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((Short description|Drilling a hole, tunnel, or well into the Earth))
((refimprove|date=November 2017))

'''Boring''' is [[drilling]] a hole, tunnel, or well in the Earth. It is used for various applications in [[geology]], [[agriculture]], [[hydrology]], [[civil engineering]], and [[mineral exploration]]. Today, most Earth drilling serves one of the following purposes:
* return samples of the [[soil]] and/or [[rock (geology)|rock]] through which the drill passes
* access rocks from which material can be extracted
* access rocks which can then be measured
* provide access to rock for purposes of providing engineering support

Unlike drilling in other materials where the aim is to create a hole for some purpose, often the case of drilling or coring is to get an understanding of the ground/[[lithology]]. This may be done for [[prospecting]] to identify and quantify an ore body for mining, or to determining the type of foundations needed for a building or raised structure, or for underground structures, including tunnels and deep basements where an understanding of the ground is vital to determining how to excavate and the support philosophy. Drilling is also used in vertical and inclined shaft construction.

[[Image:Boring Machine 1911 Illustration.jpg|thumb|A boring machine illustration from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]].]]
[[Image:Boring machine.jpg|thumb|[[Mud log]] in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling wells.]]

==History==
Borehole drilling has a long history. [[Han dynasty]] China (202 BC&nbsp;– 220 AD) used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects. Chinese borehole sites could reach as deep as 600&nbsp;m (2,000&nbsp;ft).<ref name="loewe 1968 194">* Loewe, Michael. (1968). ''Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220''. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 194.</ref>

==Methods==
When drilling in stone, one must pay particular attention to the type of material.  There are three different classifications of drill bits used for drilling into stone: soft, medium, and hard.  Soft formation rock bits are used in unconsolidated sands, clays, and soft limestones, etc.  Medium formation bits are used in [[dolomites]], [[limestones]], and [[shale]], while hard formation bits are used in hard shale, [[mudstones]], [[granite]], [[limestones]] and other hard and/or abrasive formations.

Soft ground drilling can be undertaken using a [[rotary auger]] or [[wash boring]] techniques, while rock drilling often use methods such as [[NMLC]] which allow for recovery of a core of material which can be examined to determine the strength, degree of weathering, understanding of any how intact the rock is ([[RQD]]) and identify any [[Discontinuity (geotechnical engineering)|discontinuities]] or other planes of weakness.

Testing of the material in [[borehole]]s is also possible. In soft ground the [[standard penetration test]] can be used to determine the strength of the material. In rock in-situ stress testing using [[hydrofracturing]] or [[overcoring]], [[Acoustic Televiewer]] can be used to map discontinuities to determine their orientation. It is also possible once a borehole is complete to measure the [[Permeability (earth sciences)|permeability]]. Samples of water and material are also taken for examination and lab testing.

== Superdeep Borehole ==
In 1961 the United States began [[Project Mohole]], an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]] into the [[Mohorovicic discontinuity|Mohorovičić discontinuity]]. The project was discontinued due to high cost. 

The [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] was a similar project of the [[USSR]] in the 1970s and early 1980s the [[USSR]] attempted to drill a hole through the [[crust (geology)|crust]], to sample the Mohorovičić discontinuity.  The deepest hole ever drilled failed not because of lack of money or time, but because of [[Petrophysics|rock physics]] at depth.  At approximately 12,000 metres depth, rock begins to act more like a [[Plasticity (physics)|plastic]] solid than a rigid solid.  Rock temperatures of several hundred degrees [[Celsius]], required that the [[drilling fluid]] be [[refrigeration|refrigerated]] before being sent to the cutting face of the drill.  As the drill bits burnt out and were removed for replacement, the hole simply flowed closed, and the rock had to be re-drilled.  The hole was scrapped.

Further attempts are planned by [[United States|American]] consortia and further [[Russia]]n attempts in [[Finland]].

== Ice boring ==

[[Ice cores]] are drilled by hollow bits, in much the same way that sediment cores are drilled. When all that is needed is the hole, hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice or snow for both Arctic and Antarctic research purposes. Equipment for such a method is also lightweight when drilling deep holes, compared to traditional drilling equipment. Hot water drilling has been used successfully in the [[IceCube Neutrino Detector]] and [[Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array]] projects to drill as deep as 2,450 meters.

==See also==
* [[Directional boring]]
* [[Drifter (drill)]]
* [[Oil well]]
* [[Standard penetration test]]
* [[Tunnel boring machine]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20130213085617/http://weppi.gtk.fi/projects/o_k_deepdrilling Outokumpu Deep Drilling]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=fScDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Idaho+Maryland+cylindrical+drill&pg=PA104  John Branner Newsom's boring machine]

[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Drilling technology]]
[[Category:Geological techniques]]
[[Category:Hole making]]

[[ka:ბურღვა]]
[[ja:ボーリング]]
[[fr:Forage]]

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