Bernard Charbonneau
Bernard Charbonneau on his land in Saint-Pé-de-Léren in 1994
Born	(1910-11-28)November 28, 1910 Bordeaux, France
Died	(1996-04-28)April 28, 1996 Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Nationality	French
Occupation(s)	Teacher, writer
Notable work	l'Etat, Je Fus

Bernard Charbonneau (November 28, 1910 – April 28, 1996) was a French writer who authored about twenty books and numerous articles, published in La Gueule Ouverte, Foi et Vie, La République des Pyrénées. An apolitical and independent thinker, he is considered to be a major inspiration for the various French ecological movements. His name is regularly mentioned by French academics.^[1][2] as well French green party leaders.^[3]

The underlying idea inspiring his books and articles is that "the link that attaches individual persons to society is so strong that, even in the so called 'individualistic society', people struggle to exercise the critical thinking needed to resist mass trends, and end up readily consenting to the annihilation of what they cherish most: their freedom".

In the 1930s, he associates economic development to a form of dictatorship and becomes recognized as a pioneer in political ecology. Skeptical about all forms of partisanship, including in the area of ecology, he lays out the foundation of a new type of society based on personal experience,^[4] in rupture with 20th century most accepted ideologies. He shares many of the personalist views of his six decade old friend Jacques Ellul regarding technological progress, which they mostly see as a source of conformism and a threat to freedom.

Biography

Charbonneau was born in Bordeaux in 1910 to a bourgeois family from Lot et Garonne. His father was Protestant and his mother Catholic. The life in a large city quickly made Young Charbonneau feel oppressed. From his own admission, he was an average student.^[5] He obtained a baccalaureat in French literature and attended the University of Bordeaux to study history and geography. At the age of 24, he started his teaching career and received agrégation the following year.

At the end of World War II, he preferred to leave town and settle in the countryside, skipping the opportunity to further his academic achievements in a large city. He accepted a teaching position in a small normal school in Lescar, near Pau, in the Pre-Pyrenees (currently Lycee Jacques Monod). He stayed there until he retired. He produced a strong impression on his students. He enjoyed the proximity to nature and lived a spartan life near the Gaves de Pau then Oloron.

Charbonneau died in 1996 of liver cancer in the hospital of Saint Palais. He is buried on his property in "Le Boucau" in Saint-Pé-de-Léren. On his grave, one can read this adapted citation from the book of Ruth: "wherever you go, I'll go; wherever you stay, I'll stay and your God will be my God." After his death, his wife, Henriette Louise Daudin took care of publishing his unpublished writings. She died of cardiac arrest in December 2015.

Charbonneau has had four children: Simone, Juliette, Catherine and Martine.

In 2006, the personal archives of Charbonneau were transferred to the library of the Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux.

Thoughts and life achievements

Charbonneau started various discussion groups, some with Jacques Ellul who was his friend for his entire life, with the aim to talk and think about the changes resulting from scientific and technical progress. "As young adults, Ellul and his friend Charbonneau already had the intuition of what would be the architecture of their entire works. Their works were parallel if not common. If, unlike Ellul's, Charbonneau's work was not fully known to the public at the time, Ellul knew exactly how much he owed to Charbonneau. Ellul admits that without his friend who was a genius and taught him how to think, he would never have understood the technical society phenomenon" explains Patrick Troude-Chastenet".^[6]

Following the creation by Emmanuel Mounier of the magazine Esprit in 1932, Charbonneau decided to join the French personalist movement and renamed his group  "le groupe personaliste du Sud-Ouest". Charbonneau was careful about not confining his group in pure theories but making it experience personalism in practice. He took his friends in long hikes in Galicia, the Canary Islands, in the Spanish Pyrenees as well as in the Aspe valley and in Saint-Pé-de-Léren.

Between 1940 and 1947, Charbonneau designed the structure of his work and wrote a voluminous book, entitled Par la force des choses, whose content announced the twenty or so books that would follow. His analysis of the contradictions in the world led to the anticipation of something worse than political totalitarianism: social totalitarianism resulting from the unstoppable technological progress. Based on the analysis of the social and political evolution he witnessed in the 1930s and in the 1940s, he was able to anticipate issues that were later recognized as crucial in society. He noted the problems resulting from ever more technocratic social, political and ecological spheres, from State propaganda and mass communication, from the move from fine art to entertainment and consumerism and from the liquidation of traditional farming, among other factors.^[7] He was not in a position to communicate his thoughts as a whole and therefore tried to expose it in details in separate books. His books l'Etat^[8] and Je fus^[9] are the two major cornerstones of his work, previously announced in Par la force des choses. He could not find any editors to publish them so he used a spirit duplicator to distribute copies to a close circle of friends. Those two books would eventually be published some 50 years later. Charbonneau resumed the analysis of the industrial society that he had started before the war under a book named Pan se meurt. There again, he could not find any editor. He waited 20 years before Editions Gallimard published his book, under a renamed title: Le Jardin de Babylone. His analysis of the chaotic effects of technological and industrial progress were published in 1973 under the title Le système et le chaos. His thoughts on the contradictions of the liberal conception of freedom were published in 2002 under the title Prométhée réenchaîné.