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((Short description|Wall made from bottles))
((refimprove|date=July 2011))
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb|A bottle wall of an [[Earthship]] bathroom]]
[[File:22872c3aebc44ba42e27b5f1bb568448 (17921561302).jpg|thumb|right|A colorful bottle wall]]
A '''bottle wall''' is a [[wall]] made out of [[Glass Bottles|glass]] or [[plastic bottle]]s<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/nigeria-plastic-bottle-house.html|title=Architecture))</ref> and binding material.

==Bottle wall construction==
This is a building construction style which usually uses [[glass]] [[bottle]]s (although [[mason jar]]s,  glass [[jug (container)|jug]]s, and other glass containers may be used also) as [[masonry]] units and binds them using [[adobe]], [[sand]], [[cement]], [[stucco]], [[clay]], [[plaster]], [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] or any other [[joint compound]]. This results in an intriguing stained-glass like wall. An alternative is to make the bottle wall from glass jugs filled with ink and set them up by supporting them between 2 windows.<ref>[http://www.motherearthnews.com/Green-Homes/1976-11-01/The-Integral-Urban-House.aspx?page=6 Building a bottle wall]</ref>

==Construction==

===Construction materials===

[[File:Building a bottle wall, the first step is to cut the bottles to create your bricks 2013-11-17 09-39.jpg|thumb|right|A [[ceramic tile cutter]] that has been used to cut bottles (seen on the ground behind the chair) to be taped together into a bottle wall]]
Although bottle walls can be constructed in many different ways, they are typically made on a [[Foundation (architecture)|foundation]] that is set into a trench in the earth to add stability to the wall. The trench is filled with a rubble of pea gravel and then filled in with cement. [[Rebar]] can be set into the foundation to add structural integrity. Bottle walls range one bottle to two bottles thick. Primitive mixture, such as [[cob (material)|cob]] or adobe can be used as [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] to bind the bottles. It is thickly spread on the previous layer of bottles followed by the next layer which is pressed into the mixture. Typically, two fingers of separation are used as a means of spacing although any kind of spacing can be achieved.

Bottles can also be duct taped together to create a window-type effect. Two similar size bottles can be taped together with the openings allowing a light passageway.  This also traps air and creates a small amount of insulation.  Filling glass with liquid that will be subjected to freezing and thawing is not a good idea, but is useful if the glass is protected from temperature extremes.

===Heat sink===
When the bottles are filled with a (dark) liquid, or other dark material, the wall can function as a [[thermal mass]], absorbing solar radiation during the day and radiating it back into the space at night, thus dampening diurnal temperature swings. This may be a pleasant feature for colder climates - but can turn a room into an oven in hotter climates.

==Binding mixtures==
[[File:Earthship bottle wall in construction two bottles are cut and taped together, then cemented in.jpg|thumb|Two bottles cut and taped together, sitting in wet mortar]]
A typical mortar mix is 3:1 mason sand to a pozzolan ([[fly ash]]) cement mix. Other mixtures could be made from mortar and clay, adobe, cob, sand or cement. Bottle walls are extremely versatile and could be bonded with pretty much anything that can endure its given climate.

==Bottle houses throughout history==
[[File:Bottle house 3.jpg|thumb|Detail of the [[Bottle house of Ganja]] in [[Azerbaijan]]]]
[[File:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|The exterior bottle walls of two [[earthship]]s ]]
The use of empty vessels in construction dates back at least to ancient Rome, where many structures used empty [[amphorae]] embedded in concrete. This was not done for aesthetic reasons, but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures, and also to reduce concrete usage. This technique was used for example in the [[Circus of Maxentius]].

It is believed that the first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William F. Peck in [[Tonopah, Nevada]]. The house was built using 10,000 bottles of J. Hostetter's Stomach Bitters which consisted of various herbs in a solution of 47% alcohol. The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980s.((citation needed|date=June 2014))
[[File:Rhyolite bottle house 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Rhyolite, Nevada]] bottle house]]
Around 1905, Tom Kelly built his house in [[Rhyolite, Nevada]], using 51,000 beer bottles masoned with adobe. Kelly chose bottles because trees were scarce in the desert. Most of the bottles were Busch beer bottles collected from the 50 bars in this [[Gold Rush]] town.  [[Rhyolite, Nevada|Rhyolite]] became a ghost town by 1920. In 1925, [[Paramount Pictures]] discovered the Bottle House and had it restored for use in a movie. It then became a museum, but tourism was slow, causing it to close. From 1936-1954, Lewis Murphy took care of the house and hosted tourists. From 1954-1969, Tommy Thompson occupied the house. He tried to make repairs to the house with concrete which, when mixed with the desert heat, caused many bottles to crack (Kelly had used adobe mud).

[[Knott's Berry Farm]] in [[Buena Park, California]], has a bottle house, made from over 3,000 whiskey bottles, that it uses as an "Indian Trader" store today. The house is a remake of the Rhyolite Bottle House replicated from photos taken by Walter Knott in the early 1950s.

Another famous bottle house site was built by the self-taught senior citizen Tressa "Grandma " Prisbrey. Located in [[Simi Valley, California]], Bottle Village is lauded by art scholars, The State of California, The National Register of Historic Places and in exhibitions, as a major artistic achievement.  Beginning construction in 1956 at age 60, and working until 1981, Tressa "Grandma" Prisbrey transformed her 1/3 acre lot into Bottle Village, an otherworld of shrines, wishing wells, walkways, random constructions, plus 15 life size structures all made from found objects placed in mortar. The name "Bottle Village" comes from the structures themselves - made of tens of thousands of bottles unearthed via daily visits to the dump.

The Washington Court Bottle House in Ohio was made with 9,963 bottles of all sizes and colors. The builder was a bottle collector and, to display his collection, he had them built into this house which was on display at Meyer's Modern Tourist Court. In [[Alexandria, Louisiana]], there is a bottle-house gift shop that still stands today. The bottle house was constructed by Drew Bridges who used bottles from his drugstore. There are about 3,000 bottles used as masonry units with railroad ties used as the framing structure.

The [[John J. Makinen Bottle House|Kaleva Bottle House]] in [[Kaleva, Michigan]], was built by John J. Makinen, Sr.(1871-1942) using over 60,000 bottles laid on their sides with the bottoms toward the exterior. The bottles were mostly from his company, The Northwestern Bottling Works. The house was completed in 1941, but he died before he could move in. The building was purchased by the Kaleva Historical Museum in 1981 and is listed on the National Register of Historical Places. Boston Hills Pet Memorial Park in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], has a bottle wall from 1942. It is part of a small building used for storage. The Wimberley Bottle House in [[Wimberley, Texas]], was constructed using over 9,000 soda bottles. It was built in the early 1960s as part of a pioneer town, a simulated Old West town set to be a tourist attraction/theme park. The house was modeled after Knott's Berry Farm bottlehouse in California.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314045052/http://www.agilitynut.com/h/otherbh.html]

===The Heineken WOBO (World Bottle)===
[[File:WOBO bottle wall Amsterdam (4094021400).jpg|thumb|right|200px|WOBO bottle wall, Amsterdam]]
While on a world tour of Heineken factories in 1960, [[Freddy Heineken|Alfred Heineken]] had an epiphany on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Curaçao]], where he saw many bottles littering the beach because the island had no economic means of returning the bottles to the bottling plants from which they had come. He was also concerned with the lack of affordable building materials and the inadequate living conditions plaguing Curaçao's lower-class.  Envisioning a solution for these problems, he asked Dutch architect [[N. John Habraken]] to design what he called "a [[brick]] that holds [[beer]]."
<ref name="WOBO">http://inhabitat.com/heineken-wobo-the-brick-that-holds-beer/ HEINEKEN WOBO: A Beer Bottle That Doubles as a Brick by Ali Kriscenski. Retrieved 27 August 2012</ref> A similar project was the Block-o-beer-bottle developed in 1959 by the east German [[Radeberger Brewery]].<ref name="Radeberger Block-o-Beer-bottle">((Cite web |url=http://www.radeberger.de/de/radeberger-geschichte |title=Radeberger Geschichte |access-date=2015-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210122656/http://www.radeberger.de/de/radeberger-geschichte |archive-date=2015-02-10 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Over the next three years, the Heineken WOBO went through a design process. Some of the early designs were of interlocking and self-aligning bottles. The idea derived from a belief that the need for mortar would add complexity and expense to the bottle wall's intended simplicity and affordability. Some designs proved to be effective building materials, but too heavy and slow-forming to be economically produced. Other designs were rejected by Heineken based on aesthetic preferences. In the end, the bottle that was selected was a compromise between the previous designs.

The bottle was designed to be interlocking, laid horizontally and bonded with cement mortar with a silicon additive. The necks were short and fitted into a large recess in the base, the bottles were square section with dimpled sides to bond with the mortar. A ((convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on)) x ((convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on)) shack would take approximately 1,000 bottles to build. In 1963, 100,000 WOBOs were produced in two sizes, 350 and 500&nbsp;mm. This size difference was necessary in order to bond the bottles when building a wall, in the same way as a half brick is necessary when building with bricks. Unfortunately, most of them are destroyed and as such, they are now very rare and have become a collector's item.

Only two WOBO structures exist<ref name="WOBO"/> and they are both on the Heineken estate in [[Noordwijk]], near [[Amsterdam]]. The first was a small shed which had a corrugated iron roof and [[timber]] supports where the builder could not work out how to resolve the junction between necks and bases running in the same direction. Later, a [[timber]] double garage was renovated with WOBO siding. Alfred Heineken did not develop the WOBO concept further and the idea never got a chance to materialize. Rinus van den Berg, a Dutch industrial & architectural designer, designed several buildings while working with John Habraken in the 1970s. One design was published in Domus, 1976.
A third WOBO structure was made by Dutch architect Gerard Baar in the late 1980s. He used a small batch of WOBO's for the side walls of his garden shed.

===Bottle house of Ganja===
The [[Bottle house of Ganja]] was built between 1966-67.

===Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew===
[[File:Million Bottle Temple (7447377506).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew]], built by monks]]
[[Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew]] is a temple in Thailand that was built by monks out of bottles.

==See also==
[[File:Old Town Chicago Coach House July 27, 2014-1052.jpg|thumb|right|Bottles in a wall in [[Chicago]]|300x300px]]
((commonscatinline|Bottles as building material))
* [[Adobe]]
* [[Cob (material)|Cob]]
* [[Glass brick]]
* [[Earthship]]
* [[Hundertwasser Toilets]]
* [[Tin can wall]]

==References==
((reflist))
* ''Agilitynut''. Mar 2000/Feb 2007. Seltzer, Debra Jane. Mar 2007 <https://web.archive.org/web/20070314045052/http://www.agilitynut.com/h/otherbh.html>.
* ''The Goat House''. Georgia Tech. Mar 2007 <https://web.archive.org/web/20070617181339/http://maven.gtri.gatech.edu/sfi/gradcourses/goathouse/MBWall.html>.

==Books and publications==
* Pawley, Martin. ''Building for Tomorrow: Putting Waste to Work.'' San Francisco: [[Sierra Club Books]], 1982.
*[https://greenandprofitable.com/earthship-redefining-sustainable-housing/ ''Earthship Biotecture'' Earthship Biotecture. Mar 2007]
*Warmke, Annie & Jay. "Building a Vaulted Strawbale Building." Blue Rock Station Publishing, 2006
*Warmke, Annie & Jay. "Building a Plastic Bottle Greenhouse." Blue Rock Station Publishing, 2008

[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Bottles]]
[[Category:Types of wall]]
[[Category:Sustainable building]]
[[Category:Recycled building materials]]
[[Category:Bottle houses| ]]

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