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((Short description|Drawing or painted image of plants and their components))
[[File:Botanical illustration of Lilium superbum.jpg|thumb|American Turk's cap Lily, ''[[Lilium superbum]]'', [[Georg Dionysius Ehret]] (1708-70), About 1750–53, Watercolor and gouache on vellum V&A Museum no. D.589-1886<ref>((cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88258/watercolor-american-turks-cap-lily-lilium/ |title= American Turk's cap Lily |access-date= 2007-12-12))</ref>]]
[[Image:Banksia coccinea (Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae plate 3).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Banksia coccinea]]'' from [[Ferdinand Bauer]]'s 1813 work ''[[Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae]]'']]

'''Botanical illustration''' is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species.  They are generally meant to be scientifically descriptive about subjects depicted and are often found printed alongside a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media. Some are sold as artworks.<ref>((Citation|last=Sydney Living Museums|title=The art in the illustration|date=2016-07-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGxHTUgcYv0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/cGxHTUgcYv0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2016-07-29))((cbignore))</ref> Often composed by a '''botanical illustrator''' in consultation with a scientific author, their creation requires an understanding of [[plant morphology]] and access to specimens and references.

Many illustrations are in [[watercolour]], but may also be in oils, ink,<ref>((Citation | author1=Schaap, Robert | author2=Tsukioka, Kōgyo | author3=Rimer, J. Thomas | author4=Kerlen, H. | title=The beauty of silence : Japanese Nō and nature prints by Tsukioka Kōgyo, 1869-1927 |date=2010 | publisher=Hotei Publishing | isbn=978-90-04-19385-7))</ref>  or pencil, or a combination of these and other media. The image may be life-size or not, though at times a [[Scale (ratio)|scale]] is shown, and may show the life cycle and/or habitat of the plant and its neighbors, the upper and reverse sides of leaves, and details of flowers, bud, seed and root system.

The fragility of dried or otherwise preserved specimens, and restrictions or impracticalities of transport, saw illustrations used as valuable visual references for taxonomists. In particular, minute plants or other botanical specimens only visible under a microscope were often identified through illustrations. To that end, botanical illustrations used to be generally accepted as [[Biological type|types]] for attribution of a [[botanical name]] to a [[taxon]].<ref>Citation needed.</ref> However, current guidelines state that on or after 1 January 2007, the type must be a specimen 'except where there are technical difficulties of specimen preservation or if it is impossible to preserve a specimen that would show the features attributed to the taxon by the author of the name.'  (Arts 40.4 and 40.5 of the Shenzen Code, 2018).<ref>((cite web |publisher= [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)]] |url= https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_40.html#Art40.4/ |title= International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |access-date= 2023-07-30))</ref>

==History==
((More citations needed section|date=October 2021))
[[File:ViennaDioscoridesPlant.jpg|thumb|[[Blackberry]]. ''[[Vienna Dioscurides]]'', early sixth century]]
[[File:Albrecht Dürer, Tuft of Cowslips, 1526, NGA 74162.jpg|alt=gouache painting of cowslips by Albrecht Dürer|thumb|Tuft of Cowslips (1526) by [[Albrecht Dürer]], gouache on vellum, collection of the [[National Gallery of Art]]]]
[[Image:Electrotype- Alois Auer.jpg|thumb|[[Electrotyping|Electrotype]] - '[[nature printing]]' by [[Alois Auer]] (1853)]]
[[File:British 19th Century, East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), late 19th century, NGA 52325.jpg|alt=A delicate illustration of a white lotus flower on cream paper with green foliage|thumb|East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Gouache on oriental paper, late 19th century, [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.]]
Early [[herbals]] and [[pharmacopoeia]] of many cultures include illustrations of plants. Botanical illustrations in such texts were often created to assist with identification of a specie for some medicinal purpose. The earliest surviving illustrated botanical work is the Codex vindobonensis. It is a copy<ref>...if the "Codex vindobonensis" is a copy of this text, can the earlier line be omitted or edited for accuracy?</ref> of [[Dioscorides]]'s ((lang|la|[[De Materia Medica]])), and was made in the year 512 for Juliana Anicia, daughter of the former Western Roman Emperor Olybrius.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.kew.org/kew-gardens/whats-in-the-gardens/shirley-sherwood-gallery-of-botanical-art |title=Kew Gardens website ))</ref> The problem of accurately describing plants between regions and languages, before the introduction of [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], was potentially hazardous to medicinal preparations.<ref>Citation needed - examples? Perhaps previous writer/editor means "before the introduction of [genetic methods of tracing/describing/framing/etc.] taxonomy"? Taxonomy as a practice of simply classifying/naming organisms is something humans have been doing for a long time, so saying "before the introduction of taxonomy" is not very clear.</ref> The low quality of printing of early works sometimes presents difficulties in identifying the species depicted.<ref>...by modern scholars of early works? When is "early?"</ref> <ref>Elliott, B. (2011). The world of the Renaissance herbal. Renaissance Studies, 25(1), 24–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24420235</ref>

When [[botanical nomenclature]] began to be systematized and texts on taxonomic classifications were regularly published by scientific organizations and academic institutions, botanical illustrations became common requirements for popular usability and referential quality of these texts. New printing processes in the 18th century and on allowed artists such as [[Franz Bauer|Franz]] and [[Ferdinand Bauer]] to depict minute aspects and render more accurate color portrayals of subjects. Widening interest in natural history and horticulture stimulated production of many [[Flora (publication)|floras]] and other publications on natural sciences.<ref>Citation needed - any articles on trends in scientific publishing in 18th/19th century?</ref> Amateur botanists, gardeners, and natural historians provided a market for botanical publications and illustrations increased the appeal and accessibility of these to the general reader. Exploded details accompanied text and highlighted specific features of subjects described, allowing lay-audiences to more easily identify species.

Botanical illustration is a feature of many notable books on plants, of which a few include [[Vienna Dioscurides]], ''[[Flora Graeca]]'', ''[[The Banksias]]'', and ''[[The Cactaceae]]''. ''[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]]'' (1787), a 230-year-old magazine long-associated with the [[Linnaean Society]] and [[Kew Gardens]], is now primarily one of finer botanical illustration.

Field guides, floras, catalogues and magazines produced since the introduction of photography to print material have continued to include illustrations.  A compromise of accuracy and idealized images from several specimens can be easily (re)produced by skilled artists. Illustrations are also at times just preferred for some print/digital audiences or text formats.

The contributions of botanical illustrators continue to be praised and sought and very fine examples continue to be produced. In the 1980s, [[Celia Rosser]] undertook to illustrate every ''Banksia'' species for the masterwork, ''[[The Banksias]]''. When another species was described after its publication, ''[[Banksia rosserae]]'', it was named to honour her mammoth accomplishment. Other illustrators, such as the prolific [[Matilda Smith]], have been specifically honoured for this work. In 1972, the [[Smithsonian Institution]] hired its first botanical illustrator, [[Alice Tangerini]].<ref name="Tangerini3">((cite web|url=http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/content/botanical-illustrator-alice-tangerini|title=Botanical Illustrator Alice Tangerini|last=Corson|first=Cheryl|date=March 9, 2017|publisher=Capital Community News Inc.|work=[[Hill Rag]]|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=July 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714134625/http://www.capitalcommunitynews.com/content/botanical-illustrator-alice-tangerini|url-status=dead))</ref>

Recently,<ref>Since when?</ref> a renaissance has been occurring in botanical art and illustration. Organizations devoted to furthering the art form are found in the US ([[American Society of Botanical Artists]]), UK (Society of Botanical Artists), Australia (Botanical Art Society of Australia), and South Africa (Botanical Artists Association of South Africa), among others. There is an increasing interest in the changes occurring in the natural world and in the central role plants play in maintaining healthy ecosystems. A sense of urgency has developed in documenting today's plant life for future generations. Original botanical illustrations rendered in traditional media (with which art conservators are more familiar) can and might serve as reference research materials for endangered species.

==Notable botanical illustrators==
Notable botanical illustrators include:
((div col|colwidth=22em))
*[[James Andrews (botanical artist)|James Andrews]]
*[[George French Angas]]
*[[Claude Aubriet]]
*[[Alois Auer]]
*[[Françoise Basseporte]]
*[[Ferdinand Bauer]]
*[[Franz Bauer]]
*[[Mary Foley Benson]]
*[[Elizabeth Blackwell (illustrator)|Elizabeth Blackwell]]
*[[Harry Bolus]]
*[[Priscilla Susan Bury]]
*[[Olivia Marie Braida-Chiusano]]
*[[Mark Catesby]]
*[[Lise Cloquet]]
*[[Gillian Condy]]
*[[Léon Camille Marius Croizat]]
*[[Dioscorides]]
*[[Catharina Helena Dörrien]]
*[[Atanasio Echeverria y Godoy]]
*[[Sydenham Edwards]]
*[[Georg Dionysius Ehret]]
*[[James Henry Emerton]]
*[[Barbara Everard]]
*[[Walter Hood Fitch]]
*[[Barbara Jeppe]]
*[[Martha King]]
*[[Jacques le Moyne]]
*[[Dorothy van Dyke Leake]]
*[[Cythna Letty]]
*[[Carl Axel Magnus Lindman]]
*[[Margaret Mee]]
*[[Maria Sibylla Merian]]
*[[Philippa Nikulinsky]]
*[[Marianne North]]
*[[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]]
*[[Sarah Rhodes]]
*[[Lewis Roberts (naturalist)|Lewis Roberts]]
*[[Celia Rosser]]
*[[Ellis Rowan]]
*[[Vera Scarth-Johnson]]
*[[Ellen Isham Schutt]]
*[[Dorothea Eliza Smith]]
*[[Matilda Smith]]
*[[Lilian Snelling]]
*[[Gerard van Spaendonck]]
*[[James Sowerby]]
*[[Sydney Parkinson]]
*[[Alice Tangerini]]
*[[Frances Elizabeth Tripp]]
*[[Elizabeth Twining]]
*[[Pierre Jean François Turpin]]
*[[Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst]]
((div col end))

==Awards==
The [[Linnean Society of London]] awards the [[Jill Smythies Award]] for botanical illustration.<ref  name=LinnSoc>((Cite web |url=https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants |title=Linnean Society Medals, Awards, Prizes and Grants |access-date=16 October 2021 ))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Florilegium]]
*[[Still life]]
*[[List of florilegia and botanical codices]]
*[[List of American botanical illustrators]]
*[[List of Australian botanical illustrators]]
*[[List of Irish botanical illustrators]]
*[[Illustration]]
*[[Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* De Bray, Lys (2001). ''The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements''. Quantum Publishing, London. ((ISBN|1-86160-425-4)).
* [[Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt|Blunt, Wilfrid]] and [[Stearn, William T.]] (1994). ''The Art of Botanical Illustration''. Antique Collector's Club, London. ((ISBN|1-85149-177-5)).
* Morris, Colleen; Louisa Murray: (2016). ''The Florilegium: the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney celebrating 200 years: plants of the three gardens of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust'', The Florilegium Society at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney]]. ((ISBN|978-099-447790-3))
* [[Sherwood, Shirley]] (2001). ''A Passion for Plants: Contemporary Botanical Masterworks''. Cassell and Co, London. ((ISBN|0-304-35828-2)).
* Sherwood, Shirley and [[Martyn Rix|Rix, Martyn]] (2008). ''Treasures of Botanical Art''. [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]. ((ISBN|978-1-84246-221-8)).
*((cite web| url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/bot-biog/index.html| title = Index| access-date = 2008-10-02| work = Australian Plant Collectors and Illustrators 1780s-1980s| publisher = Australian National Herbarium))
*((cite web|url=http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/hort/women.htm|title=Women Illustrators|work=The Art of Botanical Illustration|publisher=University of Delaware Library|access-date=2008-10-02))
*((cite web|url=http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Default.shtml#top|title=Home page|work=Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054707/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Default.shtml#top#top|archive-date=2008-05-09|url-status=dead))
* ((cite book |last1=Lack |first1=H. Walter |title=A Garden Eden: Masterpieces of Botanical Illustration |date=2021 |publisher=[[Taschen]] |isbn=978-3-8365-7739-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eAizgEACAAJ))

==External links==
((Commons category))
*[http://www.asba-art.org  American Society of Botanical Artists]
*[http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-14.html Art Serving Science: Solutions for the Preservation and Access of a Collection of Botanical Art and Illustration]
*[http://www.botanicalartsocietyaustralia.com Botanical Art Society of Australia]
*[https://wikis.nbi.ac.uk/InnerWorlds/index.php/John_Innes_Centre_Historical_Collection_of_Botanical_Drawings#.UThxaRyePAk Botanical Drawings of carnivorous plants from the John Innes Centre Historical Collection] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234556/https://wikis.nbi.ac.uk/InnerWorlds/index.php/John_Innes_Centre_Historical_Collection_of_Botanical_Drawings#.UThxaRyePAk |date=2018-04-03 ))
*[http://www.plantillustrations.org Plantillustrations.org: searchable database of historic illustrations]
*[http://botany.si.edu/botart/ Botany.si.edu: online Smithsonian catalogue]
*[http://www.rjb.csic.es/icones/mutis/paginas/index_en.php Flora of New Granada (Colombia) Drawings online, from the  Royal Botanical Expedition led by Jose Celestino Mutis ]
*[http://www.nps.gov/plants/cw/watercolor/index.htm Traveling Artist Wildflowers Project]
*[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/hort/ University of Delaware: 'The Art of Botanical Illustration' exhibit]

[[Category:Botanical art| 01]]
[[Category:Florae (publication)|.]]
[[Category:Illustration]]
[[Category:Botany]]
[[Category:Scientific illustrators| ]]

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