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((Short description|Family of Vladimir Lenin's maternal grandfather))
((Refimprove|date=January 2012))
The '''Blank family''' in the [[Russian Empire]] was the family of the maternal grandfather of [[Vladimir Lenin]]. 

Some researchers suggest that Lenin's maternal grandfather was a [[Jewish]] convert to [[Christianity]] (Alexander Blank). Whether or not Lenin, whose matrilineal "Blank" surname also traces to non-Jewish [[Germany|German]] roots, was actually partly descended from a Jewish Blank family remains contested.  Some researchers argue the family was of [[Germans|German]] origin, and invited to Russia by Catherine the Great.<ref>((Cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/16468478 |title=The life and death of Lenin |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1964 |isbn=0-586-06889-9 |location=New York |oclc=16468478))</ref> It is possible that such debated concern that Alexander Blank may have had Jewish origin were spread for partly political reasons. <ref name="Kotelents">См. интервью с биографом Ленина: ''Котеленец Е. А.'' [http://www.kp.ru/daily/26670.5/3692043/ Битва за Ленина: шесть мифов о вожде революции].</ref> An important contribution into Lenin’s genealogical and political connections to [[East European Jews]] were done by [[Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern]] who states that there is indisputable evidence that Lenin’s maternal grandfather was Jewish. Petrovsky-Shtern also researched the continuous efforts of the Soviet [[communists]] to suppress Lenin’s Jewishness and the no less persistent attempts of Russian nationalists to portray Lenin as a Jew.((sfn|Petrovsky-Shtern|2010))<ref name="Hickey">((cite web |last1=Hickey |first1=Michael C. |title=Hickey on Petrovsky-Shtern, 'Lenin's Jewish Question' |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/28655/reviews/30811/hickey-petrovsky-shtern-lenins-jewish-question |website=H-Judaic))</ref>

==Moshko (Dmitry) Blank==
[[File:StarokonstantinovRegistry.jpg|thumb|Record Book of the Great Synagogue of Starokonstantinov]]
[[File:Moshko Blank Signature.jpg|thumb|Moshko Blank’s signature in Russian at the bottom of his complaint of the arbitrary decision of the provincial court]]

'''Moshko''' (or '''Moshe''') '''Itzkovich Blank''' (((lang-ru|Мойша Ицкович Бланк))) baptized as '''Dmitry Blank''' (c. 1760-after 1844) was a Jewish [[vodka]]-franchised<ref>The late Russian Empire held state monopoly on vodka manufacturing and selling.</ref> tavern keeper from [[Shtetl]] [[Starokostiantyniv|Starokonstantynów]], [[Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)|Volhynian Voivodeship]] (now [[Ukraine]]).((sfn|Petrovsky-Shtern|2010|pp=1..64))<ref name="Hickey"/><ref name=Arutyn/><ref name="Sem40">((cite news |last1=Меламед |first1=Ефим |title="Отрекись иудейской веры"… (Новонайденные документы о еврейских предках Ленина) |url=https://www.academia.edu/36407778 |agency=Vestnik Baltimore |issue=21 |date=15 October 2003))</ref><ref name="Tayny">((cite web |last1=Loginov |first1=Vladlen |title=Тайны биографии Ленина |url=https://xn--h1aagokeh.xn--p1ai/journal/%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/ ))((Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> 

He was born between 1758 and 1763. His place of birth is unknown. No doubt he was an [[Ashkenazic]], [[Yiddish]]-speaking Jew, born to a traditional Jewish family in the pre-partitioned [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Blank was not a normative Polish-Jewish last name, but not a rarity either: quite a number of Jews in Starokonstantinovo had that last name.((sfn|Petrovsky-Shtern|2010|p=28)) '''Miriam Froimovich''', Moshko’s wife and Lenin’s great-grandmother, was a native of Starokonstantinov, born about 1763. She also came from an Ashkenazic Jewish family. Her last name is an adaptation of her [[patronymics]], as her father’s first name, Froim, Yiddish for Efraim. Miriam Blank most likely gave birth to a number of children, but only three of them survived: Abel, born in 1794, Liba, born around 1798, and Yisroel born in 1804.((sfn|Petrovsky-Shtern|2010|p=28))

Moshko claimed that his tavern in Starokonastantinovo brought him around 10 silver [[Russian ruble|rouble]]s per week <ref>In this period Russian Empire had two parallel currencies: silver roubles and [[assignation ruble]]s</ref> that was probably a strong exaggeration.((sfn|Petrovsky-Shtern|2010|p=30)) He also rented a plot of land in [[Novograd-Volynsky Uyezd]], [[Volhynian Governorate]] where he grew [[chicory]].<ref name=orthomed>Tatyana Koloskova [http://g-klimov.info/klimov-kk/Kk-p08.htm Новая книга о “тайнах родословной” Ленина]</ref> He sent his sons into a secular Russian school instead of a traditional religious Jewish ''[[cheder]]'' which was unusual in those times.<ref name=Sem40/><ref name=orthomed/>

Most of his life story is known through the documents related to his complicated feud with the local ''[[kehilla (modern)|kahal]]''. In 1803, the ''kahal'' accused Moshe of stealing hay;<ref name=orthomed/> in 1805, they accused him of selling cheaper ordinary vodka as a more expensive "fruit vodka" brand. The official courts cleared Moshe on both counts.<ref name=Sem40/><ref name=orthomed/> In 1806, Moshe, in turn, accused the ''kahal'' of shielding local Jews from taxes and [[Cantonist|their children]] from conscription into the Russian Army. In 1808, 22 local Jews accused Moshe Blank of [[arson]] that destroyed or damaged many houses in Starokonastantinovo, including the Blanks' own house.<ref name=Sem40/><ref name=orthomed/> Some researchers believe that the arson charges were true and that Blank indeed was a [[pyromaniac]], while others consider the charges as a false report done as a revenge for his reports.<ref name=orthomed/> In 1809, Novohrad-Volynian magistrate cleared Blank from the arson charges, but the family had to move to [[Zhitomir]].<ref name=orthomed/>

[[File:Map showing percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, c. 1905.png|thumb|right|200px|Concentration of Jewish population in the [[Pale of Settlement]]]]

In August 1816, Blank wrote a letter to the Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas]] complaining that he was persecuted by the ''kahal'' because of his fight for the true Judaism, free from what he saw as superstitions and nationalistic excesses. The letter was intercepted by the local administration and was not delivered to the addressee. In November 1816, Moshe Blank sued his son, Abel Blank, alleging that his son had beaten and verbally abused him over a monetary dispute - Moshe promised to pay some dowry after Abel's marriage but changed his mind afterwards. Abel was arrested and threatened with exile to [[Siberia]], but eventually after the Blanks neighbors gave the best possible character assessment of the son and the worst possible of the father, Abel was cleared from the charges and Moshe fined for the false report.

On 10 July 1820, in [[Saint Petersburg]], two sons of Moshe: Abel and Srul were baptized into [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. At the time in Russia, conversion of Jews was a rare and a high profile event. The godfathers of the sons were [[Governing Senate|senator]] Dmitry Baranov and the [[Actual Privy Counsellor]] Alexander [[Apraksin]]. Both of the sons were named after their godfathers and received [[patronymic]]s after Dmitry Baranov. Thus, Abel Moshevich became Dmitry Dmitrievich and Srul Moshevich became Alexander Dmitrievich. The same year, the brothers were admitted to the ''Saint Petersburg Academy of Medical Surgeons'' (Петербургская Медико-Хирургическая Академия).<ref name=sem40b>[http://www.sem40.ru/rest/interesting/18997/ Семья Бланк: Еврейские корни вождя мировой Революции] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031956/http://www.sem40.ru/rest/interesting/18997/ |date=October 30, 2007 )) ''Sem-40'' May 8, 2007</ref><ref name="Brothers">((cite web |last1=Domil |first1=Valentin |title=Братья Бланки |url=http://berkovich-zametki.com/2007/Zametki/Nomer8/Domil1.htm))</ref> According to the customs of the time, conversions to Christianity meant breaking of the family connections.

In 1825, Moshe Blank finally won his litigation with the Starokonstantinovo Jews; he received more than 15 thousand roubles distributed among the 22 plaintiffs as a compensation for his losses, while 11 of the plaintiffs were imprisoned for libel. The lucky turn of the litigation was probably influenced by the powerful godfathers of Moshe's sons <ref name="Arutyn">((cite book |last1=Arutyunov |first1=Akim |title=Ленин. Личностная и политическая биография. Документы, факты, свидетельства. |date=2003 |publisher=Вече |isbn=5-94538-367-8 |url=https://libking.ru/books/sci-/sci-history/66015-akim-arutyunov-dose-lenina-bez-retushi-dokumenty-fakty-svidetelstva.html))</ref>

On 1 January 1845, at the age of 86, Moshe Blank also converted to Christianity. He was baptized Dmitry, probably matching the patronymics of his sons.<ref name=Sem40/> He wrote letters to the Emperor Nicholas I (there are known letters of 7 June 1845 and 18 September 1846 acknowledging that he had broken with the Jews for 40 years but could only convert after the death of his "very religious wife"). In his letters, he advocated to significantly tighten the limitation for the religious Jews: to forbid prayers for the coming of [[Moshiach]], but instead require every Saturday to pray for the [[Tsar]] and his family; to forbid [[Hasidic Judaism]] and visits of Jewish houses by rabbis; to forbid [[Shabbos goy|non-Jews employed by the Jews to work on Saturdays]] and so on. According to Blank, the new requirements would greatly increase conversion of the Jews and would make Government payments of 30 roubles to each convert unnecessary.<ref name=Sem40/><ref name="Tayny"/>

There is no information on the last years of Moshe Blank.<ref name=orthomed/>

==Abel (Dmitry) Blank==
'''Abel Moshevich Blank''' (((lang-ru|Абель Мошевич Бланк))) baptized as '''Dmitry Dmitrievich Blank''' after his  godfather senator Dmitry Baranov (1794-26 June 1831) was a [[Russia]]n-Jewish medical doctor, son of Moshe (Dmitry) Blank.<ref name=sem40b/><ref name="Tayny"/>

After his conversion to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], in 1820, Dmitry was admitted to the ''Saint Petersburg Academy of Medical Surgeons'' which he graduated in 1824. Dmitry worked as a medical doctor and was murdered on 26 June 1831 during the infamous [[Cholera Mutiny]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]: the [[lynching]] mob decided that the [[cholera]] epidemic in the city was caused by the actions of the medical doctors and quarantine officials. Among the murdered, there was doctor Dmitry (Abel) Blank who was [[Defenestration|defenestrated]] by the mob from his own office on the third floor of the ''Central Cholera Hospital''.<ref name=sem40b/><ref name="Brothers"/><ref name="Tayny"/>

==Srul (Alexander) Blank==
[[Image:AlexanderBlank.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Blank]]

'''Srul Moshevich Blank''' (((lang-ru|Сруль Мошевич Бланк))) also spelled '''Israil Moiseevich Blank''' (((lang-ru|Израиль Моисеевич Бланк))) baptized '''Alexander Dmitrievich Blank''' (Александр Дмитриевич Бланк); (1804-17 July 1870) was a Russian medical doctor and a landowner, the younger son of Moshe Blank and a grandfather of [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref name=sem40b/><ref name="Brothers"/><ref name="Tayny"/>

According to the mainstream theory, Srul was born in Starokonstantinovo and converted to Orthodox Christianity together with his brother in Saint Petersburg in 1820. He was baptized Alexander, after his godfather Actual Privy Counsellor Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and got the patronymic Dmitrievich after his brother's godfather, Dmitry Baranov. On 24 July 1818<!--changing from 1824; 1818 in Russian wiki article; he graduated in 1824; can't be both-->, Alexander entered the ''Saint Petersburg Academy of Medical Surgeons''.<ref name=Sem40/><ref name=orthomed/><ref name="Tayny"/>

On 19 July 1824, Alexander Blank graduated from medical school with a diploma as surgeon-obstetrician. He worked in the town of [[Porechye]] [[Smolensk Governorate]]. Soon, he returned to Saint Petersburg and worked as a police medical doctor, then in the Naval Department; in 1837, he started to work in Mariinsky Hospital. In 1842, he moved to [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], then [[Zlatoust]].

In 1847, he retired from the practice of medicine and bought the estate of [[Kokushkino]] or Yañasala (now [[Lenino-Kokushkino]]) in [[Tatarstan]] with 39 male [[serf]]s,<ref name=Arutyn/> where he lived until his death in 1870. In 1887-1888, Vladimir Lenin was exiled to his grandfather's estate.<ref name="Tayny"/>

Alexander Blank was a doctor of the great [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] poet [[Taras Shevchenko]]. In 1837, in Saint Petersburg, he reportedly saved Shevchenko (then a young pupil of artist Shiryayev) from a dangerous illness. Later, in the 1850s, during his exile to [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Shevchenko was afflicted with an "indecent illness out of his romance with actress Pekunova" (most probably a sort of a [[sexually transmitted disease]]). Shevchenko sent for the retired doctor Alexander Blank who was able to cure him.<ref name=sem40b/><ref name="Brothers"/><ref name="Tayny"/>

Alexander Blank married twice. His first wife was Anna Großschopf (Анна Ивановна Гроссшопф). They had one son, Dmitry, who committed suicide at the age of 19 because of a gambling debt<ref name=sem40b/> and five daughters: Anna, Lyubov, Yekaterina, [[Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova|Maria]] and Sofia.<ref name=Arutyn/> Each of the five daughters married a school teacher and left five to ten children. The fourth daughter, [[Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova|Maria]] married [[Ilya Ulyanov]] and became the mother of [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref name=sem40b/><ref name="Brothers"/><ref name="Tayny"/>

Anna Großschopf was half-German and half-Swedish; her German ancestors came from Northern Germany and that branch of the family produced many notable Germans who were discovered to be distant relatives of Vladimir Lenin. Among them are Nazi [[field marshal]] [[Walter Model]], German [[archeologist]] [[Ernst Curtius]], [[President of Germany]] [[Richard von Weizsäcker]] and many others.<ref name=Arutyn/> Her Swedish ancestors came from [[Stockholm]], [[Uppsala]], and [[Kristinehamn]].

In 1838, Anna Großschopf died and Alexander Blank married the widow of a government official of [[Table of Ranks|XII class]], Yekaterina Ivanovna Essen (1842).<ref name=Arutyn/> The second marriage was childless.<ref name=Arutyn/><ref name="Tayny"/>

==Later generations==
The Blank daughters married becoming Veretennikova, Ulyanova, Zalezhsky, Lavrova, and Ardasheva.
All of those families had many children. Currently, there are known 130 descendants of Alexander Blank.<ref name=aif>[http://www.argumenti.ru/publications/3449 В России живут десятки потомков семейства Ульяновых] by Sergey Nekhamrin [[Argumenty i Facty]] N16 (50) 19 April 2007</ref>

The most notable is the family of '''[[Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova|Maria Alexandrovna Blank]]''' who married [[Ilya Ulyanov]] and mothered '''[[Vladimir Lenin]]''' (born Vladimir Ulyanov). Lenin's having had quarter-Jewish heritage tends to be spotlighted by authors who subscribe to the [[antisemitic]] [[Jewish Bolshevism]] [[conspiracy theory]] linking [[Zionism]] and [[Communism]]. It is possible that the argument that Alexander Blank had Jewish origin was spread for partly political reasons. In spite of the historical evidence mentioned above, there is dispute among historians in Russia about whether or not he may have had such an origin. <ref>См. интервью с биографом Ленина: ''Котеленец Е. А.'' [http://www.kp.ru/daily/26670.5/3692043/ Битва за Ленина: шесть мифов о вожде революции].</ref>

'''Victor Ardashev''', a first cousin of Vladimir Lenin, was a member of the [[Constitutional Democratic Party]] from [[Verkhoturye]], Perm [[Governorate]]. After the dispersion  of the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]], he published a critical proclamation and was murdered (under pretext of attempts to escape) by [[Yakov Yurovsky]] in February 1918.<ref name=aif/> Incidentally, the same Yurovsky was the chief executioner of the last Russian  Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]].

'''Alexander Ardashev''', brother of Victor and another first cousin of Vladimir Lenin, was also arrested by [[Cheka]] but released after the request by Lenin.<ref name=aif/>

'''Georgy Ardashev''', a son of Alexander Ardashev and a first cousin once removed of Vladimir Lenin, was a [[Praporshchik]] and a commander of a [[cavalry]] [[squadron (army)|squadron]] in [[Yekaterinburg]] [[garrison]]. In 1918, he refused to disperse an anti-Bolshevik soldier assembly and was executed by Cheka the same night.<ref name=aif/>

'''Nicholas Pervukhin''', a grandson of Zalezhsky and another Lenin first cousin once removed, was arrested by Cheka and allowed to emigrate to Canada after a letter from [[Dmitri Ilyich Ulyanov|Dmitri Ulyanov]], a younger brother of Vladimir Lenin, who at that time stopped all the revolutionary activities and worked as a medical doctor. It appeared that Cheka mixed up Dmitri with Vladimir Lenin. He later worked for the [[United Nations]] as a Russian interpreter and incidentally provided the synchronized translation during the famed [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[shoe-banging incident]].<ref name=aif/>

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
*((cite book |last1=Petrovsky-Shtern |first1=Alexander |title=Lenin's Jewish Question |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300152104 |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300152104/lenins-jewish-question|author-link=Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern))

((DEFAULTSORT:Blank Family))
[[Category:Russian families]]
[[Category:Vladimir Lenin]]
[[Category:People from Volhynian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish families]]

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