"Blackleg Miner" is a 19th-century Englishfolk song, originally from Northumberland (as can be deduced from the dialect in the song and the references in it to the villages of Seghill and Seaton Delaval). Its Roud number is 3193.[1] The song is one of the most controversial English folk songs owing to its depiction of violence against strikebreakers.
Origins
The song is believed to originate from the miners' lockout of 1844. Although this was a national lock-out, the language of the song suggests that it refers to the dispute in the north-east coalfield, which lasted roughly 20 weeks. The lockout largely collapsed as a result of "blackleg" labour.[2]
The village of Seghill, mentioned in the song, was the site of a mass eviction of striking miners during the 1844 lockout. Thomas Burt wrote of the situation:
the very magnitude of the evictions, extending over nearly the whole of the mining districts of Northumberland and Durham, made it impossible to find house accommodation for a twentieth part of the evicted. Scores of the Seghill families camped out by the roadside between that village and the Avenue Head.[3]
The song depicts the determined, uncompromising stance against strikebreakers adopted by unionized strikers. Some say that the term blackleg for a strikebreaker has its origins in coal mining, as strikebreakers would return covered in black coal dust which would give away that they had been working whilst others had been on strike.[4] However, the words of the song indicate the reason for the name. It says "With his moleskin pants". Mine workers from Wales employed in strikebreaking commonly wore pants made from moleskins, which were of course black due to their wet working properties.
The coal-mining sector in the UK was always heavily unionised, and mining strikes such as in 1926, 1974 and 1984-5 have had big impacts on British society. The strikes caused bitterness both within and between pit communities, but also gave rise to expressions of solidarity such as sympathy strikes, material assistance such as food, and a feeling of belonging to a proud and powerful community of workers.
The lyrics describe tactics common for attacking strikebreakers in the 19th century. Across the way they stretch a line/ To catch the throat and break the spine/ Of the dirty blackleg miner describes how a rope was often stretched across the entrance to a colliery to catch strikebreakers by the throat and flick them backwards, often causing them to injure themselves through falling. Strikebreakers were often stripped of their clothes and working tools once caught.
Revival
For a period in the 1960s and 1970s, the song's uncompromising lyrics were appreciated for their directness and militancy by many young people radicalised by the student rebellions of 1968, and the song was often sung at folk music societies. In particular, a 1970 recording by Steeleye Span became very popular.[5]
The album's sleeve notes read:
It is strange that a song as powerful and as singable as this should be so rare, yet it has only once been collected, from a man in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, in 1949. Seghill and Seaton Delaval (presumably the Delaval mentioned in the song) are adjacent mining villages about six miles north of Newcastle upon Tyne, but it is difficult to date the song due to the innumerable mining strikes which have occurred. It is, however, interesting as much as it illustrates the violent hatred felt by the “union” men towards the blacklegs. Ashley Hutchings: "This is the most modern traditional song on the album, possibly dating from the early part of the 20th Century, and is sometimes sung by singers from Northumberland. I believe it was suggested by Tim."
This was not entirely accurate: the song had been released on a number of records of miners' songs in the 1960s and also featured on Ray and Archie Fisher's 1964 album The Hoot'nanny Show Volume 2.[6] In addition, the song dated from the 1844 strike – much earlier than indicated by Steeleye Span.
Ewan MacColl noted a variant named The Blackleg Leaders, sung when union leaders did not support unofficial strikes.[7]
Use in 1984–85 strike
The song gained another revival during the hard-fought strike of the 1980s, and playing it became a political statement in support of the strike. The Steeleye Span recording was often played to intimidate working miners.[5]
Violent clashes during the 1980s strike (most notably the attacks on Michael Fletcher and David Wilkie) made some[who?] uncomfortable with the song's advocacy of violence against strikebreakers.[citation needed] Some folk clubs avoided the song for this reason.[citation needed]
"Blackleg Miner" has been unwelcome in areas where most miners worked through the 1984-85 strike, such as Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire.[citation needed] However, there has also been an increase in bands covering the song since the strike.[citation needed]
Scottish folk musician Dick Gaughan wrote of the change in attitude to the song after the strike of 1984-5:
many folksong-loving conservatives who the previous year would have quite cheerfully sung that quaint old ditty, "Blackleg Miner", were suddenly forced to confront the unpalatable fact that what they had always regarded as a harmless little song about some far-off past events was in reality a venomous attack on scab labour and that it was now impossible to sing it without that being interpreted as a thunderous declaration of support for the NUM.[8]
Covers
The song is still performed regularly in setlists by Steeleye Span.[9] After their initial 1970 recording on Hark! The Village Wait, they recorded a second version with their 1986 album Back in Line, a third version on the 2002 release Present – The Very Best of Steeleye Span and a fourth version on the 2006 release Folk Rock Pioneers in Concert. The band's recordings put great stress on the line that threatens death against strikebreakers. The village of Seghill has been modified to "Cleghill" in the second, third and fourth recordings (but not the first).
In the Northumbrian dialect, the word work rhymes with dark. However, virtually all singers do not rhyme the first two lines of the song.[citation needed] Ewan MacColl (1978) is one of the exceptions, as he attempted to sing the song with Northumbrian pronunciation throughout. Divint gaan is Northumbrian dialect for don't go. Some versions say dinna gang, which is the dialect for an area slightly further north, in Scotland.[citation needed]
It's in the evening after dark, When the blackleg miner creeps to work, With his moleskin pants and dirty shirt, There gaans the blackleg miner!
Well he takes his tools and doon he gaans To hew the coal that lies below, There's not a woman in this town-row Will look at the blackleg miner.
Oh, Delaval is a terrible place. They rub wet clay in the blackleg's face, And aroond the heaps they run a foot race, To catch the blackleg miner!
So, divvint gaan near the Seghill mine. Across the way they stretch a line, To catch the throat and break the spine Of the dirty blackleg miner.
They grab his duds and his pick as well, And they hoy them down the pit of hell. Doon ye gaan, and fare ye well, You dirty blackleg miner!
So join the union while you may. Divvin't wait till your dying day, For that may not be far away, You dirty blackleg miner!
^Amos, David (December 2011). "THE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MINERS', THE UNION OF DEMOCRATIC MINEWORKERS AND THE 1984-85 MINERS STRIKE: SCABS OR SCAPEGOATS?"(PDF). University of Nottingham. p. 289. Retrieved 19 July 2015. The song, Blackleg Miner, is thought to originate from the 1844 Miners' Lockout in the North East Coalfield. The Miners' Association of Great Britain and Ireland (MAGBI), founded in 1841 by Martin Jude, was in dispute over the yearly bonding systems. The union was demanding fortnightly contracts. The lockout in the North East lasted twenty weeks and collapsed largely as a result of the introduction of 'blackleg labour'.
^Thomas Burt, An Autobiography (1924), pages 36-37 in Douglass, David John (2005). Strike, not the end of the story. Overton, Yorkshire, UK: National Coal Mining Museum for England. p. 2.
^Douglass, David John (2005). Strike, not the end of the story. Overton, Yorkshire, UK: National Coal Mining Museum for England. p. 2.
^ abAmos, David (December 2011). "THE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MINERS', THE UNION OF DEMOCRATIC MINEWORKERS AND THE 1984-85 MINERS STRIKE: SCABS OR SCAPEGOATS?"(PDF). University of Nottingham. p. 291. Retrieved 19 July 2015. The song 'Blackleg Miner' was revamped by the folk-rock group Steeleye Span in 1970, and became part of their repertoire in live performances during the 1970s and 1980s. During the 1984-85 miners' strike the song was used by striking miners in some coalfields to intimidate those who continued to work. The song became a political statement for supporters of the strike.
