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((Short description|American and British photographer and film pioneer))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2020))
((More citations needed|date=January 2016))
((Infobox person
| name = Birt Acres
| image = Birt Acres.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = 
| birth_date = ((birth date|1854|7|23|df=yes))
| birth_place = [[Richmond, Virginia]], United States
| height = 
| death_date = ((death date and age|1918|12|27|1854|7|23|df=yes))
| death_place = [[Whitechapel]], [[London]], England  
| occupation = Cinematographer
| birthname = 
))
[[File:Frames from Incident at Clovelly Cottage, 1895.jpg|thumb|Frames from ''Incident at Clovelly Cottage'', 1895.]]
[[File:Clovelly Cottage, 19 Park Road Barnet EN5 5RY.jpg|thumb|Clovelly Cottage, 19 Park Road, Chipping Barnet.]]

[[File:Acres kinetic 1895.jpg|thumb|Birt Acres' Kinetic Camera, 1895.]]
'''Birt Acres''' (23 July 1854 – 27 December 1918) was an American and British photographer and film pioneer. Among his contributions to the early film industry are the first working 35&nbsp;mm camera in Britain (Wales), and ''Birtac'', the first daylight loading home movie camera and projector. He also directed a number of early [[silent film]]s.

==Early life==
Born in [[Richmond, Virginia]], on 23 July 1854,<ref name="google1">((cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/britishfilmdirec0000shai |url-access=registration |title=British Film Directors: A Critical Guide |publisher=SIU Press |author=Robert Shail |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishfilmdirec0000shai/page/13 13] |accessdate=2017-06-17|isbn=9780809328338 |year=2007 ))</ref> to English parents. He became an orphan at the age of 14, during the [[American Civil War]] and was raised by an aunt.<ref>((cite web|author= |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/nfca/collections/birtacres |title=Birt Acres Collection - Collections at the National Fairground and Circus Archive - National Fairground and Circus Archive - The University of Sheffield |website=Sheffield.ac.uk |date=2016-08-03 |accessdate=2017-06-17))</ref>

==Career==
Acres invented the first British [[35mm movie film|35 mm]] [[film|moving picture]] [[camera]], ''Birtac'' which was the first daylight loading [[home movies|home movie]] camera and [[Movie projector|projector]]; he was also the first travelling [[newsreel]] reporter in international [[film history]] and the first European film maker who had his films shown in the United States in public performances. He contributed much to the introduction and development of [[cinematography]] in all its aspects, from the construction of cameras, projectors, film viewers, coating and slitting machines and the manufacture of highly sensitized 35&nbsp;mm raw film stock, to mobile newsreel reporting and the public projections of moving pictures.((Citation needed|date=March 2011))

With his partner [[Robert W. Paul]], he was the first person to build and run a working 35&nbsp;mm camera in Britain. ''[[Incident at Clovelly Cottage]]'' was made in March 1895<ref name="scienceandsociety1">((cite web|url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10296758 |title=Image of frames from 'incident at clovelly cottage', 1895. by Science & Society Picture Library |website=Scienceandsociety.co.uk |date=2008-04-23 |accessdate=2017-06-17))</ref> and featured Acres' wife with their infant son in a pram<ref>((cite web|url=http://cinemathequefroncaise.com/Chapter3-1/Figure_03_02_Clovelly.html |title=FIGURE_03-01_PAUL_ACRES |website=Cinemathequefroncaise.com |date= |accessdate=2017-06-17))</ref> outside Acres' then home of Clovelly Cottage, Park Road, Chipping Barnet, which still exists.<ref>((cite web|url=http://barnetsociety.org.uk/component/k2/a-barnet-business-start-up-that-changed-the-world |title=A Barnet business start up that changed the world |website=Barnetsociety.org.uk |date=2015-11-20 |accessdate=2017-06-17))</ref> Acres and Paul fell out after Acres patented their design in his own name on 27 May 1895. He made some very early [[silent film]]s during the [[Victorian era]] including in 1895: a film of the ''[[The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race (1895 film)|Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race]]'', ''The Arrest of a Pickpocket'', ''The Comic Shoeblack'', ''The Boxing Kangaroo'' and ''Performing Bears''.

On 10 January 1896, he gave a display of moving pictures to the [[Lyonsdown Photographic Society]] at the [[Lytton Road Assembly Rooms]] in [[New Barnet]].<ref name="google1"/><ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvXAOp7CxjwC&pg=PR7 |title=Cinemas of Hertfordshire |author1=Allen Eyles~ |author2=Keith Skone |page=7 |accessdate=2017-06-17|isbn=9780954218904 |year=2002 ))</ref> This was the first public film show to an audience in the United Kingdom.

Acres was a Fellow of the [[Royal Photographic Society]]. On 14 January 1896, he demonstrated his ''Kineopticon'' system to members and wives of the Society, at the [[Queen's Hall]] in [[London]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/acres_bio.html |title=EarlyCinema.com |website=EarlyCinema.com |accessdate=2017-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712064944/http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/acres_bio.html |archivedate=2011-07-12 ))</ref> Robert Paul's first solo theatrical programme was at the [[Alhambra Theatre]] on 25 March 1896.

Acres is buried in [[Walthamstow, London]].<ref>((cite web|author= |url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/10461504.British_film_pioneer_s_grave_discovered_in_Walthamstow/ |title=British film pioneer Birt Acres' grave discovered in Walthamstow (From This Is Local London) |website=Thisislocallondon.co.uk |date=2013-06-04 |accessdate=2017-06-17))</ref>

==Most important achievements==
* 1889 Apparatus for washing prints (patented).
* 1891 [[Photographic print|Printing]] process for [[stereoscopic]] [[photograph]]s (for continuously contact print making) (patented).
* 1893 Hopper feed installation for rapidly projecting [[Photographic slide|slides]] in a biunial (two-in-one) [[lantern]] to create the illusion of movement (patented).
* 1895 Kinetic Camera with appliance for loop forming (patented).
* 1895/96 [[Electroscope]], apparatus for continuous viewing by more than one spectator of 35mm film.
* 1896 Installation for wholesale production of raw stock 35&nbsp;mm film.
* 1896 Kineopticon, improved apparatus for projecting 35&nbsp;mm film (patented).
* 1897 [[Cine camera]] with 2 [[lens (optics)|lenses]] to resolve flicker problems and to enhance brightness.
* 1898 Birtac, home movie camera for daylight loading of 17.5&nbsp;mm film (patented).

==Filmography==
{|  class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:8%;"| Date
! style="width:30%;"| Title
! style="width:18%;"| Role
! style="width:44%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Incident at Clovelly Cottage]]'' || Director || "the first successful motion picture film made in Britain"<ref name="scienceandsociety1"/>
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[The Arrest of a Pickpocket]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Charge of the Uhlans]]'' || Director, Producer || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Crude Set Drama]]'' || Director, Producer || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[The Derby (1895 film)|The Derby]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[The German Emperor Reviewing His Troops]]'' || Director || aka Kaiser Wilhelm Reviewing His Troops (USA) 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Opening of the Kiel Canal]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || aka Inauguration of the Kiel Canal by Kaiser Wilhelm II (UK)  
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race (1895 film)|The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Performing Animals; or, Skipping Dogs]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Rough Sea at Dover]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Shoeblack at Work in a London Street]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Smith and Machinery at Work]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || 
|- valign="top"
| 1895 || ''[[Tom Merry, Lightning Cartoonist]]'' || Director, Cinematographer, Producer  || aka ''[[William Mecham|Tom Merry]], Lightning Cartoonist, Sketching Kaiser Wilhelm II'' (four films were made of Tom Merry drawing notable figures, the others were [[Lord Salisbury]] (1896), [[William Ewart Gladstone]] (1896) and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] (1895)) 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[The Boxing Kangaroo]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Boxing Match; or, Glove Contest]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Dancing Girls (1896 film)|Dancing Girls]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Golfing Extraordinary, Five Gentl]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Landing at Low Tide]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Pierrot and Pierrette]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[A Surrey Garden]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1896 || ''[[Yarmouth Fishing Boats Leaving Harbour]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1897 || ''[[Henley Regatta (film)|Henley Regatta]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1897 || ''[[An Unfriendly Call]]'' || Director || 
|- valign="top"
| 1900 || ''[[Briton vs. Boer]]'' || Producer || 
|}

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*((IMDb name|id=0010291))
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/449777/index.html Birt Acres biography and credits at BFI Screenonline]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110712064944/http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/acres_bio.html Birt Acres] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20190921165958/http://www.earlycinema.com/ earlycinema.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604135343/http://www.europafilmtreasures.eu/PL/391/a-brief-history-a_1896_fairground_programme_-_the_george_williams_collection An 1896 Fairground Programme on the Europa Film Treasures site]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Acres, Birt))
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American cinematographers]]
[[Category:British cinematographers]]
[[Category:American cinema pioneers]]
[[Category:Artists from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:American emigrants to England]]

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