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((Short description|U.S. Forest across Montana and Idaho))
((More citations needed|date=April 2008))
((Infobox protected area 
| name = Bitterroot National Forest
| photo = Trappk.jpg
| photo_caption = Trapper Peak in Bitterroot National Forest
| map = USA
| relief = 1
| map_caption = 
| location = [[Ravalli County, Montana|Ravalli]] / [[Missoula County, Montana|Missoula]] counties, [[Montana]]; [[Idaho County, Idaho|Idaho County]], [[Idaho]], [[United States]]
| nearest_city = [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula, MT]]
| coordinates = ((coord|46|13|58|N|113|57|49|W|display=inline, title))
| area_acre = 1,587,070
| established = 1898
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]]
| website = [http://www.fs.usda.gov/bitterroot Bitterroot National Forest]
))
[[Image:Deerfire high res.jpg|right|288px|thumb|[[Wildfire]] in the forest as [[Elk Bath|photographed]] on August 6, 2000]]

'''Bitterroot National Forest''' comprises 1.587 million acres (6,423&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) in west-central [[Montana]] and eastern [[Idaho]] of the [[United States]]. It is located primarily in [[Ravalli County, Montana]] (70.26% of the forest), but also has acreage in [[Idaho County, Idaho]] (29.24%), and [[Missoula County, Montana]] (0.49%).<ref>[http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2008/TABLE_6.htm Table 6  - NFS Acreage by State, Congressional District, and County, 30 September 2008]</ref>

Founded in 1898, the forest is located in the [[Bitterroot Range|Bitterroot]] and [[Sapphire Mountains]] with [[elevation]]s ranging from 2,200 feet (650&nbsp;m) along the [[Salmon River (Idaho)|Salmon River]] in Idaho to 10,157 foot (3,100&nbsp;m) Trapper Peak. Roughly half the forest (743,000 acres, 3,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) make up part or all of three distinct [[Wilderness]] areas. These areas include the [[Anaconda–Pintler Wilderness|Anaconda–Pintler]], [[Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness|Selway–Bitterroot]] and [[Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness]]es. The distinction is that in wilderness areas, no [[road]]s, [[Forestry|logging]], [[mining]] or other [[construction]] is permitted and all access must be done either on foot or [[horseback]]; even [[bicycles]] are not permitted. [[Hunting]], however is allowed forest-wide including wilderness areas.

== History ==
[[File:BitterrootNFMap.jpg|thumb|A map of Bitterroot National Forest|alt=An overview map of Bitterroot National Forest with ranger districts and surrounding forests labelled]]
The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] in 1805 passed through parts of future forest lands. After the discovery of [[gold]] in Idaho and then Montana in the 1860s, numerous mining towns were built, some of which dwindled into [[ghost town]]s.  The [[Nez Perce National Historic Trail]] passes through a portion of the forest, following the route of the retreating [[Nez Perce tribe|Nez Perce]] on their historic path that led from Idaho to north central Montana in 1877. Heavy logging and other [[resource depletion]] beginning in the 1880s led [[conservation movement|conservationist]]s to push for the preservation of the forest.<ref>((cite web |last=Wilderness.net |url=http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Selway-Bitterroot |title=Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness |work=The National Wilderness Preservation System |access-date=2006-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719041716/http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Selway%2DBitterroot |archive-date=2006-07-19 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

The '''Bitter Root Forest Reserve''' was established by the [[United States General Land Office]] on March&nbsp;1, 1898, with ((convert|4147200|acre|km2)).  It was transferred to the [[U.S. Forest Service]] in 1906.  On July&nbsp;1, 1908, the name was changed to Bitterroot National Forest, with lands added from [[Big Hole National Forest]] and [[Hell Gate National Forest]].  Other lands were transferred from Bitterroot to [[Beaverhead National Forest|Beaverhead]], [[Clearwater National Forest|Clearwater]], [[Nez Perce National Forest|Nez Perce]] and [[Salmon National Forest]]s. On October 29, 1934, part of [[Selway National Forest]] was added.<ref>((Cite journal |title=National Forests of the United States |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |date=September 29, 2005 |author=Davis, Richard C. |publisher=The Forest History Society ))</ref>

In August 2016, [[2016 Nevada wildfire|a wildfire]] burned down fourteen houses.<ref>((cite web |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/08/02/wildfires-burn-in-7-western-states-prompt-evacuations0.html |title=Wildfires burn in 7 Western states, prompt evacuations |publisher=Fox News |date=2017-07-05 |accessdate=2022-05-07))</ref>

==Wildlife==
The forest is home to many species of wildlife species including [[mule deer]], [[white-tailed deer]], [[Rocky Mountain elk|elk]], [[bighorn sheep]], [[mountain goat]], [[gopher]], a variety of [[chipmunk]]s, [[North American beaver|beaver]], [[North American porcupine|porcupine]], [[groundhog|woodchuck]], [[rabbit]]s, a variety of [[squirrel]]s, [[moose]], [[cinnamon bear|black bear]], and [[North American cougar|cougar]] in addition to many varieties of birds.

==Composition==
The forest is a combination of both [[grassland]]s and forested zones. [[Grazing rights]] are leased to private landowners in the lower [[altitude]]s where grasses and shrublands are dominant. Higher up, [[Douglas fir]], [[larch]], and [[lodgepole pine]] slowly give way to [[Engelmann Spruce]] and [[whitebark pine]] as the altitude increases. Above the treeline at 8,000 feet (2,400&nbsp;m) the trees abruptly end and [[alpine meadow|alpine]] flowers and grasses are found. A small [[grizzly]] bear population is located in the wilderness zones of the forest with black bear, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, elk and moose found all over this forest. An active effort to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the region concluded in 2000 with a plan to release 25 bears into the wilderness zones over a five-year period beginning in 2003.<ref>((cite web|last=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|url=http://www.r6.fws.gov/bitterroot/|title=Record of Decision and Final Rule for Grizzly Bear Recovery in the Bitterroot|access-date=2006-07-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825220739/http://www.r6.fws.gov/bitterroot/|archive-date=2006-08-25))</ref>

There are 1,600&nbsp;mi (2,500&nbsp;km) of trails and 18 improved campgrounds within the forest. Outstanding fishing is found in the dozens of rivers and streams and lakes. The forest headquarters is located in [[Hamilton, Montana]]. There are local [[National Park Ranger|ranger]] district offices in [[Darby, Montana|Darby]], [[Stevensville, Montana|Stevensville]], and [[Sula, Montana|Sula]].<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.ufwda.org/pdfs/USDAForestServiceRangerDistricts.pdf |title=USFS Ranger Districts by State |access-date=2009-05-17 |archive-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119235755/http://www.ufwda.org/pdfs/USDAForestServiceRangerDistricts.pdf |url-status=dead ))</ref> The largest nearby city is [[Missoula, Montana]]. The scenic [[Blodgett Canyon]] is but one of many steep canyons located in the forest. U.S. Highway 93 passes through portions of the forest.

==Wilderness areas==
There are three officially designated [[wilderness area]]s in Bitterroot National Forest that are part of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]]. All of them, however, lie mostly in neighboring National Forests (or in [[Bureau of Land Management]] land), as indicated.
* [[Anaconda–Pintler Wilderness]] (partly in [[Beaverhead National Forest|Beaverhead NF]], [[Deerlodge National Forest|Deerlodge NF]])<ref>[http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=acreage&WID=10 Anaconda Pintler Wilderness acreage breakdown, Wilderness.net]</ref>
* [[Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness]] (partly in [[Payette National Forest|Payette NF]], [[Challis National Forest|Challis NF]], [[Salmon National Forest|Salmon NF]], [[Boise National Forest|Boise NF]], [[Nez Perce National Forest|Nez Perce NF]], or on BLM land)<ref>[http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=acreage&WID=194 Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness acreage breakdown, Wilderness.net]</ref>
* [[Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness]] (partly in Nez Perce NF, [[Clearwater National Forest|Clearwater NF]], [[Lolo National Forest|Lolo NF]])<ref>[http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=acreage&WID=540 Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness acreage breakdown, Wilderness.net]</ref>

==Unprotected roadless areas==
Much of the forest outside of designated wilderness areas is still roadless and undeveloped. In addition to roadless acreage adjacent to designated wildernesses, a large roadless area 164,000 acres in size (as of 1992) and straddling the Montana–Idaho state line exists just west of [[Lost Trail Pass]]. This area, named for 9,154' Allan Mountain (in Idaho), lies mostly in Montana and is critical to the migration of wildlife between the wildlands of [[central Idaho]] and the [[Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem]]. The Allan Mountain area is a lower-elevation part of the [[Bitterroot Range]] that features extensive coniferous forests, steep canyons, and pockets of [[old-growth]] [[ponderosa pine]] and Douglas-fir. Within the area is Overwhich Falls, a popular attraction; hiker's gentian (''[[Gentianopsis simplex]]'') and primrose monkey flower ([[mimulus primuloides]]), sensitive plants, are found here in wet meadows. Elk, black bear, mountain goat, [[American marten|pine marten]], and [[pileated woodpecker]] are residents.<ref name=Wolke>((cite book|last=Wolke|first=Howie|title=The Big Outside|year=1992|publisher=Harmony Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-517-58737-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bigoutsidedescri00fore/page/122 122]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bigoutsidedescri00fore/page/122))</ref>

==Further reading==
* Swanson, Frederick H. ''The Bitterroot and Mr. Brandborg: Clearcutting and the Struggle for Sustainable Forestry in the Northern Rockies'' (University of Utah Press, 2011). ((ISBN|978-1-60781-101-5))

== See also ==
* [[2000–01 fires in the Western United States]]
* [[2016 Nevada wildfire]]
* [[Bitterroot Mountains]]
* [[List of forests in Montana]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((commons category|Bitterroot National Forest))
* [https://www.fs.usda.gov/bitterroot Bitterroot National Forest] - U.S. Forest Service
* [https://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=46.23293&lon=-113.96352&datum=nad27&zoom=128 USGS Gird Point (MT) Topo Map] - TopoQuest.com

((Protected Areas of Montana))
((Protected Areas of Idaho))
((National Forests of the United States))

((authority control))

[[Category:Bitterroot National Forest| ]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Idaho County, Idaho]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Missoula County, Montana]]
[[Category:National Forests of Idaho]]
[[Category:National Forests of Montana]]
[[Category:National Forests of the Rocky Mountains]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Ravalli County, Montana]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1898]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Montana]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in Idaho]]

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