.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (April 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 3,038 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Bolitophilidae]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ((Translated|it|Bolitophilidae)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Bolitophila
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Bolitophila cinerea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Infraorder: Bibionomorpha
Superfamily: Sciaroidea
Family: Bolitophilidae
Winnertz, 1863
Genus: Bolitophila
Meigen, 1818
Type species
Bolitophila cinerea
Meigen, 1818
Synonyms

Bolitophila is the sole living genus in the Bolitophilidae, a family of Diptera in the superfamily Sciaroidea, with around 40 Palaearctic and about 20 Nearctic species, and three species from the Oriental region (Taiwan).[1][2] They are small (6–9 mm).


Biology

The larvae of Bolitophila are mycetophagous and live in decaying wood or other organic debris overgrown by fungal plant substrates. Pupation takes place inside the fungal mycelium in soil or litter. Adults prefer shady and humid environments and can be found in the undergrowth of mixed forests, often near watercourses.

Evolutionary history

The oldest fossils belonging to Bolitophila are known from the Eocene, with Bolitophila warreni known from the Lutetian aged Kishenehn Formation in Montana and Bolitophila rohdendorfi known from Baltic amber. The closest known relative to Bolitophila and only other known member of the family is the extinct genus Mangas, known from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) aged Gurvan-Eren Formation of Mongolia and the Khasurty locality of Buryatia, Russia.[3]

Species

Morphology

Schematic representation of the wing veins in the sub Bolitophila (above) and Cliopisa (below). Note the different termination of R 4 in the two subgenera.
Legenda: Pt: pterostigma; C: costa; Sc: subcosta; R: radio; M: media; Cu: cubitus; A: anal; h: humeral; r-m: radio-medial; m-cu: medio-cubital.
Conformation of the wing-veins in the subgenus Bolitophila

References

  1. ^ a b c Ševaík, L.; Papp, J. (2004). "Bolitophilidae (Diptera) from Taiwan: a family new to the Oriental region" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 50 (1): 55–62. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  2. ^ Bechev, Dimitar; Chandler, Peter (2011). "Catalogue of the Bolitophilidae and Diadocidiidae of the World (Insecta: Diptera)". Zootaxa. 2741 (1): 38–58. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2741.1.2.
  3. ^ Greenwalt, Dale E.; Blagoderov, Vladimir A. (2019-03-18). "Review of the fossil record of Bolitophilidae, with description of new taxa and discussion of position of Mangas Kovalev (Diptera: Sciaroidea)". Zootaxa. 4567 (3): 546–560. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4567.3.6. PMID 31715886. S2CID 91699957.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Garrett, C.B.D. (1925). Sixty-one new Diptera. Cranbrook, British Columbia: Published by the author. pp. 1–12.
  5. ^ Ostroverkhova, G. P. (1971). "New and little know species of fungus gnats (Diptera, Fungivoridae) from Krasnoyarsk's Reserve Stolby". Trudy Gasudart. Zapov. Stolby, Krasnoyarsk (in Russian). 8: 91–99.
  6. ^ a b Fisher, Elizabeth G. (1937). "New North American fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 45: 387–401, 2 pls. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  7. ^ Lundstrom, C. (1914). "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dipteren Finlands. IX. Supplement 3. Mycetophilidae". Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 39 (2): 1–26.
  8. ^ Fisher, E. G. (1934). "Four new species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera)". Canadian Entomologist. 66 (12): 276–278. doi:10.4039/Ent66276-12. S2CID 83607481.
  9. ^ a b Mayer, H. (1950). "Zwei neue Fungivoriden (Diptera, Nematocera) aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museum Wien" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 57: 281–283. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Mayer, H. (1951). "Neue Fungivoridae (Diptera, Menatocera) aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" (PDF). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 58: 127–136. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  11. ^ Shaw, F. R. (1940). "Some new Mycetophilidae". Canadian Entomologist. 72 (3): 48–51. doi:10.4039/Ent7248-3.
  12. ^ a b Plassmann, E. (1987). "Neun neue Pilzmucken aus der Westpalaarktis. (Diptera, Nematocera, Mycetophilidae)". Spixiana. 9: 143–150.
  13. ^ a b Tollet, R. (1943). "Notes sur les Dipteres Mycetophilidae de Belgique. I. Ditomyiinae, Bolitophilidae". Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle du Belgique. 19 (59): 1–20.
  14. ^ a b c d Tollet, R. (1955). "Etudes Biospeologiques. XXXVI. Revision des Mycetophilidae cavernicoles de Transylvanicae (Diptera, Nematocera) recueillis par R. Leruth". Mémoires de la Société Royale d'Entomologie de Belgique. 27: 443–469.
  15. ^ a b c d e Ostroverkhova, G. P. (1979). Fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) of Siberia (in Russian). Tomsk. pp. 1–308.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Plassmann, E. (1988). "Eine neue Pilzmucke der Gattung Bolitophila Meigen aus Norddeutschland (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)" (PDF). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins. 13: 23–27.

Further reading

External links

Extant Diptera families
Taxon identifiers
Categories