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((Short description|Public school system of Boston))
((Use mdy dates|date=July 2023))
((Infobox school district
|name                = Boston Public Schools
|logo                = [[File:Boston Public Schools logo.svg|200px]]
|motto               =
|type                = [[State school|Public]]
| budget              = $1,332,439,836 total<br />$20,247 per pupil<br />(2016)<ref>((cite web|url=http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/statereport/ppx.aspx |title=Massachusetts Department Of Elementary And Secondary Education - Per Pupil Expenditures Statewide Report |publisher=Profiles.doe.mass.edu |date=2019-02-07 |access-date=2019-08-21))</ref>
|established         = 1647
|region              =
|grades              = K-12
|superintendent      = Mary Skipper<ref>((cite web|url=http://bostonpublicschools.org/domain/31|title=Office of the Superintendent / Office of the Superintendent|website=bostonpublicschools.org))</ref>
|schools             = 109 (2023-2024)<ref name="profiles.doe.mass.edu">((cite web | url=https://profiles.doe.mass.edu/general/general.aspx?topNavID=1&leftNavId=100&orgcode=00350000&orgtypecode=5 | title=Contact Information - Boston (00350000) ))</ref>
|students            = 45,742 (2023-2024)<ref name="profiles.doe.mass.edu">((cite web | url=https://profiles.doe.mass.edu/general/general.aspx?topNavID=1&leftNavId=100&orgcode=00350000&orgtypecode=5 | title=Contact Information - Boston (00350000) ))</ref>
|teachers            = 4,256(2021-2022)<ref name="teachers">((cite web | url=https://profiles.doe.mass.edu/profiles/teacher.aspx?orgcode=00350000&orgtypecode=5& | title=Teacher Data (2021-22) - Boston (00350000) ))</ref>
|staff               = 4,352 (2009-2010)<ref name="glance">((cite web|title=Boston Public Schools at a Glance 2009–2010 |date=February 25, 2010 |access-date=November 17, 2010 |url=http://bostonpublicschools.org/files/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2010-0225.pdf |publisher=Boston Public Schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110075022/http://bostonpublicschools.org/files/BPS%20at%20a%20Glance%2010-0225.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2010 ))</ref>
|ratio               = 10.8 to 1 (2014-2015)<ref name="teachers"/>
|conference          =
|accreditation       =
|location            = 2300 Washington Street,<br />[[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]], [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts|MA]] 02119
|country             = [[United States]]
|website             = [http://www.bostonpublicschools.org Boston Public Schools]
|free_label          =Average<br />[[SAT]] scores
|free_text           =496 verbal<br />513 math<br />1009 total (2017-2018)<ref>((cite web|url=http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/statereport/sat.aspx |title=Massachusetts Department Of Elementary And Secondary Education - 2017-18 SAT Performance Report - All Students Statewide Report |publisher=Profiles.doe.mass.edu |date=2018-09-20 |access-date=2019-08-21))</ref>
))

'''Boston Public Schools''' ('''BPS''') is a [[school district]] serving the city of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. It is the largest public school district in the state of Massachusetts.<ref name="mass.edu">((cite web|url=http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/profiles/student.aspx?orgcode=00350000&orgtypecode=5&|title=Enrollment Data (2017-18) - Boston (00350000)|website=profiles.doe.mass.edu))</ref>

==Leadership==
[[File:Carol Johnson at Bates.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Dr. Carol R. Johnson (back row, far left), former Superintendent of the Boston Public Schools, meets students and their teacher Mrs. McClain and principal at the Bates Elementary School in Roslindale.]]
The district is led by a [[Superintendent (education)|Superintendent]], hired by the '''Boston School Committee''', a seven-member school board [[mayoral control of schools|appointed by the mayor]] after approval by a nominating committee of specified stakeholders.<ref>[http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/node/285 School Committee Members Nomination and Appointment Procedure], ''BPS Website''  ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182725/http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/node/285 |date=December 3, 2008 ))</ref> The School Committee sets policy for the district and approves the district's annual operating budget. This governing body replaced a 13-member elected committee after a public referendum vote in 1991.<ref>[http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/node/285 Founding Legislation: Chapter 108], ''BPS Website''  ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709011342/http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/node/285 |date=July 9, 2010 ))</ref>  The superintendent serves as a member of the mayor's cabinet.

From October 1995 through June 2006, Dr. [[Thomas Payzant]] served as superintendent.  A former undersecretary in the [[US Department of Education]],  Payzant was the first superintendent selected by the appointed School Committee.  Upon Dr. Payzant's retirement, Chief Operating Officer Michael G. Contompasis, former headmaster of [[Boston Latin School]], became Interim Superintendent, and was appointed superintendent in October 2006.  Dr. Manuel J. Rivera, superintendent of the [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] City School District, had agreed to become the next superintendent of the BPS, but instead accepted a post as deputy secretary for public education for New York Governor [[Eliot Spitzer]]. In June 2007, the Boston School Committee voted unanimously to appoint Dr. Carol R. Johnson as the next superintendent, beginning in August 2007.  Dr. Johnson had served as superintendent of the [[Memphis City Schools]] since 2003. Dr. Johnson's tenure ended in summer 2013, and John McDonough served as interim superintendent until July 1, 2015.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/news/boston-school-committee-appoints-john-mcdonough-interim-superintendent |title= Boston School Committee appoints John McDonough as interim Superintendent &#124; Boston Public Schools|website=www.bostonpublicschools.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807052229/http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/news/boston-school-committee-appoints-john-mcdonough-interim-superintendent |archive-date=August 7, 2013))</ref> The superintendent was Dr. [[Tommy Chang (educator)|Tommy Chang]] until his resignation in 2018. Laura Perille served as interim superintendent until July 2019 when Brenda Cassellius began her tenure. Cassellius resigned effective June 2022, and was replaced on an interim basis by Dr. Drew Echelson. Mary Skipper will serve as superintendent effective September 2022.

The mayor and Boston City Council have control over the overall appropriation for the Boston Public Schools, but the School Committee has control over how funding is allocated internally, and has control over policy.<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19F.pdf External Actors and the Boston Public Schools—The Courts, the Business Community, and the Mayor] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006230130/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF19F.pdf |date=October 6, 2007 )), ''[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]''</ref>

=== List of superintendents ===
((more citations  needed|section|date=August 2021))
*[[Nathan Bishop (educator)|Nathan Bishop]] (1851–1856)
*[[John Dudley Philbrick]] (1856–1878)
*[[Samuel Eliot (historian)|Samuel Eliot]] (1878–1880)
*[[Edwin P. Seaver]] (1880–1904)
*[[George H. Conley]] (1904–1905)
*Walter S. Parker (1905–1906) ''Acting''
*[[Stratton D. Brooks]] (1906–1912)
*Maurice P. White (1912–1912) ''Acting''
*Dr. [[Franklin B. Dyer]] (1912–1918)
*[[Frank V. Thompson]] (1918–1921)
*[[Jeremiah E. Burke]] (1921–1931)
*[[Patrick T. Campbell]] (1931–1937)
*[[Arthur L. Gould]] (1937–1948)
*Dr. [[Dennis C. Haley]] (1948–1960)
*Dr. [[Frederick Gillis]] (1960–1963)
*Dr. [[William H. Ohrenberger]] (1963–1972)
*[[William J. Leary]] (1972–1975)
*[[Marion Fahey]] (1975–1978)
*[[Robert Coldwell Wood]] (1978–1980)
*Paul Kennedy (1980–1981) ''Acting''
*Joseph McDonough (1981) ''Acting''
*[[Robert R. Spillane]] (1981–1985)<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/07/19/robert-spillane-boston-public-schools-superintendent-early-dies/fQsuSnnasjuwVBaK4GIMlM/story.html|title=Robert R. Spillane, Boston Public Schools superintendent in early 1980s, dies at 80 - The Boston Globe|website=bostonglobe.com))</ref>
* Dr. [[Laval Wilson|Laval S. Wilson]] (1985–1991)
* [[Lois Harrison-Jones]] (1991–1995)
* Dr. [[Thomas Payzant]] (1995–2006)
* Michael G. Contompasis (2006–2007) ''Interim''
* Dr. [[Carol Johnson-Dean|Carol R. Johnson]] (2007–2012)
* John McDonough (2012–2015) ''Interim''
* Dr. [[Tommy Chang (educator)|Tommy Chang]] (2015–2018)
* Laura Perille (2018–2019) ''Interim''
* Dr. Brenda Cassellius (2019–2022)
* Dr. Drew Echelson (2022) ''Interim''
* Mary Skipper (2022-)

==History==

BPS is the oldest public school system in America, founded in 1647.<ref name=UNA>[http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=364181 About Boston Public Schools] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004014938/http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=364181 |date=October 4, 2006 )) United Nations Associate of the United States of America (UNA-USA)</ref>  It is also the home of the nation's first public school, [[Boston Latin School]], founded in 1635.<ref name=UNA/> [[The Mather School]] opened in 1639 as the nation's first public elementary school,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.masshome.com/events.html|title=Notable Events in Massachusetts History|website=www.masshome.com))</ref> and [[English High School of Boston|English High School]], the second public high school in the country, opened in 1821.<ref name=UNA/> In 1965, the state enacted the Racial Imbalance Law, requiring school districts to design and implement plans to effect racial balancing in schools that were more than 50% "non-white". After years of consistent failure by the [[Boston School Committee]] to comply with the law, the U.S District Court ruled in 1974 that the schools were unconstitutionally segregated, and implemented as a remedy the busing of many students from their neighborhood schools to other schools across the city.[12]

In April 2016, after four BPS schools (including [[Boston Latin Academy]]) were found to have levels of [[Lead poisoning|lead]] above the [[Lead abatement in the United States|state action level]] in fountain drinking water,<ref>((cite news|last=Pohle|first=Allison|title=Mass. dedicates $2 million to testing lead in public school water fountains|website=[[Boston.com]]|publisher=The Boston Globe|issn=0743-1791 | oclc=66652431    |url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/2016/04/26/mass-lead-drinking-water-public-schools|date=April 26, 2016|access-date=March 12, 2018))</ref> the administration of [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Charlie Baker]] announced that it would provide $2 million from the Massachusetts Clean Water Trust to fund a testing program operated by the [[Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection]] to provide technical assistance to public school districts in assessing samples of water both from fountains and from taps used in food preparation.<ref>((cite news|title=Massachusetts public schools get $2M to help test for lead in drinking water|publisher=[[WCVB-TV|WCVB]]|url=http://www.wcvb.com/article/massachusetts-public-schools-get-2m-to-help-test-for-lead-in-drinking-water/8234257|date=April 26, 2016|access-date=March 12, 2018))</ref> The next November, Baker provided an additional $750,000 to the program for further technical assistance with sampling and testing.<ref>((cite web|title=Massachusetts Officials Announce Additional $750,000 for Drinking Water Tests at Public Schools|website=www.mass.gov|url=https://www.mass.gov/news/massachusetts-officials-announce-additional-750000-for-drinking-water-tests-at-public-schools|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=March 12, 2018))</ref>

In November 2021, an analysis of [[Primary education in the United States|primary]] and [[Secondary education in the United States|secondary school]] enrollment statistics conducted by ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' found that enrollment in the district's 122 schools and 6 in-district [[Charter schools in the United States|charter schools]] in the 2021–2022 [[academic year]] had declined by more than 2,000 students from the previous academic year to less than 50,000 students for the first time in decades after falling by approximately 8,000 students during the previous decade.<ref>((cite news|last=Vaznis|first=James|date=November 18, 2021|title=Boston Public Schools' enrollment drops below 50,000 students for the first time in decades|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/18/metro/boston-public-schools-enrollment-drops-below-50000-students-first-time/|access-date=November 24, 2021))</ref> The following month, the Boston School Committee voted to close the Washington Irving Middle School, the James P. Timilty Middle School, and the Jackson/Mann K-8 School at the end of the school year.<ref>((cite news|last1=Cronin|first1=Colleen|last2=Russell|first2=Jenna|date=December 16, 2021|title=Boston School Committee votes to close three schools|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/16/metro/boston-school-committee-votes-close-three-middle-schools/|access-date=December 16, 2021))</ref> After a series of audits conducted by [[KPMG]] for the city found that the district may have overstated its graduation rates in 5 of the 7 academic years since 2014,<ref>((cite news|last1=Toness|first1=Bianca Vázquez|last2=Vaznis|first2=James|date=January 31, 2022|title=BPS may have overstated graduation rate for five of last seven years|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/01/31/metro/bps-may-have-overstated-graduation-rate-five-last-seven-years/|access-date=March 18, 2022))</ref> the [[Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education]] Commissioner notified the Boston Public Schools in March 2022 that the state would conduct a second district review following a two-year [[memorandum of understanding]] between the state and the district in lieu of [[receivership]] from the previous district review in 2020.<ref>((cite news|last=Vaznis|first=James|date=March 18, 2022|title=State to conduct second review of Boston Public Schools amid concerns it could pursue receivership|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/03/18/metro/state-conduct-second-review-boston-public-schools/|access-date=March 18, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Larkin|first=Max|date=March 18, 2020|title=What The State Sees Inside Boston Public Schools: Change, 'Bright Spots,' And Lots of Dysfunction|publisher=[[WBUR-FM|WBUR]]|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/18/bps-report-highlights|access-date=March 19, 2022))</ref>

In testimony before the [[Massachusetts Board of Education]] in the same month, [[Mayor of Boston|Boston Mayor]] [[Michelle Wu]] urged the State Board to not place the district under receivership, arguing that receivership would be counterproductive in light of her administration's transition and the district's search for a new superintendent.<ref>((cite news|last=Martin|first=Naomi|date=March 22, 2022|title=Mayor Wu urges state education board against Boston Public Schools takeover|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/03/22/metro/mayor-wu-testify-state-education-board-amid-concerns-takeover-boston-public-schools/|access-date=March 22, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Lannan|first=Katie|date=March 22, 2022|title=Receivership 'counterproductive' for Boston schools, Wu says|publisher=WBUR|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2022/03/22/receivership-boston-schools-wu|access-date=March 22, 2022))</ref> In May 2022, the Boston School Committee voted to close the Mission Hill K-8 School at the recommendation of the district superintendent following the completion of a report investigating multiple bullying incidents at the school.<ref>((cite news|last=Toness|first=Bianca Vázquez|date=May 5, 2022|title=Boston School Committee votes to shutter Mission Hill School|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/05/05/metro/boston-school-committee-votes-shutter-mission-hill-school/|access-date=May 6, 2022))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Martin|first=Naomi|date=April 27, 2022|title=Scathing investigation prompts Boston superintendent to recommend closing 'failed' Mission Hill School|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/04/27/metro/scathing-investigation-prompts-boston-superintendent-recommend-closing-failed-mission-hill-school/|access-date=May 6, 2022))</ref> In the 2022–2023 academic year, enrollment in the Boston Public Schools and the city's in-district charter schools fell for the eighth consecutive year.<ref>((cite news|last1=Huffaker|first1=Christopher|last2=Martin|first2=Naomi|date=December 2, 2022|title=Boston Public Schools' enrollment drops for 8th consecutive year|work=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/12/02/metro/boston-public-schools-enrollment-drops-8th-consecutive-year/|access-date=December 3, 2022))</ref> Pursuant to a report issued by the [[Boston Public Health Commission]],<ref>((cite report|title=Health of Boston 2024|year=2024|publisher=Boston Public Health Commission|url=https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2024/03/HOB_MentalHealth_2024.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2024))</ref> Mayor Wu announced in March 2024 that the Lee K-8 School, the McCormack Academy, the MLK Jr. Elementary School, the Madison Park Technical Vocational High School, the TechBoston Academy, the Henderson K-12 Inclusion School, and the Young Achievers School would participate in two programs aimed at addressing a rise in mental health issues among BPS students that her administration was committing $21 million in city government funding.<ref>((cite news|last=Daniel|first=Seth|date=March 21, 2024|title=Boston targets $21M to combat youth mental health 'crisis'|work=Dorchester Reporter|url=https://www.dotnews.com/2024/boston-targets-21m-combat-youth-mental-health-crisis|access-date=March 27, 2024))</ref>

===Busing and racial equity===
((Main|Morgan v. Hennigan|School desegregation in Boston|Boston desegregation busing crisis))
((See also|John F. Collins#Urban renewal|John F. Collins#Public housing|John F. Collins#UMass Boston and Boston Public Schools|Kevin White (politician)#Urban renewal and redlining))

The segregated state of Boston's neighborhoods, and school districts, that prompted busing were the direct result of [[redlining]], the denial of mortgages to racial minorities. In most other American cities, redlining had prompted large amounts of [[white flight]] to the suburbs. However, unlike those cities, at the time Boston's white population was still composed heavily of immigrant and first-generation families, the vast majority of which either lacked the means or desire to leave the city. As a result, redlining in Boston saw the creation of neighborhoods that were for the most part equally economically disadvantaged but racially imbalanced.<ref>((Cite web |last=Ofulue |first=Camille |date=2021-11-04 |title=Redlining in Boston: How the Architects of the Past Have Shaped Boston’s Future |url=https://www.bostonpoliticalreview.org/post/redlining-in-boston-how-the-architects-of-the-past-have-shaped-boston-s-future |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The BPR |language=en))</ref>

Subsequently, by the time of forced busing came to be in 1974 the majority of the white population were lower-middle and lower-class second-generation blue-collar nuclear families who were heavily reliant on public amenities and infrastructure. Neighborhood schools were part of the family-centered way of life for white families in Boston, a source of neighborhood pride and shared identity.((citation needed|date=September 2021))

Equally economically disadvantaged, the African American communities were heavily reliant on Boston's public amenities and infrastructure as well. However, due to the racial bias and corrupt oversight, the infrastructure of Boston's African American neighborhoods paled in comparison to that offered in primarily white communities.<ref name="youtube.com">"Can We Talk? Learning from Boston's Busing/Desegregation Crisis." YouTube, Mercer Media Relations, 14 Sept. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D8PtwUZkGc&amp;t=1725s.</ref> This inequality was nowhere more appalling or evident than in the neighborhood schools. In many cases, the understaffed and poorly funded schools were forced to teach with small quantities of outdated reading material and textbooks, as well as carefully rationed school supplies such as pencils, collecting them at the end of the day to ensure they would have enough. This lack of funding and support for the African American neighborhood schools was a result of the lack of proper and equal allocation of funding between white and black school districts within the Boston public school system. This primarily resulted from the racially prejudice all-white Boston public schools committee that wouldn't end up integrating until 1977 with the election of John D. O'Bryant<ref name="Boston Busing Crisis Story 1975">"The Boston Busing Crisis Story (1974 - 1975)." YouTube, Unstripped Voice, 14 Dec. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgM9sX7deOs.</ref> almost three full years after forced busing had begun.

As a direct result of this infrastructure imbalance when integration was instituted and forced busing began the two communities reacted almost conversely.<ref name="youtube.com"/> The African American communities although somewhat upset about losing the convenience of the local neighborhood schools welcomed the change with open arms hoping that it would force the school committee to fund all the schools with greater equality than in the past and that it would allow their children to gain a better education in the meantime.<ref name="youtube.com"/> Unfortunately, almost all of the white communities saw busing as an inconvenience and a threat to what little privilege they still had as lower-class whites rather than seeing it as an opportunity for greater equality. As a result, when school began, on September 12, 1974, many white families refused to send their kids to school and whole neighborhoods engaged in racially charged riots during which many enacted acts of violence such as throwing rocks, flipping police cars, and even attacking African Americans who happened to be driving or passing by at the time.<ref name="Boston Busing Crisis Story 1975"/> The violence and rioting continued until October of the same year when the National Guard was brought in to quell the violence.

In September 2006 the district won the [[Broad Prize for Urban Education]] for reducing the [[achievement gap]] for low-income and minority students.  The national prize, sponsored by philanthropist [[Eli Broad]], includes $500,000 in college scholarships to graduates from the winning district.  In most years since the prize program began in 2002, Boston has been a finalist, earning $125,000 in scholarships each year.((citation needed|date=September 2021))

===Busing delays===

The district changed school bus route planning using paper and pencil to software called Versatrans in September, 2010, which underestimated the time needed to pick up students and caused widespread problems with late buses.<ref>((cite news |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2010/09/21/boston_school_bus_delays_anger_parents_drivers/?page=full |title=School bus delays anger parents / Boston's new software causes late pickups |first=James |last=Vaznis |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=September 21, 2010))</ref> The problems with contractor First Student continued in the 2011–2012 school year, attributed both to misplanned routes and drivers not showing up for work on time.<ref>((Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Akilah|date=2012-01-30|title=Hub school bus drivers gave warning of route troubles|work=Boston.com|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2012/01/30/boston_school_bus_drivers_gave_warning_of_route_troubles/|access-date=2021-10-29))</ref> BPS switched contractors from First Student to [[Veolia Transdev]] effective July 1, 2013.<ref>((Cite web|last=Bookmark +|first=Thomas McMahon •|title=Boston school bus contract goes to Veolia|url=https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/10044574/boston-school-bus-contract-goes-to-veolia|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.schoolbusfleet.com))</ref>  Bus drivers conducted a [[wildcat strike]] in October 2013 demanding removal of GPS tracking devices on school buses that let parents locate the bus, and the abandonment of Versatrans.<ref>((Cite news|date=2013-10-09|title=Boston school bus drivers end wildcat strike, but city officials wary|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2013/1009/Boston-school-bus-drivers-end-wildcat-strike-but-city-officials-wary|access-date=2021-10-29|issn=0882-7729))</ref> Contract negotiation problems caused stranded charters school and special education students in August, 2014.<ref>((Cite web|title=After Morning Delays, BPS Bus Routes Staffed|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2014/08/26/boston-school-bus-shortage|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.wbur.org|date=August 26, 2014 |language=en))</ref> A group of researchers from MIT won a BPS contest to overhaul bus routes, and a new software model was used in at the start of the 2017–2018 school year. The number of buses was reduced, and on-time performance declined compared to the previous year, both due to inaccurate planning and drivers not departing the bus yard on time.<ref>((Cite web|title=More than 10 percent of city school buses are late, despite MIT's help - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/10/29/many-bps-buses-still-arriving-late-school/KHarf0lhbMVrMLN2wx74FI/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=On the first day, more Boston school buses arrived late - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/09/07/smooth-opening-school-year-boston/u0Imgye4FplqErJMtDOq6I/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref> In 2018, the bus drivers' union threatened a strike over the summer, and in August some runs for charter and special education students were not performed due to a bus driver shortage.<ref>((Cite web|title=Problems persist with missing, delayed Boston school buses - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/education/2018/08/31/problems-with-missing-delayed-boston-school-buses-persists/MGliciMcUq6RO1jr8Yyo4J/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref> Aggressive hiring then caused bus driver shortages to cascade into suburban districts.<ref>((Cite web|title=It isn't just Boston that has school bus problems - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/09/11/school-bus-woes-extend-suburbs/f9IVHmt1qb6j5cEDHvpi0J/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref>

Problems with late buses worsened again in fall 2019, leading some parents to hire a [[ride hailing]] service to pick up students stranded for over three hours.<ref>((Cite web|title=Late school buses continue to plague Boston students - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/11/school-bus-late-boston-some-parents-call-uber/E6FjK8A4kF2mpy3mLTRcBK/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref> The district hired consultant Michael Turza to attempt another fix.<ref>((Cite web|title=Boston Public Schools superintendent hires consultant to fix tardy buses - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/25/cassellius-hires-consultant-fix-tardy-buses/48CXwssvoIONsOw8015kTI/story.html|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts]] closed school buildings for much of 2021. At the beginning of the 2021–22 school year, school bus delays returned amid a nationwide labor shortage.<ref>((Cite web|title=Busing woes plague Boston's first day of school - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/09/09/metro/thousands-return-in-person-classes-thursday-boston-rings-first-day-school/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US))</ref> Governor [[Charlie Baker]] called up the [[Massachusetts National Guard]] to supplement the available pool of drivers in Eastern Massachusetts, sending Guard members to drive smaller vehicles in the cities of Chelsea, Lawrence, Lowell and Lynn.<ref>((Cite news|last=Neuman|first=Scott|date=2021-09-15|title=Massachusetts Calls On The National Guard To Mitigate A School Bus Driver Shortage|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/15/1037307027/massachusetts-calls-national-guard-school-bus-driver-shortage-baker|access-date=2021-10-29))</ref>

==Operations==
===Budget===
The one hundred largest school districts in the nation (by enrollment) spend an average of $14,000 per pupil every year. However, census data from 2017 shows that the BPS easily placed second, by spending $22,292. Only the [[New York City Department of Education]] exceeded this figure.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2019/comm/largest-school-districts.html|title=Top 10 Largest School Districts by Enrollment and Per Pupil Current Spending|date=21 May 2019|website=United States Census Bureau))</ref>

===Student assignment policy===
Boston Public Schools (BPS) operates schools throughout the city of Boston. BPS assigns students based on preferences of the applicants and priorities of students in various zones.<ref name="Studentassignmentzones">"[http://bostonpublicschools.org/node/288/ Student Assignment Policy] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613005143/http://bostonpublicschools.org/node/288/ |date=June 13, 2010 ))." ''Boston Public Schools''. Retrieved on April 15, 2009.</ref>

Since 1989, the city has broken the district into three zones for elementary- and middle-school students. High schoolers can choose any school throughout the city, since they can ride public transportation.<ref>WBUR, http://www.wbur.org/2009/06/03/school-choice</ref> Due to the geography of [[East Boston, Boston|East Boston]], for all grade levels each child in East Boston is guaranteed a seat at a school in East Boston.<ref name="Studentassignmentzones"/>

In 2013, the Boston School Committee voted to begin a new school choice system for the 2014–15 school year and beyond. The new plan, called "Home-Based," measures schools through a combination of MCAS scores and growth, which are grouped in four tiers. Every family has at least two schools within the top tier, four in the top half of performance, and six in the top 75%. Families also are able to list any school within one mile of their home. The plan was first approved by an External Advisory Committee made up of parents, academic experts and community leaders. It was developed by an academic team from Harvard and MIT, which volunteered for the project after hearing about the community process in 2012. The District launched a website,<ref>http://www.bostonschoolchoice.org ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817170704/http://bostonschoolchoice.org/ |date=2013-08-17 ))</ref> to help the community follow the process and contribute.

===Geography===
In 2017 the district's schools switched from the [[Mercator map projection]] (which accurately shows directions, but inflates areas in high latitudes) to the [[Gall–Peters projection]] (which distorts directions, but is one of many [[equal-area projection]]s).<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/mar/19/boston-public-schools-world-map-mercator-peters-projection|title=Boston public schools map switch aims to amend 500 years of distortion |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2017-03-19|access-date=2017-03-21))</ref>

==Schools==

===Early childhood education===
These schools offer programs starting at either age 3 (K0) or age 4 (K1) and ending in either the first or third grade.
* Baldwin Early Learning Center (Pilot)
* East Boston Early Education Center
* Ellison/Parks Early Education School
* Haynes Early Education Center
* West Zone Early Learning Center

===Elementary schools===
((columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Adams Elementary School
* Bates Elementary School
* Beethoven Elementary School
* Blackstone Elementary School
* Bradley Elementary School
* Channing Elementary School
* Condon Elementary School
* Chittick Elementary School
* Conley Elementary School
* Dever Elementary School (K-6)
* Dudley Street Neighborhood School (Charter)
* Elihu Greenwood Leadership Academy (Defunct, old building now used by Another Course to College)
* Ellis Elementary School
* Everett Elementary School
* Grew Elementary School
* Guild Elementary School
* Hale Elementary School
* Haley Elementary School
* Harvard/Kent Elementary School
* Henderson Elementary lower school
* Henderson Elementary Upper school
* Hennigan Elementary School
* Holland Elementary School
* Holmes Elementary School
* Kennedy, J. F. Elementary School
* Kennedy, P. J. Elementary School
* Kenny Elementary School
* Manning Elementary School
* Marshall Elementary School
* Mason Elementary School
* [[The Mather School|Mather Elementary School]]
* Mattahunt Elementary School
* McKinley Elementary School
* Mendell Elementary School
* Mozart Elementary School
* O'Donnell Elementary School
* Otis Elementary School
* Perkins Elementary School
* Philbrick Elementary School
* Quincy Elementary School
* Roger Clap Innovation School
* Russell Elementary School
* Sumner Elementary School
* Taylor Elementary School
* Tynan Elementary School
* Winship Elementary School
* Winthrop Elementary School
))

===K-8 schools===
((columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Boston Teachers Union School K-8 (Pilot)
* Curley K-8 School
* Donald McKay K-8 school
* Edison K-8 School
* Eliot K-8 School
* Greenwood (Sarah) K-8 School
* Haley K-8 School (Pilot)
* Hernández K-8 School
* Higginson/Lewis K-8 School
* Hurley K-8 School
* Kilmer K-8 School
* King K-8 School
* Lee K-8 School
* Lyndon K-8 School (Pilot)
* Lyon K–8 School
* Mario Umana Academy
* McKay K-8 School
* Mildred Avenue K-8 School
* Murphy K-8 School
* Orchard Gardens K-8 School (Pilot)
* Perry K-8 School
* Roosevelt K-8 School
* Tobin K-8 School
* Trotter K-8 School
* [[Warren-Prescott School|Warren/Prescott K-8 School]]
* Young Achievers Science and Math K-8 (Pilot)
))

===Middle schools===
* Frederick Middle School (Pilot)
* UP Academy Charter School of Boston

===6-12 schools===
* Dearborn STEM Academy
* Henderson Upper School
* Josiah Quincy Upper School (Pilot)
* TechBoston Academy

===High schools===
((columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Another Course to College]] (Pilot)
* Boston Adult Technical Academy (For students ages 19–22)
* [[Boston Arts Academy]] (Pilot)
* Boston Community Leadership McCormack Academy (Pilot)
* Boston Day & Evening Academy (Charter)
* Boston Green Academy (Charter)
* Boston International High School (For students not yet proficient in English)
* Brighton High School
* [[Charlestown High School]]
* Community Academy (Alternative school)
* Community Academy of Science and Health
* Dorchester Academy
* [[East Boston High School]]
* [[Edward M. Kennedy Academy for Health Careers]]
* [[The English High School]]
* Excel High School
* Fenway High School (Pilot)
* Greater Egleston Community High School (Pilot)
* Jeremiah E. Burke High School
* Lyon High School
* [[Madison Park Technical Vocational High School]]
* Margarita Muñiz Academy
* Mary K. Lyon High School (Pilot)
* McKinley Preparatory High School
* New Mission High School (Pilot)
* Newcomers Academy (For students who are recent immigrants not yet proficient in English)
* [[Snowden International School|Snowden International School at Copley]]
))

===K-12 schools===
* Carter Development Center
* [[Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing]]
* Dr. William W. Henderson K-12 Inclusion School<ref>((Cite web | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/03/metro/student-arrested-violent-attack-principal-staff-member-henderson-school-dorchester/ | title=Student arrested for violent attack on principal, staff member at Henderson School in Dorchester - the Boston Globe | website=[[The Boston Globe]] ))</ref>
* Josiah Quincy Elementary School

===Exam schools===
The following schools serve students in grades 7((endash))12 and admit students based on their grades and the [[Independent School Entrance Examination]].
* [[John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science]]
* [[Boston Latin School]]
* [[Boston Latin Academy]]

===Former Boston public schools===
* Alexander Hamilton Elementary School (closed in 2010, now Baiis Yaakov of Boston High School)<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.wickedlocal.com/story/transcript-tab/2008/10/02/brighton-s-hamilton-elementary-slated/39993102007/ | title=Brighton's Hamilton Elementary slated to close; major reorganization for other local schools ))</ref>
* Boston Technical High School
* Boston Trade High School
* Clarence R. Edwards Middle School (closed in 2021, seventh and eighth grade departments moved to [[Charlestown High School]])
* Copley Square High School
* [[David Farragut School]] (K-5, established in 1904 and closed in 2011)
* [[Dorchester High School (Massachusetts)|Dorchester High School]]
* High School of Commerce
* [[Hyde Park High School (Massachusetts)|Hyde Park High School]]
* Jackson/Mann K-8 School (closed in 2022)
* [[Jamaica Plain High School]]
* [[James P. Timilty Middle School]] (closed in 2022)
* John W. McCormack Middle School (merged with Boston Community Leadership Academy in 2021)
* Louis Agassiz Elementary School (closed in 2011)
* Mechanics Arts High School
* Middle School Academy (Alternative school) (closed in 2015)
* [[Mission Hill School]] (Pilot, closed in 2022)
* [[Odyssey High School (Boston, Massachusetts)|Odyssey High School]] (closed in 2011, Now Boston Green Academy)
* Patrick F. Gavin School (closed in 2011, now UP Academy)
* Rogers Middle School (closed in 2015)
* Roslindale High School
* [[Roxbury Memorial High School]] (Now [[Boston Latin Academy]])
* [[South Boston High School]] (Now Excel South Boston High School)
* Washington Irving Middle School (closed 2022)
* [[West Roxbury Education Complex]] (closed 2019)

==See also==
((Portal|United States|Schools))
* [[METCO]]
((Clear))

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Public schools in Boston))
* [http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/ Boston Public Schools]
** ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://boston.k12.ma.us/|title=Boston Public Schools (boston.k12.ma.us)))
* [http://www.btu.org/ Broad Prize for Urban Education]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011051143/http://boston.k12.ma.us/linc3/ LINC III Technology Plan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203152538/http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/jobs/ Careers with BPS]
* [http://www.cityofboston.gov/ City of Boston]
* [http://www.btu.org/ Boston Teachers Union]
* The [http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297157 James W. Fraser (collector) photograph collection, 1905-1976 (bulk 1974-1976)] are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
* The [http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297027 Citywide Educational Coalition records, 1972-2001] are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.

((BostonMA))
((Massachusetts Public High Schools))
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