Black hairy tongue
Other namesLingua villosa nigra[1][2] or Melanoglossia.[3]
A patient displaying characteristic dark bumps of black hairy tongue
SpecialtyDermatology
Risk factorsSmoking, poor oral hygiene, soft diet
Diagnostic methodBased on clinical appearance
Differential diagnosisHairy leukoplakia
TreatmentReassurance

Black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT[4]) is a condition of the tongue in which the small bumps on the tongue elongate with black or brown discoloration, giving a black and hairy appearance. The appearance may be alarming, but it is a harmless condition. Predisposing factors include smoking, xerostomia (dry mouth), soft diet, poor oral hygiene and certain medications. Management is facilitated by improving oral hygiene, especially scraping or brushing the tongue.[5]

Signs and symptoms

Hairy tongue largely occurs in the central part of the dorsal tongue, just anterior (in front) of the circumvallate papillae, although sometimes the entire dorsal surface may be involved.[6] Discoloration usually accompanies hairy tongue, and may be yellow, brown or black.[6] Apart from the appearance, the condition is typically asymptomatic, but sometimes people may experience a gagging sensation or a bad taste.[6] There may also be associated oral malodor (intra-oral halitosis).[6]

The term "melanoglossia' is also used to refer to there being black discolorations on the tongue without "hairs", which are also harmless and unrelated to black hairy tongue.[7]

Causes

The cause is uncertain,[6] but it is thought to be caused by accumulation of epithelial squames and proliferation of chromogenic (i.e., color-producing) microorganisms.[8] There may be an increase in keratin production or a decrease in normal desquamation (shedding of surface epithelial cells).[6] Many people with BHT are heavy smokers.[6] Other possible associated factors are poor oral hygiene,[6] general debilitation,[6] hyposalivation (i.e., decreased salivary flow rate),[8] radiotherapy,[6] overgrowth of fungal or bacterial organisms,[6] and a soft diet.[8] Occasionally, BHT may be caused by the use of antimicrobial medications (e.g., tetracyclines),[8] or oxidizing mouthwashes or antacids.[6] A soft diet may be involved as normally food has an abrasive action on the tongue, which keeps the filiform papillae short. Pellagra, a condition caused by niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, may cause a thick greyish fur to develop on the dorsal tongue, along with other oral signs.[9]

Transient surface discoloration of the tongue and other soft tissues in the mouth can occur in the absence of hairy tongue. Causes include smoking (or betel chewing),[8] some foods and beverages (e.g., coffee, tea or liquorice),[8] and certain medications (e.g., chlorhexidine,[8] iron salts,[8] or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)).[10]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue biopsy.[6] However, when biopsies have been taken, the histologic appearance is one of marked elongation and hyperparakeratosis of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface.[6]

Hairy tongue may be confused with hairy leukoplakia, however the latter usually occurs on the sides of the tongue and is associated with an opportunistic infection with Epstein–Barr virus on a background immunocompromise (almost always human immunodeficiency virus infection but rarely other conditions which suppress the immune system).[6]

Classification

Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) refers to a marked accumulation of keratin on the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, giving a hair-like appearance.[6] Black tongue (lingua nigra) refers to a black discoloration of the tongue, which may or may not be associated with hairy tongue. However, the elongated papillae of hairy tongue usually develop discoloration due to growth of pigment producing bacteria and staining from food.[6] Hence the term black hairy tongue, although hairy tongue may also be discolored yellow or brown. Transient, surface discoloration that is not associated with hairy tongue can be brushed off.[8] Drug-induced black hairy tongue specifically refers to BHT that develops because of medication. [11] Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).[12]

Treatment

Treatment is by reassurance, as the condition is benign, and then by correction of any predisposing factors.[6] This may be cessation of smoking or cessation/substitution of implicated medications or mouthwashes. Generally direct measures to return the tongue to its normal appearance involve improving oral hygiene, especially scraping or brushing the tongue before sleep.[8] This promotes desquamation of the hyperparakeratotic papillae.[6] Keratolytic agents (chemicals to remove keratin) such as podophyllin are successful, but carry safety concerns.[6] Other reported successful measures include sodium bicarbonate mouthrinses, eating pineapple, sucking on a peach stone and chewing gum.[8]

Prognosis

BHT is a benign condition,[6][13][14] but people who are affected may be distressed at the appearance and possible halitosis, and therefore treatment is indicated.

Epidemiology

Hairy tongue occurs in about 0.5% of adults.[6] However, the prevalence is variable depending on the population studied.[11]

References

  1. ^ Rajendran, R.; Sivapathasundharam, B., eds. (2009). "Developmental Disturbances of Oral and Paraoral Structures". Shafer's Textbook Of Oral Pathology (6th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-312-1570-8. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  2. ^ Waggoner, W. C.; Volpe, A. R. (January 1967). "Lingua Villosa Nigra--A Review of Black Hairy Tongue". Journal of Oral Medicine. 22 (1): 18–21. PMID 5340144.
  3. ^ "Melanoglossia". The Lancet. 197 (5096): 922. 30 April 1921. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)55600-1.
  4. ^ Gurvits, Grigoriy E (2014). "Black hairy tongue syndrome". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (31): 10845–10850. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMC 4138463. PMID 25152586.
  5. ^ Sarti, G. M.; Haddy, R. I.; Schaffer, D.; Kihm, J. (June 1990). "Black Hairy Tongue". American Family Physician. 41 (6): 1751–5. PMID 2190456.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Neville, Brad W.; Damm, Douglas D.; Allen, Carl M.; Bouquot, Jerry E. (2002). Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology (Second ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7216-9003-2.
  7. ^ Maynard, F. P. (October 1897). "A Note on Melanoglossia". The Indian Medical Gazette. 32 (10): 364–365. PMC 5148483. PMID 29002878.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine: The Basis of Diagnosis and Treatment (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-443-06818-8.
  9. ^ Cawson, Roderick A.; Odell, Edward W. (2002). Cawson's Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine (Seventh ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-443-07105-8.
  10. ^ Cohen, Philip R. (December 2009). "Black tongue secondary to bismuth subsalicylate: case report and review of exogenous causes of macular lingual pigmentation". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 8 (12): 1132–5. PMID 20027942.
  11. ^ a b Thompson, Dennis F.; Kessler, Tiffany L. (June 2010). "Drug-induced black hairy tongue". Pharmacotherapy. 30 (6): 585–93. doi:10.1592/phco.30.6.585. PMID 20500047. S2CID 24501452.
  12. ^ Ren, Jing; Zheng, Yao; Du, Hui; Wang, Shan; Liu, Linna; Duan, Wanshi; Zhang, Zeping; Heng, Lijun; Yang, Qi (12 October 2020). "Antibiotic-induced black hairy tongue: two case reports and a review of the literature". The Journal of International Medical Research. 48 (10). doi:10.1177/0300060520961279. PMC 7556181. PMID 33044871.
  13. ^ Gurvits, Grigoriy E.; Tan, Amy (21 August 2014). "Black hairy tongue syndrome". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (31): 10845–50. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMC 4138463. PMID 25152586.
  14. ^ Yuca, Köksal; Calka, O.; Kiroglu, A. F.; Akdeniz, N.; Cankaya, H. (2004). "Hairy tongue: a case report". Acta Oto-rhino-laryngologica Belgica. 58 (4): 161–3. PMID 15679200.

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