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Bioherbicides are herbicides consisting of phytotoxins, pathogens, and other microbes used as biological weed control.[1] Bioherbicides may be compounds and secondary metabolites derived from microbes such as fungi, bacteria or protozoa; or phytotoxic plant residues, extracts or single compounds derived from other plant species.[2]

Production

The production of bioherbicides is a process of biosynthesis where different mediums ranging from soybean bran to corn steep liquor are fermented to obtain desirable results.[3] In addition to solid-state fermentation, bioherbicides can also be produced by submerged fermentation in stirred tanks or in other environments.[4] Despite the ‘eco-friendliness’, there are several obstructions that make it less practical to use bioherbicides in fields because the lab results may not be the same as the real results.[5]

Current status

With increasing awareness of the effects of the chemical herbicides and pesticides, bioherbicides can be adopted as an alternative especially for integrated weed management. The market share of bioherbicides is merely 10% of all biopesticides.[6] On the other hand, the research spanning over two decades since 1980s has also falsified the principle that there is a coevolved natural enemy of a host weed which can manage weed through varied formulation and thus advocated for more research to culturally and genetically intensify the bioherbicidal organisms.[7] Efficiency and efficacy of bioherbicides is impeded by changing weather and temperature and this can further obstruct the application and integration of bioherbicides. A study shows that covering with jute turf, which retains moistures and allows one third of the sunlight to pass through, can increase the efficiency of bioherbicides and also remove some of the hindrances from the commercialization and marketing of bioherbicides.[8]

While it is true that after their 'discovery' the bioherbicides are not readily available on the market for various reasons, advocates of bioherbicides argue that bioherbicide researchers should collaborate with other researchers and seek more public sector funding so that bioherbicides can become more marketable and attain more market share.[9] Simultaneously, research from Canada indicates that legislative and policy dynamics have great power to accelerate the innovation and integration of bioherbicides other microbial pest-control products.[10]

Available bioherbicides

While 13 different products have been launched, as of 2016, only nine bioherbicides were being marketed:[6]

  1. Devine (1981)
  2. Collego (1982)
  3. BioMal (1992)
  4. Woad Warrior (2002)
  5. Chontrol (2005)
  6. Smoulder (2005)
  7. Sarritor (2007)
  8. Organo-Sol (2010)
  9. Beloukha (2015)

References

  1. ^ Hoagland, Robert E.; Boyette, C. Douglas; Weaver, Mark A.; Abbas, Hamed K. (January 2007). "Bioherbicides: Research and risks". Toxin Reviews. 26 (4): 313–342. doi:10.1080/15569540701603991. S2CID 55305938.
  2. ^ Souza, Angélica Rossana Castro de; Baldoni, Daiana Bortoluzzi; Lima, Jessica; Porto, Vitória; Marcuz, Camila; Machado, Carolina; Ferraz, Rafael Camargo; Kuhn, Raquel C.; Jacques, Rodrigo J.S.; Guedes, Jerson V.C.; Mazutti, Marcio A. (January 2017). "Selection, isolation, and identification of fungi for bioherbicide production". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 48 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.09.004. PMC 5220639. PMID 27769882.
  3. ^ Klaic, Rodrigo; Sallet, Daniela; Foletto, Edson L.; Jacques, Rodrigo J. S.; Guedes, Jerson V. C.; Kuhn, Raquel C.; Mazutti, Marcio A. (April 2017). "Optimization of solid-state fermentation for bioherbicide production by Phoma sp " (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 34 (2): 377–384. doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20170342s20150613.
  4. ^ Brun, Thiarles; Rabuske, Jéssica E.; Todero, Izelmar; Almeida, Thiago C.; Junior, Jair J. D.; Ariotti, Gustavo; Confortin, Tássia; Arnemann, Jonas A.; Kuhn, Raquel C.; Guedes, Jerson V. C.; Mazutti, Marcio A. (December 2016). "Production of bioherbicide by Phoma sp. in a stirred-tank bioreactor". 3 Biotech. 6 (2): 230. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0557-9. PMC 5083679. PMID 28330302.
  5. ^ Smith, David A.; Hallett, Steven G. (May 2006). "Interactions between chemical herbicides and the candidate bioherbicide Microsphaeropsis amaranthi". Weed Science. 54 (3): 532–537. doi:10.1614/WS-05-102R1.1. S2CID 86802917.
  6. ^ a b Cordeau, Stéphane; Triolet, Marion; Wayman, Sandra; Steinberg, Christian; Guillemin, Jean-Philippe (September 2016). "Bioherbicides: Dead in the water? A review of the existing products for integrated weed management". Crop Protection. 87: 44–49. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2016.04.016.
  7. ^ Hallett, Steven G. (May 2005). "Where are the bioherbicides?". Weed Science. 53 (3): 404–415. doi:10.1614/WS-04-157R2. JSTOR 4047018. S2CID 86180402.
  8. ^ Abu-Dieyeh, Mohammed H.; Watson, Alan K. (December 2009). "Increasing the Efficacy and Extending the Effective Application Period of a Granular Turf Bioherbicide by Covering with Jute Fabric". Weed Technology. 23 (4): 524–530. doi:10.1614/WT-09-001.1. S2CID 86542730.
  9. ^ Ash, G.J. (March 2010). "The science, art and business of successful bioherbicides". Biological Control. 52 (3): 230–240. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.08.007.
  10. ^ Bailey, K.L.; Boyetchko, S.M.; Längle, T. (March 2010). "Social and economic drivers shaping the future of biological control: A Canadian perspective on the factors affecting the development and use of microbial biopesticides". Biological Control. 52 (3): 221–229. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.003.
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