Image of a 3rd-century (AD) glass bowl which depicts Solomon's Temple. Boaz and Jachin are the detached black pillars shown on either side of the entrance steps.

According to the Bible, Boaz (Hebrew: בֹּעַז‎ Bōʿaz) and Jachin (יָכִין‎ Yāḵīn) were two copper, brass or bronze pillars which stood on the porch of Solomon's Temple, the first Temple in Jerusalem.[1] They are used as symbols in Freemasonry and sometimes in religious architecture. They were probably not support structures but free-standing, based on similar pillars found in other nearby temples.[2]

Description

In the Bible

The pillars were nearly six feet (1.8 metres) thick and 27 feet (8.2 metres) tall. The eight-foot (2.4 metres) high brass chapiters, or capitals, on top of the pillars bore decorations, in brass, of lilies. The original measurement as taken from the Torah was in cubits, which records that the pillars were 18 cubits high and 12 cubits around, and hollow—four fingers thick. (Jeremiah 52:21–22). Nets of checkerwork covered the bowl of each chapiter, decorated with rows of 200 pomegranates, wreathed with seven chains for each chapiter, and topped with lilies (1 Kings 7:13–22, 41–42).

The pillars did not survive the destruction of the First Temple; Jeremiah 52:17 reports: "The Chaldeans broke up the bronze columns of the House of the Lord". II Kings 25:13 has a similar account. The pillars were carried away in pieces for ease of transportation. When the Second Temple was built, the pillars were not returned, and there exists no record of new pillars being constructed to replace them.[3]

Orientation

Jewish commentators

According to rabbi Raymond Apple, "Jewish commentators on I Kings 7:21 maintain that it was when one stood inside the building and looked out toward the entrance in the east" that Jachin was on the right (to the south) and Boaz was on the left (to the north).[4]

Josephus

According to the first-century Romano-Jewish scholar Josephus' book Antiquities of the Jews, Jachin (Hebrew יָכִין yakin "He/it will establish") stood on the right on the portico of Solomon's Temple, while Boaz (Hebrew בֹּעַז boʿaz "In him/it [is] strength") stood on the left, and the two were made by a Canaanite craftsman named Hiram.[5] An explanatory note by William Whiston on paragraph 6 of the same chapter,[6] explains this as agreeing with the opinion of the Jewish commentators.[4]

Opposing view

Carl Watzinger (1877-1948), a German archaeologist, assuming that the point of view was in the east looking toward the temple, reversed this traditional placement of the pillars in a drawing of the temple which has been used by subsequent sources including Encyclopaedia Judaica. Due to this, some recent sources place Jachin to the north and Boaz to the south, contrary to the older tradition.[4]

Cultural influence

The High Priestess or The Popess (II) in the Rider–Waite tarot deck

The Romanesque Church of Santa Maria Maggiore at Tuscania, Italy, has a recessed entrance flanked by a pair of free-standing stone columns intended to evoke Boaz and Jachin.[7] Similar pillars intended to represent Boaz and Jachin also exist in Würzburg Cathedral (Germany) and Dalby Church (Sweden).[8] Columns representing Boaz and Jachin can be found in most Masonic lodges and are emblematic of their use in Masonic ritual.[9] The pillars are part of a symbolic use of Solomon's Temple itself.[10]

Jakin, an incorporated town in the U.S. state of Georgia, takes its name from the pillar.[11]

Some variants of the Tarot card The High Priestess depict Boaz and Jachin.[12]

In popular culture

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ See (1 Kings 7:15, 1 Kings 7:21; 2 Kings 11:14; 23:3).
  2. ^ R. B. Y. Scott (1939). "The Pillars Jachin and Boaz". Journal of Biblical Literature. 58 (2): 143–149. doi:10.2307/3259857. JSTOR 3259857.
  3. ^ "OzTorah » Blog Archive » Pillars of the Temple". www.oztorah.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Apple, Raymond (2014). "The Pillars of the Temple" (PDF). Jewish Bible Quarterly.
  5. ^ Josephus, Flavius (October 2001). The Antiquities of the Jews. Retrieved July 8, 2015 – via Project Gutenberg. Book 8, Chapter 3, Paragraph 4.
  6. ^ Whiston, William (1999). The New Complete Works of Josephus. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. p. 275 n. 5. ... thus it follows, that the pillar Jakin, on the right hand of the temple was on the south, against our left hand; and Boaz on the north, against our right hand.
  7. ^ Hamblin, William J. and Seeely, David Rolph, Solomon's Temple; Myth and History, Thames and Hudson, 2007, p. 109
  8. ^ Borgehammar, Stephan (2012). "Symboler i Dalby" [Symbols in Dalby]. In Borgehammar, Stephan; Wienberg, Jes (eds.). Locus celebris: Dalby kyrka, kloster och gård [Locus celebris: Dalby Church, monastery and estate] (in Swedish). Gothenburg: Makadam förlag / Lund University. pp. 77–79. ISBN 9789170611162.
  9. ^ "PS Review of Freemasonry". PS Review of Freemasonry. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  10. ^ Moore, William D. (14 September 2018). Masonic Temples: Freemasonry, Ritual Architecture, and Masculine Archetypes. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781572334960. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Resolution on Jakin centennial, Georgia House of Representatives Archived 2008-05-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ Dean, Liz (15 May 2015). The Ultimate Guide to Tarot: A Beginner's Guide to the Cards, Spreads, and Revealing the Mystery of the Tarot. Fair Winds Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781592336579. Retrieved 13 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ (U.S.), Children's Literature Association; Literature, Modern Language Association Group on Children's (13 September 1980). Children's literature, volume 8: annual of the Modern Language Association Division on Children's literature and the Children's Literature Association. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300024524. Retrieved 13 September 2018 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "ZAFT's two fortresses, Boaz and Jachin Due, are named for the two pillars in Solomon's Temple: Boaz and Jachin. The Due part of Jachin Due most likely comes from the fact that it is the second (deux, duo) fortress erected near the PLANTs". Anime News Network - Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  15. ^ Cox, Simon (2014). Decoding The Lost Symbol: The Unauthorized Expert Guide to the Facts Behind the Fiction. Simon & Schuster. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781439172612.

External links

Temples in Jewish history
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