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((short description|Historiographical phenomenon))
((about|the general historiographical phenomenon|the specific black legend relating to Spain|Black Legend (Spain)))
((Other uses|Black Legend (disambiguation)))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2023))
((mergefrom|Black Legend (Spain)|date=March 2024))
[[File:Illustrations de Narratio regionum Indicarum per Hispanos quosdam devastattarum — Jean Théodore de Bry — 14.jpg|thumb|300px|A 1598 propaganda engraving by [[Theodor de Bry]] depicting a Spaniard feeding [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian]] children to his dogs. De Bry's works are characteristic of the anti-Spanish propaganda that originated as a result of the [[Eighty Years' War]].]]

A  '''black legend''' is a [[Historiography|historiographical]] phenomenon in which a sustained trend in historical writing of biased reporting and introduction of fabricated, exaggerated and/or decontextualized facts is directed against particular persons, nations or institutions with the intention of creating a distorted and uniquely inhuman image of them while hiding their positive contributions to history. The term was first used by French writer Arthur Lévy in his 1893 work ''Napoléon Intime'', in contrast to the expression "[[Golden Legend]]" that had been in circulation around Europe since the publication of a book of that name during the [[Middle Ages]].((citation needed|date=October 2018))

Black legends have been perpetrated against many nations and cultures, usually as a result of propaganda and xenophobia. For example, the "[[Black Legend (Spain)|Spanish Black Legend]]" (((lang-es|La leyenda negra española|link=no))) is the theory that anti-Spanish political propaganda, whether about Spain, the [[Spanish Empire]] or [[Hispanic America]], was sometimes "absorbed and converted into broadly held stereotypes" that assumed that Spain was "uniquely evil".((sfn|Maltby|1996|pp=346-348))

==Origins==

The term was first used by ((Interlanguage link|Arthur Lévy|lt=|fr|Arthur Lévy|WD=)) in 1893:

((blockquote|However, if we study the life of the emperor properly, we will soon get rid of the legends, both the golden legend, and the legend that we may call the Napoleonic black legend. This is the truth: [[Napoleon]] was not a God, nor was he a monster|source=''Napoleon Intime''|sign=Arthur Lévy))

Historian [[Manuel Fernández Álvarez]] defined a black legend as:

((blockquote|
((lang|es|...&nbsp;cuidadosa distorsión de la historia de un pueblo, realizada por sus enemigos, para mejor combatirle. Y una distorsión lo más monstruosa posible, a fin de lograr el objetivo marcado: la descalificación moral de ese pueblo, cuya supremacía hay que combatir por todos los medios)) ((lang|la|italics=no|sine die)).

...&nbsp;the careful distortion of the history of a nation, perpetrated by its enemies, in order to better fight it. And a distortion as monstrous as possible, with the goal of achieving a specific aim: the moral disqualification of the nation, whose supremacy must be fought in every way possible.|source=''La Leyenda Negra'' (1997:5)|sign=as cited in Alfredo Alvar's book))

According to historian [[Elvira Roca Barea]], the formation of a black legend and its assimilation by the nation that suffers it is a phenomenon observed in all multicultural empires, not just in the Spanish Empire. The black legend of empires would be the result of the following combined factors:((sfn|Roca Barea|2016))

#The combined propaganda attacks and efforts of most smaller powers of the time, as well as defeated rivals.
#The propaganda created by the many rival power factions within the empire itself against each other as part of their struggle to win more power.
#The [[self-criticism]] of the intellectual elite, which tends to be larger in larger empires.
#The need of the new powers consolidated during the empire's life or after its dissolution to justify their new prevalence and the new order.

The said black legend tends to fade once the next great power is established or once enough time has gone by.

==Common elements of black legends==

The defining feature of a black legend is that it has been fabricated and propagated intentionally. Black legends also tend to portray their subjects with the following elements:((sfn|Roca Barea|2016))

* Permanent decadence. The subject is shown to be in a constant state of decadence, corruption, or immorality.
* Degenerated or polluted version of something else. The subject is portrayed as an inferior descendant or variant of another civilization, nation, religion, race or people. The latter represents the true, pure, and noble form of whatever the subject should have been. It may be something that reflects well on the Black Legend's creators by comparison. 
* Accidentality of merit. If the subject's merits cannot be fully erased or hidden, they are minimized by being portrayed as mere luck, opportunism, or exceptions to the rule.
* Obligatory moral actions. Any noble actions done by the subject are portrayed as being out of self-interest or necessity, rather than genuine morality.
* Natural moral inferiority and irredeemable character. There is no hope for the subject to improve, because their defects have been present from the start and innate to their character, and they lack the moral fortitude to overcome them.

Narrations of black legends tend to include strong [[pathos]], combined with a narrative that is easy to follow and emotionally loaded, created by:
* Detailed, gruesome and morbid descriptions of torture and violence, often portrayed as lacking any practical purpose beyond sadistic pleasure.
* Sexual elements, such as extreme sexual depravity, repression or a combination of both.
* Ignorance, as a lack of both intellectual refinement and cultural sophistication.
* Greed and materialism, as well as the willingness to violate taboos, defile the sacred, and forsake morality in pursuit of greed.
* A unifying theme, usually greed, cruelty, sadism or bigotry, that the subject consistently portrays throughout the legend's stories, even if individual instances of "proof" for it may vary or contradict one another.
* Simplicity of elements, often repeating the same anecdotes with minor variations. Any motivating desires provided in the legend are explicitly stated, unambiguously immoral, and do not evolve over time.

==Examples==
===The Spanish Black Legend===
((Main|Black Legend (Spain)))
Factors that would set the Spanish Black Legend apart from others might include its abnormal permeation and outreach across nations, its racialized component, and its abnormal persistence through time. The causes of this have been suggested as:

#The overlap of the period of splendour of the Spanish Empire with the introduction of the [[printing press]] in England and Germany, which allowed the propaganda of such colonial and religious rivals to spread faster and wider than ever before and persist in time long after the disappearance of the empire. There is a belief that the Spanish, once known for their savagery, became successful in Catholic conversions because the natives found the idols similar to their own religion.((sfn|Murry|2013))
#Permanence after the dissolution of the empire due to religious factors.
#The dismantling and substitution of the Spanish intellectual class by another more favorable to former rival France following the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], which established the French narrative in the country.
#The unique characteristics of the colonial wars of the early contemporary period and the need of new colonial powers to legitimize claims in now independent Spanish colonies, as well as the unique and new characteristics of the [[British Empire]] that succeeded it.((sfn|Marías|2005))

The hypothesis of a Spanish Black Legend assimilating anti-Hispanic propaganda from the 16th and 17th centuries has a high level of acceptance among specialists, but the extent of its reach and the data it affected, and what may have actually occurred instead, is still debated, especially regarding the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], where few written sources have been proven reliable. Historians are now exploring genetic as well as new scientific and statistical investigative techniques.((sfn|Maltby|1971))((sfn|Robinson|1992))

There is also debate regarding whether the Spanish Black Legend is still in effect today. While some authors like Powell believe that the Black Legend continues to influence modern-day policies and international relationships,((Citation needed|date=December 2023)) other authors, like [[Henry Kamen]], believe it has been left behind.((Citation needed|date=December 2023)) Some have attributed many of the problems between the Episcopal Church and the Latin community to the Black Legend.((sfn|Guzmán|2019))

===See also===
((Portal|History|Spain))
((div col|colwidth=30em))
*[[Anti-Catholicism]]
*[[Atrocity propaganda]]
*[[Black armband view of history]], a similar concept in Australia
*[[Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition]]
*[[Blood libel]]
*[[Colonial mentality]]
*[[Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
*[[Historical revisionism]]
*[[History wars]]
*[[Information warfare]]
((div col end|2))

==References==

===Citations===
((reflist))
((reflist|group=nota))

===Bibliography===
((refbegin))

*((cite book|last=Gibson|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Gibson (historian)|year=1958|title=The Colonial Period in Latin American History|publisher=[[American Historical Association]]: Service Center for Teachers of History|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialperiodin0000gibs))

*((cite book|last=Gibson|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Gibson (historian)|year=1964|title=The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsunderspani00gibs))

*((cite book|last=Gibson|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Gibson (historian)|year=1966|title=Spain in America|publisher=Harper & Row|url=https://archive.org/details/spaininamerica0000gibs_h0d3))

*((cite book|last=Gibson|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Gibson (historian)|year=1971|title=The Black Legend: Anti-Spanish Attitudes in the Old World and the New|publisher=Knopf|url=https://archive.org/details/blacklegend00char))

*((cite journal|last=Goodman|first=David|year=2005|title=Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition: A Continuing Historical Controversy|work=History|volume=90|issue=3|pages=375-386|jstor=24427884))

*((Cite journal|last=Guzmán|first=Carla E. Roland|year=2019|title=Dismantling the Discourses of the "Black Legend" as They Still Function in The Episcopal Church: A Case against Latinx Ministries as a Program of the Church.|work=Anglican Theological Review|pages=603–624))

*((cite journal|last=Hanke|first=Lewis|authorlink=Lewis Hanke|year=1964|title=More Heat and Some Light on the Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America|work=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=3|pages=293-340|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/2511855))

*((cite journal|last=Hanke|first=Lewis|authorlink=Lewis Hanke|year=1971|title=A Modest Proposal for a Moratorium on Grand Generalizations: Some Thoughts on the Black Legend|work=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=51|issue=1|pages=112-127|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/2512616))

*((cite book|editor-last=Kagan|editor-first=Richard L|editor-link=Richard Kagan|year=2002|title=Spain in America: The Origins of Hispanism in the United States|publisher=University of Illinois Press|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252027246))

*((cite journal|last=Keen|first=Benjamin|authorlink=Benjamin Keen|year=1969|title=The Black Legend Revisited: Assumptions and Realities|work=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=703-719|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/2511162))

*((cite journal|last=Keen|first=Benjamin|authorlink=Benjamin Keen|year=1971|title=The White Legend Revisited: A Reply to Professor Hanke’s ‘Modest Proposal'|work=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=51|issue=2|pages=336–355|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/2512479))

*((cite book |last=Maltby |first=William S.|year=1971|title=The Black Legend in England: The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, 1558-1660 |location=Durham, N.C. |publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/blacklegendineng01malt))

*((cite journal|last=Maltby |first=William B |title=The Black Legend |journal=Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture |volume=1 |pages=346–348 |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1996))

*((cite encyclopedia|last=Maltby |first=William S.|year=2008|entry=The Black Legend |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture |volume=1|edition=second|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |entry-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofla0001unse_k4n0/page/582/mode/2up))

*((cite book|last=Marías|first=Julián|year=2005|title=España Inteligible: Razón Histórica de las Españas|publisher=Alianza Editorial|isbn=84-206-7725-6))

*((Cite journal|last=Murry|first=Gregory|date=January 2013|title="Tears of the Indians" or Superficial Conversion?: José de Acosta, the Black Legend, and Spanish Evangelization in the New World|work=The Catholic Historical Review|pages=29–51))

*((cite book |last1=Roca Barea|first=María Elvira |year=2016 |title=Imperiofobia y leyenda negra. Roma, Rusia, Estados Unidos y el Imperio español |location=Madrid |publisher=Siruela |isbn=978-84-16854233 |language=es |trans-title=Imperiophobia and black legends. Rome, Russia, United States and the Spanish Empire))

*((cite journal|last=Robinson|first=John L|year=1992|title=Anti-Hispanic bias in british historiography|work=Hispania sacra|volume=44|issue=89|page=21))

*((cite book|last=Sanchez|first=Joseph|year=1990|title=Spanish Black Legend: Origins of Anti-Hispanic Stereotypes|publisher=National Park Service: Spanish Colonial Research Center|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishblacklege00sanc))

*((cite book|editor1-last=Schmidt-Nowara|editor1-first=Christopher|editor2-last=Nieto-Phillips|editor2-first=John M.|year=2005|title=Interpreting Spanish Colonialism: Empires, Nations, and Legends|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780826336736))

((refend))

==Further reading==

((div col|colwidth=30em))
*Arnoldsson, Sverker. "La Leyenda Negra: Estudios Sobre Sus Orígines," ''Göteborgs Universitets Årsskrift'', 66:3, 1960
*[[Luis Español|Español Bouché]], Luis, "Leyendas Negras: Vida y Obra de Julian Juderías", Junta de Castilla y Leon, 2007.
*((cite journal| title=Review: From "Others" to Actors: New Perspectives on Popular Political Cultures and National State Formation in Latin America| author=Gledhill, John| journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series| volume=98| issue=3| year=1996| pages=630–633| doi=10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00210))
*((cite book|editor1=Greer, Margaret R.|editor2=Mignolo, Walter D.|editor3=Quilligan, Maureen|year=2007|title=Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-30721-3))
*Griffin, Eric. "Ethos to Ethnos: Hispanizing 'the Spaniard' in the Old World and the New," ''The New Centennial Review'', 2:1, 2002.
*Hadfield, Andrew. "Late Elizabethan Protestantism, Colonialism and the Fear of the Apocalypse," ''Reformation'', 3, 1998.
*Hanke, Lewis. ''Bartolomé de Las Casas: Bookman, Scholar and Propagandist''. 1952.
*((cite journal| title=White Legend against Black: Nationalism and Enlightenment in a Spanish Context| author= Hauben, Paul J.| journal=The Americas| volume=34| issue=1| year=1977| pages=1–19| doi=10.2307/980809| jstor= 980809| s2cid= 96485994))
*((cite journal| title=Spanish Historiography and Iberian Reality |author=Hillgarth, J. N.| journal=History and Theory| volume=24| issue=1| year=1985| pages=23–43| doi=10.2307/2504941|jstor=2504941))
*Kamen, Henry. ''Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763''. New York: HarperCollins. 2003. ((ISBN|0-06-093264-3))
*((cite journal| title=Religion in a Changing Latin America: A Review| author=LaRosa, Michael |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs| volume=34| issue=4| year=1992–1993| pages=245–255| doi=10.2307/165811| jstor=165811 ))
*Lock, Julian. "'How Many Tercios Has the Pope?' The Spanish War and the Sublimation of Elizabethan [[Anti-Popery]]," ''History'', 81, 1996.
*Maura, Juan Francisco. "La hispanofobia a través de algunos textos de la conquista de América: de la propaganda política a la frivolidad académica". ''Bulletin of Spanish Studies'' 83. 2 (2006): 213–240.
*Maura, Juan Francisco. [http://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Revista/Revista7/NuevaEspa.pdf "Cobardía, crueldad y oportunismo español: algunas consideraciones sobre la 'verdadera' historia de la conquista de la Nueva España"]. ''Lemir (Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento)'' 7 (2003): 1–29. 
*Powell, Philip Wayne, ''Tree of Hate: Propaganda and Prejudices Affecting United States Relations with the Hispanic World''. Basic Books, New York, 1971, ((ISBN|0-465-08750-7)).
*((cite journal| title=Aesthetics of Colonial Violence: The Massacre of Acoma in Gaspar de Villagrá's "Historia de la Nueva México"| author=Rabasa, José| journal=College Literature| volume=20| issue=3| year=1993| pages=96–114))
*Sanchez, M.G., ''Anti-Spanish Sentiment in English Literary and Political Writing, 1553–1603'' (Phd Diss; University of Leeds, 2004)
*Schmidt, Benjamin, ''Innocence Abroad. The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670'', Cambridge U.P. 2001, ((ISBN|978-0-521-02455-6))
*((cite journal| title=Review: Inequality and Ideology in Borderlands Historiography| author=Vigil, Ralph H.| journal=Latin American Research Review| volume=29| issue=1| year=1994| pages=155–171| doi=10.1017/S002387910003538X| doi-access=free))
((div col end|2))((Historiography))
[[Category:1893 introductions]]
[[Category:1890s neologisms]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Spanish sentiment]]
[[Category:Historiography]]
[[Category:Spanish Inquisition]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]]
[[Category:Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:Black propaganda]]
[[Category:Political forgery]]
[[Category:Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Propaganda legends]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Spanish people]]

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_legend"