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((Short description|Financial regulation))
((multiple issues|
((original research|date=March 2012))
((more citations needed|date=March 2012))
))

'''Best execution''' refers to the duty of an investment services firm (such as a [[brokerage firm|stock broker]]) executing [[Order (exchange)|orders]] on behalf of customers to ensure the best execution possible for their customers' orders. Some of the factors the broker must consider when seeking best execution of their customers' orders include: the opportunity to get a better price than what Is currently quoted, and the likelihood and speed of execution.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/bestex.htm |title=Best Execution |publisher=SEC.gov |date=2011-05-09 |accessdate=2022-08-31))</ref>

== History ==
In 1975, the United States Congress passed the [[Securities Acts Amendments of 1975]], authorizing the 	
[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] to facilitate a national market system. This led to the established in 2005 of [[Regulation NMS]] which was intended to assure that investors receive the best ([[National best bid and offer|NBBO]]) price executions for their orders by encouraging competition in the market.

In Europe, in 2014 there has been an attempt to define "best execution" within the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), which introduces the principle that, when carrying out transactions on their clients' behalf, "investment firms [shall] take all sufficient steps to obtain, when executing orders, the best possible result for their clients taking into account price, costs, speed, likelihood of execution and settlement, size, nature or any other consideration relevant to the execution of the order. Nevertheless, where there is a specific instruction from the client the investment firm shall execute the order following the specific instruction." MiFID II. Article 27 "Obligation to execute orders on terms most favourable to the client"<ref>((CELEX|32014L0065|text=Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU))</ref>

For most [[broker-dealer]]s or execution agents, best executions are usually optimally constructed via either static or dynamic programming.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/view/jackieshen/ Jackie (Jianhong) Shen] (2013), [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2327835 A Pre-Trade Algorithmic Trading Model under Given Volume Measures and Generic Price Dynamics (GVM-GPD)],  available at [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2327835  SSRN] or [https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2327835 DOI].</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/view/jackieshen/ Jackie (Jianhong) Shen] (2017), [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2984297 Hybrid IS-VWAP Dynamic Algorithmic Trading via LQR],  available at [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2984297  SSRN].</ref>

The focus on best execution by regulators has been blamed for unintended consequences, including the rise of [[high-frequency trading]].<ref name="lewis-excess">((Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/04/29/memo-to-michael-lewis-the-excesses-of-high-speed-trading-are-a-direct-result-of-sec-micromanagement/#619b98de454e|title=Memo to Michael Lewis|last=Bondi|first=Bradley|date=April 29, 2014|work=Forbes))</ref>

==Benchmarks for "Best"==
The keyword of "best" must be defined with respect to a chosen benchmark. The most common benchmark prices or costs are:

*'''Arrival Price''' - the price <math>p_0</math>at the start of the execution, e.g., the mid price at 2:15pm when the execution starts. This is a ''pre-trade'' benchmark, known even before the execution is completed.
*'''Weighted Average Price''' - the weighted average price (WAP) of the market over the execution horizon. This is a ''post-trade'' benchmark, only available after the completion of the execution. The most common two WAPs are Volume-WAP (VWAP) and Time-WAP (TWAP). They are defined by <math>\frac{\int_{T_0}^{T_1} p_t \,dV_t}{\int_{T_0}^{T_1} dV_t}</math> for VWAP and <math>\frac{\int_{T_0}^{T_1} p_t \,dt}{\int_{T_0}^{T_1} dt}</math> for TWAP, where <math>V_t</math> denotes the cumulative market volume at time <math>t</math>, and <math>[T_0, \; T_1]</math> the execution horizon. In reality, <math>p_t</math> refers to the last trade price (LTP).
Different benchmarks have their own pros and cons. For example, the Arrival Price is intuitive and is the "paper" price one would expect assuming abundant liquidity and zero market impact. However, it is transient. Under a Brownian motion with a high [[volatility (finance)|volatility]], an instantaneous snapshot of the price process may not be a stable benchmark at all. VWAP and TWAP are more stable as they are averaged over the execution horizons, but they are somewhat "flying" targets as the market progressively rolls out.

=="Best" Liquidity Sources==
A source of liquidity is also called a "venue." A venue could be a national exchange such as the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) in USA, or an [[Electronic communication network]] (ECN) or a more general off-exchange [[Alternative trading system]] (ATS - Americas) or [[Multilateral trading facility]] (MTF - Europe).  [[Dark pool]] is a special ATS typically run by off-exchange broker-dealers or agency houses, where order information is not published or displayed and matching is done in the "dark" (albeit following a pre-defined set of matching rules). For most OTC products (e.g., non-listed derivatives), the single-dealer or multi-dealer platforms also provide access to principal liquidity sources offered by broker-dealers.

Best execution crucially relies on identifying the "best" liquidity sources, which may involve the examination of several related factors, such as:

* Price - is the price  offered from the source the best at the moment from all available liquidity sources? 
* Fees - is it cheap to take liquidity from the source? Each venue charges fees (or rebates) for participating in the venue activities. 
* Information Leakage - will the trade information be leaked to the market, as to adversely impact the cost of executing the remaining positions. This is the major concern for executing a large order (often from institutional clients). 
* Adverse Selection -  does the source or venue have the established pattern (or high likelihood) of offering abundant "aggressive" liquidity before the market will slide in one direction?  e.g., aggressive sell orders to hit the execution buy orders before the market starts to plunge, or aggressive buy orders to hit the execution sell orders before the market starts to roar. This is a pattern of being hit by potentially "informed" traders utilizing these venues or sources. Such liquidities are often labelled as "toxic."

==Evaluating best execution==
Some of the factors a [[brokerage firm|broker]] needs to consider when executing its customers' orders for best execution are these: the opportunity to get a better price than what is currently quoted, the speed of execution, and the likelihood trade will be executed.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/bestex.htm |title=Best Execution |publisher=SEC.gov |date=2011-05-09 |accessdate=2022-08-31))</ref>

Best execution is often mistaken for trading at market price without taking into consideration factors such as the size of trade or settlement period.

==Related definitions==
Price improvement is the opportunity but not the guarantee that an order will be executed at a better price than what is currently quoted publicly.
[https://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/tradexec.htm]

==See also==
*[[MiFID|Markets in Financial Investments Directive]] is a [[European Union]] [[European Union directive|Directive]] which, among other things, solidifies best execution regulations.
[[Regulation NMS]] is a US regulation related to Best execution.

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*((cite web | title=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | work=Best Execution | url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/bestex.htm| accessdate=29 September 2015 ))
*((cite web | title=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | work=Trade Execution: What Every Investor Should Know | url=https://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/tradexec.htm| accessdate=2006-04-12))
*((cite web|title=Best Execution Magazine|url=https://www.bestexecution.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312134957/http://bestexecution.net/Home.html|archive-date=March 12, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=Best Execution))
*((cite web | title=FINRA Fines Merrill for Best-Execution Computer Processing Error | website=| url=http://www.finra.org/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2013/P242318))

[[Category:Financial regulation]]

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