Biphalin
Structural formula
Space-filling model of Biphalin
Clinical data
ATC code
  • None
Identifiers
  • (2S,2’S)-N,N’-[(2R,8S,13S,19R)-8,13-Dibenzyl-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxo-4,7,10,11,14,17-hexaazaicosane-2,19-diyl]bis[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide]
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC46H56N10O10
Molar mass909.014 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(N[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](N)Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C)Cc2ccccc2)Cc3ccccc3)C)[C@@H](N)Cc4ccc(O)cc4
  • InChI=1S/C46H56N10O10/c1-27(51-43(63)35(47)21-31-13-17-33(57)18-14-31)41(61)49-25-39(59)53-37(23-29-9-5-3-6-10-29)45(65)55-56-46(66)38(24-30-11-7-4-8-12-30)54-40(60)26-50-42(62)28(2)52-44(64)36(48)22-32-15-19-34(58)20-16-32/h3-20,27-28,35-38,57-58H,21-26,47-48H2,1-2H3,(H,49,61)(H,50,62)(H,51,63)(H,52,64)(H,53,59)(H,54,60)(H,55,65)(H,56,66)/t27-,28-,35+,36+,37+,38+/m1/s1
  • Key:DESSEGDLRYOPTJ-VRANXALZSA-N

Biphalin is a dimeric enkephalin endogenous peptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2 composed of two tetrapeptides derived from enkephalins, connected 'tail-to-tail' by a hydrazide bridge.[1] The presence of two distinct pharmacophores confers on biphalin a high affinity for both μ and δ opioid receptors (with an EC50 of about 1–5 nM for both μ and δ receptors), therefore it has analgesic activity.[2] Biphalin presents a considerable antinociceptive profile. In fact, when administered intracerebroventricularly in mice, biphalin displays a potency almost 7-fold greater than that of the ultra-potent alkaloid agonist, etorphine and 7000-fold greater than morphine; biphalin and morphine were found to be equipotent after intraperitoneal administration. The extraordinary in vivo potency shown by this compound is coupled with low side-effects, in particular, to produce no dependency in chronic use.[3] For these reasons, several efforts have been carried out in order to obtain more information about structure-activity relationship (SAR). Results clearly indicate that, at least for μ receptor binding, the presence of two pharmacophores is not necessary;[2] Tyr1 is indispensable for analgesic activity, while replacing Phe at the position 4 and 4' with non-aromatic, but lipophilic amino acids does not greatly change the binding properties[2] and in general 4,4' positions are found to be important to design biphalin analogues with increased potency and modified μ/δ selectivity.[4][5] The hydrazide linker is not fundamental for activity or binding, and it can be conveniently substituted by different conformationally constrained cycloaliphatic diamine linkers.[6]

References

  1. ^ Flippen-Anderson JL, Deschamps JR, George C, Hruby VJ, Misicka A, Lipkowski AW (March 2002). "Crystal structure of biphalin sulfate: a multireceptor opioid peptide". The Journal of Peptide Research. 59 (3): 123–33. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.01967.x. PMID 11985706.
  2. ^ a b c Lipkowski AW, Misicka A, Davis P, Stropova D, Janders J, Lachwa M, et al. (September 1999). "Biological activity of fragments and analogues of the potent dimeric opioid peptide, biphalin". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 9 (18): 2763–6. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00464-3. PMID 10509931.
  3. ^ Horan PJ, Mattia A, Bilsky EJ, Weber S, Davis TP, Yamamura HI, et al. (June 1993). "Antinociceptive profile of biphalin, a dimeric enkephalin analog". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 265 (3): 1446–54. PMID 8389867.
  4. ^ Li G, Haq W, Xiang L, Lou BS, Hughes R, De Leon IA, et al. (March 1998). "Modifications of the 4,4'-residues and SAR studies of Biphalin, a highly potent opioid receptor active peptide". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 8 (5): 555–60. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00065-1. PMID 9871617.
  5. ^ Mollica A, Pinnen F, Feliciani F, Stefanucci A, Lucente G, Davis P, et al. (May 2011). "New potent biphalin analogues containing p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine at the 4,4' positions and non-hydrazine linkers". Amino Acids. 40 (5): 1503–11. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0760-7. PMC 5689474. PMID 20924622.
  6. ^ Mollica A, Davis P, Ma SW, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ (May 2005). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of new biphalin analogues with non-hydrazine linkers". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (10): 2471–5. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.067. PMID 15863299.
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