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((more sources|date=December 2009))
'''Biennial bearing''' (or alternate) bearing is a term used in [[pomology]] to refer to trees that have an irregular crop load from year to year. In the "on" year too much fruit is set, leading to small fruit size. Excess weight in the main branches can be too much for their mechanical resistance, causing them to break. Another major consequence is that [[flower induction]] will be lower, and the subsequent year will be  "off" year (too little fruit).

The behavior could be due to [[plant hormones]], particularly [[gibberellins]] produced in excess in the "on" years in the [[embryo]]s of the young fruit. It could also be caused by depletion of [[carbohydrate]] reserves in the tree.

Biennial bearing is more common in certain fruit crops like [[mango]], [[apple]], [[pear]], [[apricot]] and [[avocado]], and is almost nonexistent in [[grapes]].

Biennial bearing is a regular feature of [[Arabica coffee]] production in [[Ethiopia]] and [[East Africa]], and indeed throughout the coffee-growing world.  In Biennial bearing a good or excellent (bumper) [[crop]] is followed by a poor, low-yielding crop in the next year's harvest. This phenomenon occurs independently of weather and climate, so that even when climatic conditions are favourable for a good crop, the [[Crop yield|yield]] can be poor. There can be a fivefold (x5) difference between on and off years, although in extreme cases there can be a tenfold (x10) difference in Ethiopia and areas of East Africa.

The biennial cropping rhythm is due to the allocation of the plant's resources: in the productive 'on' year, the coffee tree puts it's resources into producing the crop at the expense of vegetative growth ([[Stipe (botany)|stem]] growth and particularly shoot development and flower [[bud]] production); in the 'off' year the plant must make up for this vegetative shortfall, at the 
expense of flower and fruit production. 

Biennial bearing may also be a tree's evolved response to manipulating predator populations that may depress the success of germination. This theory is known as the predator satiation theory. <ref>((cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01729.x | title=Both seedling banks and specialist seed predators promote the evolution of synchronized and intermittent reproduction (Masting) in trees | year=2010 | last1=Tachiki | first1=Yuuya | last2=Iwasa | first2=Yoh | journal=Journal of Ecology | volume=98 | issue=6 | pages=1398–1408 | s2cid=83186208 | doi-access=free ))</ref>

Biennial bearing can be reduced or almost eliminated using various means, including [[pruning]], the addition of fertiliser, controlled irrigation and the use of selected vigorous clones or [[cultivars]].

==Horticultural management==
This disorder can be reduced by [[thinning]] of [[flowers]]<ref>((citation |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=280 |title=Fruit: biennial bearing |accessdate=20 October 2015| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society))</ref> and young [[fruit]].

==References==
((reflist))

((DEFAULTSORT:Biennial Bearing))
[[Category:Agricultural terminology]]
[[Category:Fruit production]]
[[Category:Gardening aids]]

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