Structure of α-boswellic acid
3D model of α-boswellic acid
Structure of β-boswellic acid
3D model of β-boswellic acid
Structure of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid
3D model of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid

Boswellic acids are a series of pentacyclic terpenoid molecules that are produced by plants in the genus Boswellia. Like many other terpenes, boswellic acids appear in the resin of the plant that exudes them; it is estimated that they make up 30% of the resin of Boswellia serrata.[1] While boswellic acids are a major component of the resin, the steam or hydro distilled frankincense essential oil does not contain any boswellic acid as these components are non-volatile and too large to come over in the steam distillation process (the essential oil is composed mainly of the much lighter monoterpene and sesquiterpene molecules with small amounts of diterpenoid components being the upper limit in terms of molecular weight).[2][3][4]

Structure

The boswellic acids are organic acids, consisting of a pentacyclic triterpene, a carboxyl group and at least one other functional group. Alpha-boswellic acid and beta-boswellic acid, C30H48O3 both have an additional hydroxyl group; they differ only in their triterpene structure. Acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid and acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, C32H50O4, replace the hydroxyl group with an acetyl group.

Other boswellic acids include the keto-boswellic acids and their acetyl counterparts.

Uses

Beta-boswellic acid, keto-beta-boswellic acid, and acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) have been indicated in apoptosis of cancer cells, in particular brain tumors and cells affected by leukemia or colon cancer.[5]

Acetyl-boswellic acids also exhibit anti-inflammatory behaviour by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis.[6] It inhibits the activity of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase through a non-redox reaction. Specifically the 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid binds as an allosteric partial inhibitor, initiating a shift in regioselectivity of the catalyzed reaction.[7] Clinical trials[8][9] have investigated the effectiveness of boswellic acids in treating ulcerative colitis, but a study on chemically induced colitis in mouse models[10] showed little effectiveness. A later study showed that low doses of Boswellia serrata extract may have hepatoprotective effects. The higher dose was found to have a milder hepatoprotective effect than the lower dose.[11]

Boswellic acids are also thought to decrease the symptoms of asthma; a small 1998 placebo-controlled trial of Boswellia extract for the treatment of asthma showed good results.[12] Boswellia extracts are sold in tablet, capsule and tincture form, but no dosage guidelines have been developed. The risk of hepatotoxicity due to Boswellia administration has not been assessed. A meta-study of Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) as a complementary therapy for arthritis found it had positive effect in all four trials reviewed.[13]

References

  1. ^ "SaluGenecists, Inc. Boswellia information".
  2. ^ Verghese, J.; Joy, M. T.; Retamar, J. A.; et al. (1987). "A Fresh Look at the Constituents of Indian Olibanum Oil". Flavour Fragr. J. 2 (3): 99–102. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730020304.
  3. ^ Hayashi, S.; Amemori, H.; Kameoka, H.; et al. (1998). "Comparison of Volatile Compounds from Olibanum from Various Countries". J. Essent. Oil Res. 10 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1080/10412905.1998.9700833.
  4. ^ Baser, S.; Koch, A.; König, W. A. (2001). "A Verticillane-type Diterpene from Boswellia carterii Essential Oil". Flavour Fragr. J. 16 (5): 315–8. doi:10.1002/ffj.992.
  5. ^ Liu, J.-J.; Nilsson, A.; Oredsson, S.; et al. (2002). "Boswellic acids trigger apoptosis via a pathway dependent on caspase-8 activation but independent on Fas/Fas ligand interaction in colon cancer HT-29 cells". Carcinogenesis. 23 (12): 2087–93. doi:10.1093/carcin/23.12.2087. PMID 12507932.
  6. ^ Ammon, H. P.; Safayi, H.; Mack, T.; Sabieraj, J. (1993). "Mechanism of antiinflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic acids". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 38 (2–3): 113–9. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(93)90005-p. PMID 8510458.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Nathaniel C.; Gerstmeier, Jana; Schexnaydre, Erin E.; et al. (2020-05-11). "Structural and mechanistic insights into 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by natural products". Nature Chemical Biology. 16 (7): 783–790. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-0544-7. ISSN 1552-4450. PMC 7747934. PMID 32393899.
  8. ^ Ammon, H. P. (2002). "Boswelliasäuren (Inhaltsstoffe des Weihrauchs) als wirksame Prinzipien zur Behandlung chronisch entzündlicher Erkrankungen" [Boswellic acids (components of frankincense) as the active principle in treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 152 (15–16): 373–8. doi:10.1046/j.1563-258X.2002.02056.x. PMID 12244881.
  9. ^ Anthoni, C.; Laukoetter, M. G.; Rijcken, E.; et al. (2006). "Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of boswellic acid derivatives in experimental colitis". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 290 (6): G1131–7. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00562.2005. PMID 16423918.
  10. ^ Kiela, P. R.; Midura, A. J.; Kuscuoglu, N.; et al. (2005). "Effects of Boswellia serrata in mouse models of chemically induced colitis". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 288 (4): G798–808. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00433.2004. PMID 15539433.
  11. ^ Jyothi, Y.; Kamath, J. V.; Asad, M. (2006). "Effect of hexane extract of Boswellia serrata oleo-gum resin on chemically induced liver damage". Pak J Pharm Sci. 19 (2): 129–33. PMID 16751123.
  12. ^ Gupta, I.; Gupta, V.; Parihar, A.; et al. (1998). "Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study". Eur J Med Res. 3 (11): 511–4. PMID 9810030.
  13. ^ "Indian frankincense".

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