to the crest for the club through one of his companies. After more than 13 years, the traditional crest was finally back with the club. According to Berliner Kurier and Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), a six-digit sum is said to have become due.[303][324]
Championship star
The German Football League (DFL) introduced a system of championship stars in the 2004–05 season. The system was meant to honor the most successful teams in the Bundesliga by allowing teams to display stars on their shirts for the championships they have won. The system awarded one star for three titles, two stars for five titles, and three stars for ten titles.[325] However, the system only counted titles won in the Bundesliga since the 1963–64 season.[326][327][328]
BFC Dynamo submitted an application to the DFL and the DFB on 9 August 2004 to receive three stars for its ten titles in the DDR-Oberliga. The club asked for equal rights and argued that the German Football Association (DFB) had absorbed the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) with all its statistics, international matches and goal scorers.[325][329][330][326] BFC Dynamo received support from Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles.[329][326]
The DFL responded that it was not the responsible body, but the DFB remained silent for a long time.[327] The DFB eventually declared itself responsible and recommended BFC Dynamo to submit a formal application for a new title symbol in accordance with a relevant paragraph.[326][327] BFC Dynamo commissioned a law firm in Mitte in January 2005 and sent a new letter to the DFB. The DFB announced that the application from BFC Dynamo was going to be negotiated in a meeting with the DFB presidium.[327] The meeting with the DFB presidium on 18 March 2005 agreed that all titles won in East Germany, as well all others titles won in Germany since the first recognized championship in 1903, should qualify for stars.[331] However, the decision was subject to approval by the DFL.[332] No final decision had yet been made by the DFB presidium.[333][334][335][336]
BFC Dynamo is allowed to wear one star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German championships.
However, BFC Dynamo took matters in its own hands and unilaterally emblazoned its shirts with three stars.[334] The team displayed the three stars for the first time in the match against FC Energie Cottbus II in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 25 March 2005.[333][334] The claim by BFC Dynamo was controversial because the club had been the favorite club of Erich Mielke and had had a connection to the Stasi during the East German era.[334][335][337][338][328] Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been sponsored by the Stasi and had enjoyed advantages.[327] The club had privileged access to talents and a permanent training camp at Uckley in Königs Wusterhausen. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation.[327] Also former East German referee and CDU parliamentarian Bernd Heynemann spoke out for recognition of all East German titles.[328]
The DFL rejected the application from the DFB and recommended the DFB to only honor clubs that were champions in the Bundesliga.[339] However, the DFB chose to not follow the recommendation. The DFB presidium instead decided on a compromise solution on 19 July 2005 and adopted a new regulation for the 2005–06 season which gave all clubs the right to wear one single star for the championships they have won in the former East Germany and in Germany since 1903. Clubs were also allowed to indicate the number of championships they have won in the center of the star.[340][341][342] The regulation only applies to clubs playing in a league under the DFB umbrella. It does not apply to clubs playing in the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga, which are organized by the DFL.[341]
The new regulation meant that BFC Dynamo was finally allowed to emblazon its shirts with a championship star. The regulation also affected other former East German teams including Dynamo Dresden with its eight titles, 1. FC Frankfurt with its six titles and Magdeburg with its three titles in the Oberliga.[327][342] BFC Dynamo has since then used the championship star in accordance with DFB graphic standards, displaying a star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German titles.[343]
The long-time home and training facility of BFC Dynamo is the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in Alt-Hohenschönhausen in Berlin. The sports complex is the location of the club offices and the clubhouse.[291] It is also the base of the youth teams.[291] More than 20 youth teams of BFC Dynamo regularly train at the facilities.[344] The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is considered the spiritual home of the club.[291]
The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen was known as the Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era.[345] The sports complex was built as a training center for elite sport and was home to sports clubSC Dynamo Berlin, with its many departments and squads.[346][347] Development began in 1954 and expansion continued into the 1980s.[348] The Sportforum is still unique as of today.[349] The sports complex covers an area of 45 to 50 hectares and comprises 35 sports facilities as of 2020.[346][349][350][351]
A match between SC Dynamo Berlin and SC Turbine Erfurt at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in 1959.
SC Dynamo Berlin played its first season at the large Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in Mitte.[17][352] The team moved its home matches to the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum for the short transitional 1955 season.[353] SC Dynamo Berlin then returned to the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion for the 1956 season.[352] The team would play at the Walter-Ublricht-Stadion for the rest of the 1950s.[352]
SC Dynamo Berlin eventually moved its home matches permanently to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin wall began on 13 August 1961.[17][354] The football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum held a capacity of 10,000 spectators at the beginning of the 1961–62 season.[345][nb 6] The team drew average attendances between 3,000 and 6,000 spectators in the DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the 1960s.[366][367] The highlights were matches against local rival ASK Vorwärts Berlin and the various top teams during the period. The capacity of the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was gradually expanded during the 1960s.[354][nb 7]
A match between BFC Dynamo and BSG Chemie Leipzig at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in 1966.
BFC Dynamo began playing occasional matches that required floodlights at the larger Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg from November 1968.[354] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was the home ground of FC Vorwärts Berlin at the time. However, the stadium became vacant when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971.[370] BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[371] The matches against Åtvidabergs FF in the quarter-finals on 22 March 1972 and FC Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals on 5 April 1972 were each attended by 30,000 spectators.[372][373] The team also played two home matches in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[374] However, more matches at the stadium were not possible after the summer of 1972, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was then undergoing extensive renovation for the upcoming 10th World Festival of Youth and Students.[352]
BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1972-73 UEFA Cup. However, neither the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark nor the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion were available for the upcoming UEFA Cup matches. Both were undergoing extensive renovation for the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Instead, the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum underwent a complete transformation in just five weeks between the end of July 1972 and September 1972.[352] The capacity of the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum was now expanded to 20,000 spectators.[375][376][354] BFC Dynamo played all home matches in the 1972-73 UEFA Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The attendance of 20,000 spectators during the match against Liverpool on 29 November 1972 is still a record attendance for the stadium.[358] BFC Dynamo remained at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum for a couple more seasons. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum during the 1970s.[377] An average of 12,000 people attended the last six matches of BFC Dynamo at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the second half of the 1973–74 season.[354] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg in the 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 8 March 1975 was attended by a whole 19,000 spectators.[378]
A match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden in front of 25,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1976.[379]
BFC Dynamo eventually moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1975–76 season, due to upcoming repair work at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum.[354] The move was meant to be temporary, but eventually became permanent.[354] The Dynamo-Sportforum would primarily serve as a training facility from then and the football stadium would be used mostly by the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark held a capacity of 30,00 spectators in the 1975–76 season.[371] The average home attendance of 16,538 spectators for BFC Dynamo at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga is the highest average league attendance in club history.[17][380] BFC Dynamo celebrated nine of its ten DDR-Oberliga titles in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium. The team also played most of its home matches in the UEFA competitions at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as Shakhtar Donetsk, Red Star Belgrade, Nottingham Forest, Hamburger SV, Aston Villa, AS RomaFC Aberdeen at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium in the 1970s and 1980. However, all matches in the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin were played at the neutral Stadion der Weltjugend from the 1976–77 season for security reasons.[381][382][383][384]
A permanent training camp for BFC Dynamo was built in Uckley in the Zernsdorf district of Königs Wusterhausen in Bezirk Potsdam at the end of the 1960s.[385] It was located in the woods and completely sealed off from the surroundings.[385][386] The training camp covered an area of around 10 hectares.[386] The complex was equipped with a boarding school, several football pitches, a sports hall, a swimming pool, a fitness area and a sauna.[387][388][389][386][390] The team would gather in Uckley days before its European matches.[17] The players would have access to catering facilities, a nearby lake, a bowling alley, a cinema and pinball machines, among other things.[389][390]
The team of BFC Dynamo in front of the new grandstand of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in 1987.
BFC Dynamo moved its home matches temporary to the Dynamo-Sportforum for the 1986–87 season, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was undrgoing redevelopment during the season for the upcoming 750th anniversary of Berlin.[354][371] The team also played its home matches in the 1986-87 European Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The team then returned to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1987–88 season.[391] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark now had a new four storey grandstand and new floodlight masts. The current grandstand and the floodlights of the stadium dates from this time.[358][392] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin after Die Wende. FC Berlin moved permanently to the Stadion im Sportforum at the beginning of the 1992–93 season.[358] The team would remain in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for many seasons to come.[354]
The capacity of the Stadion im Sportforum had been reduced to about 12,000 spectators by 1992.[354] FC Berlin only drew an average of a couple of hundred spectators per match at the Stadion im Sportforum in the early and mid-90s. The highlights were the matches against 1. FC Union Berlin. FC Berlin under Club President Volkmar Wanski announced plans in April 1998 to buy and modernize the stadium.[393] However, the plans never materialized. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 1990s.[377] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo were traditionally found at the northern curved end, popularly known as the Nordwall stand.[380] 4,220 spectators watched the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Stadion im Sportforum on 23 November 1999.[394]
Supporters of BFC Dynamo installed new bucket seats on the main stand and built a new clubhouse next to the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2001–2003.[395] The Stadion im Sportforum was then equipped with a 25-metre player tunnel and plexiglass-clad coaching benches in November 2004.[396] BFC Dynamo made new plans for a modern football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2006 under Club President Mario Weinkauf. The club now wanted to build a new modern stadium for 10,000–15,000 spectators.[397] However, these plans did not materialize either. The Stadion im Sportforum was closed at the end of the 2005–06 season following the riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin on 13 May 2006.[210] BFC Dynamo temporarily had to move to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[398] The stadium was then refurbished in 2006–2007 to increase safety and meet the requirements of the NOFV.[217] The refurbishment included a new fence.[399]
BFC Dynamo won promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost at the end of the 2013–14 season. The team moved permanently to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 2014–15 season, due to increased media and spectator interest following its promotion.[358][400] The 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost meant matches against well-known opponents such as 1. FC Magdeburg and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. The more central location of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was seen by the club as an opportunity to attract more spectators.[400] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg on 8 November 2014 was attended by 5,103 spectators.[401] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo have traditionally been found on the main stand, and on the side opposite the main stand (German: die Gegengerade) of the Friedrich Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[380] The match between BFC Dynamo and FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the 2018-19 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 August 2017 was watched by 14,117 spectators.[253] The attendance was the highest attendance for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin wall.[253][402] The average league attendance of BFC Dynamo in the 2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost would also be the highest average league attendance of BFC Dynamo since the 1990-91 season.[367]
The Stadion im Sportforum in 2023.
BFC Dynamo had to play a number of matches at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 2018–19 season due to safety issues relating to the dilapidated floodlights at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[403] The move was greeted by some supporters as a move to the true home of the club.[404] The club was then set to return to the Sportforum in the 2020–21 season as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was planned to be demolished for a complete redevelopment.[291] The team was allowed to continue play in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark until 31 December 2020.[405] BFC Dynamo then officially announced on 21 March 2021 that the club was going to move back to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for the next season.[406]
The Stadion im Sportforum was equipped with a floodlight system in April 2021.[407][408] The club organized a work effort in the summer of 2021 to get the stadium in shape for the upcoming Regionalliga season.
[409] Supporters of BFC Dynamo gathered and cleared sections of the old stadium from weeds.[410] Members of the interest group IG BFC'er also restored the iconic manual scoreboard above the curved end towards the Weißenseer Weg in time for the first home match of the 2021–22 season against Energie Cottbus on 28 July 2021.[411] The attendance for BFC Dynamo at the Stadion im Sportforum in the 2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost was almost tripled compared to the last comparable league season before the COVID-19 pandemic. 3,219 people watched the match between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 10 April 2022.[412]
Future stadium
The large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be demolished towards the end of 2024 for a complete redevelopment.[413] The new stadium in the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is designed as an inclusive sports facility. The stadium will hold 20,000 spectators and meet the requirements for play in the 3. Liga and 2. Bundesliga.[414][415][416] BFC Dynamo will be able to play matches at the new stadium. The new stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be opened towards the end of 2027.[417]
"We provoked with chants and slogans ... We were right, left, punk, hippie, skinhead. We were direct and provocative, kind and evil, in love, or drunk. Cool words were always well received. Right or left, I don't want to classify one. We were all in our fan group against the GDR, rebellion!"
Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club.[229][420] One supporter recalled that the 1980s "were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans".[424] The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was acclaimed as creative and humorous.[23] One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "Our goal is to always do something that nobody expects!"[425][83][94]The West had a great influence on the supporter scene and fashion played a big role.[426][427][23][428] Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the regional districts.[429][419] This was also the case with the supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo.[430][82][421][429][431]
Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s.[62][432] The hatred of opposing fans welded the supporters of BFC Dynamo together.[433] The supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment and learned to compensate their smaller numbers by being more aggressive and better organized.[23][80][434][435] They would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly organized and violent.[80][436] The development in the supporter scene eventually caught the attention of the authorities. The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures.[380][419] Numerous supporters of BFC Dynamo were sentenced to long and short prison terms in the 1980s.[419]
More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo adopted skinhead fashion in the early 1980s.[419] Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit.[419] From the mid-1980s, the supporter scene had increasingly come to be associated with skinhead fashion and far-right tendencies.[23][437][80] Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were regarded as particularly challenging forms of provocations, as anti-fascism was state doctrine and Nazism officially did not exist in East Germany.[438][62][80][419][291] One supporter of BFC Dynamo said: "The scene wasn't right-wing, we did describe ourselves as right-wing, but that was more of a pure provocation, none of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the cops was a real kick, for some Vopos's, their whole world collapsed".[439]
The first East German hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene.[94] The more violence the Stasi used, the more radicalized supporters became.[422] An organized hooligan scene that was unique in East Germany would eventually develop at BFC Dynamo in the late 1980s.[435] The 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at a football match in East Germany.[4] Around 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo tried to invade the pitch at the victory ceremony, causing extensive damage.[440] They were only stopped by forces from the Volkspolizei and the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky".[441]
Supporters of FC Berlin commemorate Mike Polley at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 10 November 1990.
A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990.[83] One of the largest hooligan scenes in Germany was formed around FC Berlin.[442] Expensive sportswear was now the new fashion in the supporter scene; brands such as Adidas, Iceberg, Diesel and Ray Ban became popular.[443][444][445] 18-year-old FC Berlin supporter Mike Polley was shot dead by police during riots in connection with the away match against FC Sachsen Leipzig on 3 November 1990.[446] The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute.[447] Supporters of FC Berlin organized a funeral march for Polley with 1,000 participants in Prenzlauer Berg on 10 November 1990.[448] An investigation against ten police officers was opened after the shootings, but closed in April 1992.[447][449] The exact circumstances around the death of Polley was never clarified.[450][451]
Stadium attendance at FC Berlin collapsed in 1990. Ordinary supporters disappeared and only young supporters remained.[83] The violent faction of FC Berlin came to shape the entire 1990-91 season.[445] Serious riots broke out in Rostock in connection with the match between FC Hansa Rostock and FC Berlin on 16 March 1991. A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin had travelled to the match with a special train. Supporters of FC Berlin devastated a shopping street in central Rostock and clashed with the police. 21 people, including nine police officers, were injured in the turmoil.[452][445][453]
The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany.[83] Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in numerous fights in stadiums, woods and meadows.[83] In the years after German reunification, the club's eternal outsider image attracted people from the underground.[420] Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from Berlin's far-right, hooligan and criminal underground.[291]
The FC Berlin mob remained by far the largest in the New states of Germany in the mid-1990s. The hooligan scene around FC Berlin counted 500 people in 1996.[454] Several outbreaks of violent hooliganism among supporters of BFC Dynamo occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[455][456][457][458][459][228] The period also saw several controversial police operations against BFC Dynamo supporters, including the raid on the Jeton discothèque in Friedrichshain after a football fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in August 2005, with 39 people injured, and the violent intervention against BFC Dynamo supporters during the away match against Tennis Borussia Berlin in December 2008, with 58 persons injured, including seven police officers.[460][461][462]
Contemporary supporter scene
The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo contains various categories of supporters, ranging from older supporters to younger ultras.
Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene.[420] Many are active in the supporter group 79er.[463] The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from bankruptcy in 2001.[291] Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as Austria and Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub.[291] The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters.[291] The supporter scene has traditionally arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which is a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley.[450][464] A march in memory of Polley in Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo.[465]
New groups of younger ultra-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s.[463][380] Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium.[463][380] A minor ultras scene then emerged with the founding of Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as "Brown is not Claret" and have also engaged in football tournaments for refugees.[466][380][270] The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against racism and right-wing extremism.[467][468][270]
BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters.[420][469][468] Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club.[420] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer stated publicly in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium".[219] A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the 2000s.[470][469] No riots has occurred since 2011.[420]
BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin.[420] The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Sektion Süddeutschland, Banda Invicta and Kollektiv Brandenburg.[463][471][380][472][473] Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented supporter group.[472] A number of supporters of FC Berlin were members of the "Anti-Fascist Football Fan Initiative" (AFFI) already back in 1993.[474][475][476][477] Supporters of BFC Dynamo have occasionally displayed a banner in the stadium that reads "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out", with a reference to 1980s British cult band The Smiths.[478]
One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by author Andreas Gläser (de). The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR", by author Frank Willmann (de), first published in 2007, also contains extensive interviews with BFC Dynamo supporters from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Riot Boys!" by Jochen Schramm, published posthumously in 1995, depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the early 1980s and contains stories of violent away trips.[479][480]
German rap musician Joe Rilla has dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla comes from the locality of Marzahn and has a background in the BFC Dynamo hooligan scene.[481]
Organization
Current board and management
The BFC Dynamo office in the stadium building in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.
Goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit played 318 matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga between 1976 and 1989.
Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the East Germany national team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for Germany national team.
The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for their national team. The flag indicates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo in a competitive match.
Jürgen Bogs was coach from 1977 to 1989, 1990 to 1993 and then from 1999 to 2001, and led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive East German championships.
SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann, János Gyarmati and Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season.
The team celebrating the victory in the 1989 DFV-Supercup together with fans. Heiko Bonan is holding the trophy.
BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive championships, which is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the Bundesliga as the highest competition from the 1991–92 season, as East Germany had joined West Germany to form the reunited Germany.
BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work.[523][524][270] The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season.[525][270] There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season.[270] The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost.[525] The youth teams are based in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.[291]
There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019.[526] The club had 450 youth players in 2022.[527] Many children in the club comes from immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families.[291][528][277][422][270][280] Over 60 percent of the youth players had immigrant background in 2022.[527] BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved.[270]
The club launched the so-called "Kita-projekt" in 2003.[529][291] The Kita-projekt is a day care project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis.[291][238] The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020.[528] The majority of the children come from the localities or former boroughs of Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen, Karlshorst, Mitte, Weißensee and Pankow.[238] The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children.[291][530][531] The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2024.[531]
The so-called "Jugendförderverein" was founded in 2004.[507] It is a registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work.[532] Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time.[507]
Youth academy during East German era
BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era.[27][80][533] The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the Dynamo-Sportforum.[43][534] There were no less than 40 full-time trainers in the club.[535] Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth Sports School (German: Kinder- und Jugendsportschule) (KJS) was extensive.[536][537] The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as "absolutely leading" by former coach Jürgen Bogs, who had a background as coach of the junior team.[43][534] It was also described as "exquisite" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for Deutsches Sportecho and Kicker.[533]
The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[4][538] All designated football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding in 1965–1966. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of the districts in East Berlin.[25][33] The club was later allowed to take over the training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of FC Vorwärts Berlin, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder before the 1971-72 season.[26][33]FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was in turn allowed to take over Bezirk Potsdam, which had previously belonged to the catchment area of 1. FC Union Berlin.[26]
BFC Dynamo, as well as FC Vorwärts Berlin and SG Dynamo Dresden, also had another structural advantage when it came to recruiting talents.[539] Most sports associations (German: Sportvereinigung) (SV) were dissolved at the founding of the DTSB in 1957.[540] However, sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to continue exist.[541] A decision in the SEDPolitburo in 1962 then stipulated that the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to set up sports communities in each location where they operated offices. This meant that SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts would be able to run sports communities across the country.[542] BFC Dynamo would eventually be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities (German: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden and a number of other sports communities in the southern regional districts that belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden.[43][4][543][nb 24]
The basis of the East German selection and screening system in competitive sports would eventually be formed by special training centers (TZ).[548][549][nb 25] SV Dynamo would operate numerous training centers across the whole of East Germany. The training centers were either assigned to BFC Dynamo or SG Dynamo Dresden, depending on catchment area. Training in these training centers were better than elsewhere. The work in the training centers was supervised and directed by BFC Dynamo. The best talents from the individual training centers were then brought together and selected in a multi-day screening session.[37] BFC Dynamo would come to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included the partnership with Bezirk Cottbus and 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo.[553][554][36] In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area.[38]
A number of football clubs became specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution.[555][556] The focus clubs received additional financial support from the DTSB and other advantages.[557] The DTSB would try to equip the new focus clubs with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions.[558] BFC Dynamo became the focus club in East Berlin.[543] In the 1976 DFV Football Resolution, focus club were also allowed delegate youth players from other football clubs.[559] Focus clubs were also given the right to delegate 12 students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year.[543][560] Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year.[560] The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" provided boarding and schooling for talented youth players of BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sportforum.[561][562][541] The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" was affiliated to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin.[563]
Numerous players from East Germany joined West German clubs at the end of East Germany. Many came from BFC Dynamo. More than 110 players who had been trained in East Germany, primarily in a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS), would go on to play for West German or West Berlin clubs in the Bundesliga after the end of East Germany. German author Michael Peter has created a database for all players who had been trained in East Germany and who played for West German or West Berlin football clubs after 1990. For players born before 1976, BFC Dynamo was the biggest contributor. 98 players, born before 1976, came from the ten designated football clubs and SG Dynamo Dresden. 18 of these, came from BFC Dynamo.[542]
Honours
Next Generation Oberliga (German: Nachwuchsoberliga) (de)[a]
^Corresponds to U21 level. The league existed from 1976 to 1983 and 1989 to 1991. The reserve teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were no longer allowed to participate in the DDR-Liga after the 1975-76 season. The Junior Oberliga (de) was also disbanded after the season. The Next Generation Oberliga was introduced instead. Youth teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were all eligible to start in the 1976-77 Next Generation Oberliga. Next Generation Oberliga was disbanded after the 1982-83 season. All teams were instead assigned to the third tier Bezirksliga. BFC Dynamo participated in the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin with reserve team BFC Dynamo II. BFC Dynamo II won the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin and qualified for the 1984-85 DDR-Liga A.
^This was not the first or last relocation or transfer of entire football teams in East Germany at the time. Sports association SV Deutsche Volkpolizei relocated its three second-tier teams SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to sports communities in larger cities during the summer of 1952. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam was relocated to Berlin, SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Weimar to Erfurt and SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin to Rostock.[6] The team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953. The team continued the 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin. SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin then became ASK Vorwärts Berlin, which later became FC Vorwärts Berlin.[7][4] The relatively successful team of BSG Empor Lauter and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Empor Rostock in 1954. The football department of SC Empor Rostock later became F.C. Hansa Rostock.[8] The team of BSG Turbine Halle and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Chemie Halle-Leuna in 1954.[9] The football department of SC Chemie Halle-Leuna later became Hallescher FC Chemie.
^SG Dynamo Dresden itself had a background that involved political interference and player delegations. SG Dynamo Dresden was previously known as SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. When SG Friedrichstadt was forcibly dissolved by East German sports authorities after the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga, the playing right in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[10][11][12] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had previously played in the lower-tier Stadtliga Dresden and was thus able to enter the DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions.[13][10] In order to keep the place in the DDR-Oberliga, the team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden would be reinforced with players from Volkspolizei teams all over the country.[14] The head of the VolkspolizeiKurt Fischer ordered that best football players in the sports communities of the Volkspolizei around East Germany should be concentrated in the now first-tier SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[15] The 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were then brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches Fritz Sack and Paul Döring then picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team.[16][12]SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost its five best players to Dresden and was severely weakened.[10][17]
^SV Dynamo would eventually operate numerous training centers (TZ) across East Germany. The training centers were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden depending on catchment area.[37]
^Only one of those goals came from a penalty. That penalty was the controversial penalty against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 1985-86 DDR-Oberliga on 22 March 1986, which was later proven to be correct.[106]
^Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki at the time.[158]
^Sources vary on the history of the stadium. A few sources state that the stadium was constructed in 1954 and then refurbished in 1973.[347][355] A centrally located football stadium is depicted in the early plans for the Dynamo-Sportforum by architects Walter Schmidt and Heinz Scharlipp.[356] Other sources suggest that the stadium was completed in its current form in 1970.[357][350][358]
^The capacity was 12,000 at the beginning of the 1966–67 season and 14,000 at the beginning of the 1968–69 season.[368][369]
^Manfred Kirste was the first president and is the longest serving president. He served as president from 15 January 1966 to 30 August 1988.
^Became acting president after the dismissal of Herbert Krafft on 19 February 1990. Bogs served as acting president until 27 May 1990.[487]
^Dr. Klaus Janz served as president until 15 October 1990.[488] He asked to be relieved from the office due to professional stress as a lawyer. He continued as vice president.[489]
^Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich became president on 15 October 1990. He had a background as a club doctor for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo. Hösrich had previously served as vice president.[490][489] The presidium under Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich was replaced by a new presidium under Eberhard Landmann on 20 May 1994.[491][492][493]
^Eberhard Landmann became president on 20 May 1994.[494] Landmann was a former insurance salesman. He only served as president for nine months.[491][492][495]
^Klaus Bittroff was elected as the new president on 10 February 1995 with the votes 73-11. Volkmar Wanski was elected as one of two vice presidents alongside re-elected Lutz Hoff.[496][495][494] Bittroff had previously served as president of Wacker 04 Berlin from 1984 to 1991.[494]
^Became new president after the resignation of Klaus Bittroff on 14 September 1995.[497] Wanski resigned on 29 June 2000.[498][495][499]
^Sports director Hans Reker was appointed acting president by the Economic Council following the resignation of Volkmar Wanski on 29 June 2000.[498][499] Reker had held the position of vice president in the presidium of Volkmar Wanski.[500] Karin Halsch took office as new president on 27 September 2000.[158]
^Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki during the era. Served from 27 September 2000 to 25 June 2001.[158][501]
^Sports director Hans Reker served as acting president following the resignation of Karin Halsch on 25 June 2001.[501][165] Hans Reker held the position of vice president in the presidium of Karin Halsch.[502][162] He resigned together with the entire presidium on 30 October 2001.[503] An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office. The emergency board was meant to serve until the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001.[503][504]
^An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office on 1 November 2001. No new president was appointed for the transitional board.[503][504] Zimmerman soon resigned on 23 November 2001.[313] A new presidium was due to be elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. However, the meeting agenda was changed with the votes 87 to 59 at the insistence of the emergency board. The meeting was converted into an information event and new elections were postponed.[313][505] Club members collected signatures for the election of a new presidium. But the signatures would be ignored by Sommer and Bernt.[506] The Sommer and Bernt presidium was finally overthrown by supporters and the former coach of the women's team Volkmar Lucius after an application to the Charlottenburg district court.[506][191] The Charlottenburg district court appointed Lucius as emergency board member.[506] A new presidium was elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[189]
^Elected on an extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[189]
^Mario Weinkauf was elected president on 18 June 2004.[507] He resigned on a meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. He was then dismissed in a vote of no-confidence on an extra-ordinary general meeting on 23 June 2007. Mario Weinkauf was succeeded by Volkmar Wanski as interim president. Volkmar Wanski had been co-opted into the presidium and elected as the provisional successor to Mario Weinkauf on the meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. However the interim presidency of Volkmar Wanski was controversial. It was put into question whether his election was compliant with club statutes. Volkmar Wanski resigned after only six days.[214][508][509]
^Frank Bertron was launched as interim president by the new Economic Council under Peter Meyer.[217][509] He was presented as new president on 28 June 2007.[509]
^Norbert Uhlig is the second longest serving president after Manfred Kirste. Norbert Uhlig has been president since 11 October 2008.[221]
^German sports historian Hanns Leske writes that BFC Dynamo was able to recruit young players from the youth departments of all sports communities (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden.[544] German author Anne Hahn writes that the training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. She writes that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin and Berlin. The best talents were brought together in these training centers and then selected in a central, multi-day screening courses.[545] Also Horst Friedemann claims that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin. According to Friedemann, the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. That was the "southern line", where Dresden had access.[546][547]
^The first training centers (TZ) in East German sports were set up in the mid-1960s.[550] The training centers (TZ) were the first preparatory stage for the support of children found suitable for sports. Training in training centers usually started at the age of 10.[550] The training course usually lasted for three to four years.[550] From the training centers, the best young talents could then be delegated to a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) and a Sports club (SC) or a Football club (FC).[551][548][552]
^Pleil, Ingolf (2013). Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 17. ISBN978-3-86153-756-4.
^ abLuther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65. ISBN978-3-86163-106-4. Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun "eigenen" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins.
^ abFriedemann, Horst (1991). Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 (in German) (1st ed.). Essen: Klartext Verlag. p. 128. ISBN978-3884744628. Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen.
^ abLuther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 93. ISBN3-360-01227-5. Jürgen Bogs: 'Dynamo hatte in der ganzen DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Bereits in diesen Trainingszentren wurde besser trainiert als anderswo, denn dort wurden ja schon Spieler zusammengefasst, die aufgrund ihres individuellen Könnens aufgefallen sind. Und die Arbeit der Zentren wurde vom BFC zusätzlich beobachtet und gesteuert. Es gab einen zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang, dort wurden die besten Talente der einzelnen Trainingszentren zusammengefasst, von diesen vierzig Mann wuden vielleicht zehn genommen.'
^ abBraun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380. ISBN978-3861533993. Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berlin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben.
^ ab"Visitenkarte"(PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: Sportverlag GmbH. August 1977. p. 8. ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^Rosentritt, Michael; Schmidt-Tychsen, Ingo (6 May 2006). "Die BFC-Schule". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
^Gareth, Joswig (7 March 2018). "'Eventuell vergiftet'". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
^Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German) (1st ed.). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 530–533. ISBN978-3895334481.
^ abDennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 134. ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^ abTomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 55. ISBN0-415-35195-2.
^Leske, Hanns (2012). "Schiedsrichter im Sold der Staatssicherheit". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN978-3-937967-91-2.
^"Andreas Thom über Dynamo und Stasi, Partys mit DDR-Prominenz und seinen Wechsel von Ost nach West". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. 8 November 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Und auf die Schiedsrichter gesetzt? Blödsinn. Zehnmal hintereinander Meister zu werden, das klingt vielleicht komisch, aber da steckt auch Arbeit und Können dahinter. Natürlich gab es auch mal Entscheidungen, über die wir selbst gestaunt haben.
^Jahn, Michael (10 April 2013). "Der große Fehler". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH. Retrieved 21 September 2021. '26 Spiele in einer Saison in der DDR-Oberliga kannst du nicht verschieben. Wir hatten zu dieser Zeit die fußballerisch beste Mannschaft.
^Stolz, Sascha (7 August 2006). "Interview mit Jürgen Bogs". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^Schäfer, Guido (11 October 2017). "Bernd Heynemann im Interview: "Wir brauchen kein Big Brother"". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. Der BFC ist nicht x-mal Meister geworden, weil die Schiris nur für Dynamo gepfiffen haben. Die waren schon bärenstark.
^"Nicht nur Buchstabentausch"(PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1990, no. 9. Berlin: Sportverlag, Berlin. 27 February 1990. p. 2. ISSN0323-8407. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^"DIE FUSSBALL-BÖRSE"(PDF). Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1991, no. 31. Berlin: Sportverlag GmbH. 29 July 1991. p. 11. ISSN0323-8407. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
^Karkossa, Bernd (5 May 2003). "Back to the roots". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ abcSchlichting, Sbastian (1 June 2001). "Existenzangst". Berliner Morgenpost (in German). Berlin: Berliner Morgenpost GmbH. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ abcdVölker, Markus (8 October 2001). ""Eine fixe Idee"". Die Tageszeitung (in German). Berlin: taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
^Wittich, Elke (28 October 1998). "BFC ist FCB ist BFC". Jungle World (in German). Vol. 1988, no. 44. Berlin: Jungle World Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
^ abBardow, Dominik (17 January 2010). "Fußballer auf der Flucht". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^Stöckigt, Maxim (2 September 2002). "Der große Traum von Mba". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
^"Sachstand zu Insolvenz". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. 19 April 2004. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^Metzel, Lajos (21 June 2004). "Faustdicke Überraschung". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ abcdeKoch, Matthias (8 January 2006). "Der BFC Dynamo zähmt sich selbst". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ abKoch, Matthias (30 July 2007). ""Wer pöbelt, der fliegt"". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 28 December 2021. Das betrifft Rechte und Hooligans? Das betrifft alle, die bei Fußballspielen stören. Wer Naziparolen brüllt, fliegt aus dem Stadion.
^ abcdStier, Sebastian (6 August 2011). "Wenn Hooligans weinen". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^Thiemann, Klaus (August 1989). "Visitenkarte"(PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1989, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. p. 5. ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^ abBertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (1st ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 102–103. ISBN978-3-944068-38-1.
^ abcdefghijkKoch, Matthias (14 June 2007). "Teure Marke Dynamo". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ abcdeKoch, Matthias (20 June 2007). "D-Day bei Dynamo". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ abMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^ abcdHönicke, Christian (26 March 2005). "Sternstunden im Sportforum". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^Geisler, Sven (9 August 2013). "Verpfiffen". Sächsische Zeitung (in German). Dresden: Sächsische Zeitung GmbH. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Laut einer internen Analyse der Saison 1984/85 gab es in acht von 26 Spielen klare Fehlentscheidungen, die den Berlinern mindestens acht Punkte brachten. So gewinnen sie mit sechs Zählern Vorsprung auf Dynamo Dresden und Lok Leipzig zum siebenten Mal in Folge den Titel.
^ abcdefghijKaras, Steffen (2022). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (2nd ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 65–68. ISBN978-3-944068-95-4.
^"Visitenkarte"(PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1972, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: DFV der DDR. September 1972. p. 6. ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005). "Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020. Ausgetragen wurden die Derbys seit den 70er Jahren bis zur Wende im Stadion der Weltjugend an der Chausseestraße. Anfangs wegen des großen Zuschauerandrangs, später auch wegen der besseren Kontrollmöglichkeit. Das enge Stadion von Union am Rande der Wuhlheide war den DDR-Sicherheitsorganen als vermeintlicher Hort von Jugendprotest, Rowdytum und Zersetzung ohnehin ein Dorn im Auge.
^Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 53–54. ISBN0-415-35195-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 132. ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^von Alten, Saara; Pfaffenzeller, Martin (11 August 2015). "Gebäude neben geplanter Asylunterkunft brennt". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^Görke, André; Goldmann, Sven (7 March 2008). "Tribünen in Trümmern". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^ abBardow, Dominik (11 August 2014). "Wende im Gelände". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^Ludweig, Alxander (27 May 2022). "Endlich in den Westen?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ abGörke, André (30 August 2007). "Schläger hinter Stacheldraht". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2. 'Wir provozierten meist Gesängen und Spruchparolen, wie zum Beispiel: "Hundert Meter im Quadrat, Mauer, Miene, Stacheldraht, jetz wißt ihr wo ich wohne, ja ich wohne in der Zone". Oder: "Einmar wird es anders sein, dann sperren wir die Bullen ein." Wir waren rechts, links, Punk, Hippie, Skinhead. Wir waren direkt und provozierend, lieb und böse, verliebt oder besoffen. Coole Sprüche kamen immer gut an. Rechts oder links, will ich keinen einordnen. Wir waren in unserer Fangruppe alle gegen die DDR, Rebellion!'
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 225. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 132. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 176. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 131–132. ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 56. ISBN0-415-35195-2.
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Societwey in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 175–176. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 140. ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 75–76. ISBN978-3-00-039788-2. Rechts war die Szene nicht, wir ham uns zwar als rechts bezeichnet, doch war das eher pure Provokation, über Politik wusste keiner groß Bescheid. Aber vor den Bullen den Arm zu heben, war schon ein Ding, da ist bei einigen Vopos's ne Welt zusammengebrochen.
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^"Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR". hagalil.com (in German). München: Dr. Andrea Livnat (ViSdP ). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023. Ca. 300 Berliner Fans versuchten gewaltsam auf das Spielfeld zu gelangen, was "Sicherungskräfte des Wachregimentes des MfS und der Volkspolizei" verhindern konnten.
^Bertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (1st ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 88–89. ISBN978-3-944068-38-1.
^ abKohlhuber, Sören (4 November 2015). "Der letzte deutsche Fußballtote". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^Skorupinski, Dierek (12 February 2016). "Tod eines Fußballfans". Der Freitag (in German). Berlin: der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^Landwehr, Bernhard (17 May 1996). "Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder". Die Zeit (in German). No. 21/1996. Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^Behrendt, Michael; Lier, Axel; Schlichting, Sebastian (23 August 2005). "Vorwürfe nach Polizeieinsatz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^Willmann, Frank (26 September 2012). "Willmanns Kolumne: Arthur aus Marzahn -". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ abGlaser, Joakim (2015). Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland [Football from Mielke to Merkel] (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Malmö: Arx Förlag AB. p. 98. ISBN978-91-87043-61-1.
^Vogelsang, Lucas (20 November 2008). "Ultras Kutten Hooligans". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Riot Boys!". buchfreund.de (in German). Würzburg: w+h GmbH. n.d. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^ abcBurghause, Hans Günter (13 February 1995). "Klaus Bittroff heißt der neue Kopf". Kicker (in German). Nuremberg: Olympia Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ abKepler, Wolf (3 July 2000). "Geldgeber LIPRO will die Macht". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ abcHöfgen, Ingmar (31 October 2001). "Dynamo: Präsidium trat zurück". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Bis zur Mitgliederversammlung am 26.11. werden Rayk Bernt, André Sommer und Holger Zimmermann die Geschäfte führen.
^ abcMetzel, Lajos (21 June 2004). "Faustdicke Überraschung". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^Schwarz, R. (25 April 2005). "Sievert traf und verletzte sich". Fußball-Woche (de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ ab"KITA-PROJEKT". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^"Jugendförderverein". bfc.com (in German). Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^ abcMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 31. ISBN978-3832419226. Nicht weniger als vierzig hauptamtliche Trainer arbeiten für den Verein.
^Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 141. ISBN978-0-230-22784-2.
^Reichelt, Frank (1995). Das System des Leistungssports in der DDR: Darstellung der Struktur und des Aufbaus anhand ausgewählter Beispiele (1st ed.). Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH. p. 31. ISBN9783832429607.
^ abBraun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 321. ISBN978-3-86153-399-3.
^ abcLeske, Hanns (2012). "Hierachie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Priviligierung des Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN978-3-937967-91-2.
^Leske, Hanns (2021). Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs(PDF) (2nd ed.). Bielefeld: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 18–21. ISBN978-3-89533-556-3. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 February 2022. Ab Mitte der siezbsiger Jahre übernahm dann der BFC die dominierende und priviligierte Position. Er konnte sich aus dem Nachwuchsbereich aller Dynamo-Sportgemeinschaften (außer Dynamo-Klubs im Bezirk Dresen) bedienen und tat dies auch reichlich, hinzu kamen noch jene Berliner Stadtbezirke, die bis 1971 Einzugsbereich des ASK bzw. FC Vorwärts gewesen waren.
^Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022). "BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Dynamo betrieb in der DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder der SG Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Das Einzugsgebiet für den BFC umfasste die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin und Berlin. In diesen Trainingszentren wurden die besten Talente zusammengefasst, die bei einem zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang ausgewählt wurden.
^Karas 2022, p. 49 Horst Friedemann: 'Der BFC war der Sportclub der SV Dynamo, und die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin haben dem BFC die Talente zugliefert. Eiseleben und Halle/Neustadt gingen nach Dresden, das war die Südlinie, da hatte Dresden den Zugriff.'
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75. ISBN3-360-01227-5.
^Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 30. ISBN978-3832419226. Der BFC Dynamo Berlin besaß das einmalige Privileg im Fußball der DDR, die besten Spieler und Talente nach Ostberlin zu delegieren. Allein für den Erfolg von Fußballverein BFC Dynamo Berlin wurden über 33 Trainingszentren des SV Dynamo errichtet, in denen junge begabte Fußballspieler ausgebildet wurden. Zuden bestand eine Partnerschaft mit dem Bezirk Cottbus.
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203. ISBN3-360-01227-5. Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen.
^Leske, Hanns (2012). "Hierarchie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.). Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. ISBN978-3-937967-91-2.
^Kummer, Michael (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen(PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 215. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Der Bundesvorstand des DTSB versuchte nach 1971, die Reihe der Schwerpunktklubs, zu denen auch der FC Carl Zeiss gehörte, mit mehr Personal (Trainer, Betreuer, medzinisches und Verwaltungspersonal) und besser materiell-technischen Bedingungen auszustatten und die Nachwuchsgewinnung durch die Neufestlegung von Einzugsgebieten zugunsten dieser Clubs zu verbessern.
^ abMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Karas 2022, p. 116. "7. Juni 1975 Fußball-Insider schwärmten gerade noch vom 1957er-Jahrgang des BFC, der im Jahr 1975 allein fünf Junioren-Nationalspieler stellte, da machten in der Jugendelf schon die nächsten talente auf sich aufmerksam. Im Pokalfinale noch unterlegel, wurde der BFC Dynamo in thüringischen Hildburghausen durch ein 4:0-Endspielsieg gegen der FC Hansa Rostock DDR-Meister. Allein im Endspiel standen mit Berd Schulz, Olaf Seier, Ralf Sträßer, Peter Hackbusch (die später alle mal beim 1. FC Union landeten) und Frank Rode kommende Stars auf dem Platz."
^Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005). "Willkommen in der Zone". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ abSchoen, Herbert (1 April 1999). "Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Herbert Schoen: Wo sind denn in dem Artikel von Herrn Wieczorek die vielen Namen von Oberligaklubs und fertigen Oberligaspielern, die in den letzten 10 BFC-Meisterjahren einen »Marschbefehl« erhielten? Selbstverständlich wurden in jungen Jahren auch viele Talente aus der Sportvereinigung Dynamo sowie kleinen Vereinen frühzeitig in den Klub delegiert. Aber außer Lauck und Doll sind keine Spieler aus anderen Oberligavereinen im Kader gewesen.
Gläser, Andreas (2003). Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau: Ein stolzer Sohn des Proletariats erzählt (in German). Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch. ISBN978-3746618616.
Karas, Steffen (2020). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON Medien. ISBN978-3-944068-95-4.
Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt. ISBN3-89533-448-0.
Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. ISBN3-360-01227-5.
McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
Schramm, Jochen (1995). Riot Boys! (in German) Cologne: KRASH-Verlag. ISBN978-3930559220.
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